Bhagya

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 1 Sources of Indian History Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 1 Sources of Indian History Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions with Answers

Question 1.
From which Greek world History has come and what is its meaning?
Answer:
From the Greek word Historia the history word has. come. The meaning of it is investigation, discovery, and experiment.

Question 2.
Who is regarded as the father of history and he had tried to write which type of history?
Answer:
Herodotus is regarded as the father of history. He had tried his best to write history on truth matters yet sometimes be based on the facts of legend.

Question 3.
In ancient India how many important religions were promulgated and what are they?
Answer:
In ancient India, three important religions of the world were promulgated. They are Brahmanical Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism.

Question 4.
The eminent ancient personalities of ancient gave the name of the land as what and their inhabitants were called as what?
Answer:
The eminent ancient personalities gave the name of the land “Bharat Varsha” and the inhabitants were called “Bharat sanitation”.

Question 5.
The ancient Persians according to the name of which river gave the name India hind and in further times in which name it was popular?
Answer:
The ancient Persians gave the name of this Hind according to the Sindhu river. In further times this country became popular as India.

Question 6.
Historian Thusidydes belongs to which country and he prefers to write which type?
Answer:
Thucydides belongs to the country of Greece. He prefers to write scientific history.

Question 7.
What is regarded as an archaeological source and which compound secured place within it?
Answer:
Archaeology is the science to know about the past. Inscriptions and ancient writing on various things are the main sources of it.

Question 8.
Outside India from which source it is known regarding this country and what are the discovered sources?
Answer:
Outside India, we came to know some inscriptions which give information about this country. They are discovered the source of the Beghaj Kay inscription and the inscription discovered in Behistan of Persia.

Question 9.
Which monarch had told in his own language that he had engraved his administrative principles on stones and what was the reason for it?
Answer:
Monarch Ashok had told in his own language that he had engraved his administrative principles on stones. The reason of it that it will last for many years to come.

Question 10.
The ancient script of India was discovered from which civilizations’ archaeological remains and it was engraved on which materials?
Answer:
The ancient script of India was discovered from the archaeological remains of the Harappan civilization. It was engraved on seals.

Question 11.
Another ancient script of India was engraved in which century and was whose script?
Ans:
Another ancient script of India was engraved in the 3rd century B.C. These engraved scripts were of King Asoka.

Question 12.
What is Archaeology and at the time which Governor-General in India department created it?
Answer:
The science of digging up and its excavation of various materials is considered Archaeology. The Archaeological department was created by the then Governor General of India Lord Curzon.

Question 13.
Which coin is regarded as the source of history and this investigation is called what?
Answer:
Varieties of coins from different ages in the depth of the earth and their discoveries are considered as an important source of history. This investigation study is known as numismatics.

Question 14.
Ambassador Al- Beruni has given information about how many Puranas prevail in India and among them the names of the chief Puranas are?
Answer:
Ambassador Al-Beruni has given information about is Puranas prevailing in India among them the chief Puranas are “Vayu Purana”, “Bishnu Purana”, “Matsya Purana”, “Brahmanda Purana”, “Agni Purana” etc.

Question 15.
Name of the religious text of Buddhism and what are those?
Answer:
The name of the religious text of Buddhism is “Tripitaka”. Those are “Sutrapitak”, “Binaya Pitaka” and “Abhidharma Pitaka”.

Question 16.
The “Arthasastra” of Kautilya is divided into how many parts and it reflects the social and religious life of the people of which age?
Answer:
The “Arthasastra of Kautilya is divided into fifteen parts. It reflects the social and religious life of the people of the Mauryan Age.

Question 17.
Who was the writer of the “Astadhyayi” text and when it was written? The text stressed the importance of what?
Answer:
The writer of “Astadhyayi” was Panini and it was written in the 4th century. This text stressed the importance of state administration.

Question 18.
“Mahabhaya” text was written by whom and this text was written in which B.C.?
Answer:
The “Mahabhasya” text was written by Patanjali. This text was written in the 2nd century B.C.

Question 19.
“Mudra Rakshasa” was written by whom and this text narrates which subjects?
Answer:
“Mudra Rakshasa” was written by Visakhadutta. In this text, the social condition and cultural aspects of the time of Chandra Gupta Maurya have been described.

Question 20.
“Harsha Charita” was written by whom and in this text which article was reflected?
Answer:
“Harsha Charita” was written by Banabhatta. It was the life history of Harsavardhana and in it, the social religious and economic life conditions of the people of the 7th century had been described.

Question 21.
“Bikramarka Charita” was written by whom and in it the working condition of which king had been described?
Answer:
“Bikramarka Charita” was written by Bilharzia. In this book, the working condition of Chalukya king Vikramaditya had been described.

Question 22.
“Ram Charita” was written by whom and in it, the heroic episodes of whom had been described?
Answer:
“Ram Charita” was written by Sandhyakar Nandi. In this book, the Character of Bengal king Rampal had given importance.

Question 23.
“Prithviraj Charita” was written by whom and in it, the heroic episodes of whom had been described?
Answer:
“Prithviraj Charita” was written by Chand Kabi. In it, the heroic episodes of king Prithviraj are described.

Question 24.
When Kalhan’s “Rajatarangini” was written and in this text whom an elaborate description had given?
Answer:
Kalhanas “Rajatarangini” was written on 1149-50 A.D. In this text, the dynasty, state administration, and punishment system of the state have been given elaborate importance.

Question 25.
“Raja Vamsabali” was the text of which state and what for it was famous?
Answer:
“Raja Vamsabali” was the ancient text of Udara Desa or Odisha. The book gave enough information for writing an ancient history of Odisha.

Question 26.
“Malabikagni Mitram” was written by whom and this book is based on some aspects of which kings administration?
Answer:
“Malavikagnimitram” was written by eminent poet and dramatist Kalidasa.- This text described some aspects of king pushy amitraz sunga’s administration.

Question 27.
Drama “Sakuntala” was written by whom and in it what kind of facts were given?
Answer:
The drama “Sakuntala” was the eternal creation of the famous dramatist Kalidasa. In this drama, the social condition of people had given almost importance.

Question 28.
The drama “Swapna Vasabadutta” was written by whom and in it which picture had given importance? ,
Answer:
Drama “Swapravasabadutta” was written by Vasa. In it, the picture of then-political India had given importance.

Question 29.
“Goudabaha” was written by whom and what is it described?
Answer:
“Goudabaha” was written by Vakapati. This book described the adventurous works of Yasovarman.

Question 30.
“Dasakumara Charitam” text was written by whom and it reflects which condition of the then India?
Answer:
“Daskumara Charitam” was written by Dandi. In this text, the political and social condition of then India had been reflected.

Question 31.
Monal teaching text “Pancha Tantram” was written by whom and it reflects which principle of the then India?
Answer:
The moral teaching text “Pancha Tantram” was written by Vishnu Sharma. This text reflects the social principle of then India.

Question 32.
Sangam literature was written in which part of India and it had importance upon which language?
Answer:
Sangam literature was written for South Indian kings and their dynasties. It gave importance to the Tamil language.

Question 33.
“Chachanama” text belongs to which country and in it what had been reflected?
Answer:
“Chachanama” text belongs to Arab countries. In it, the Arab invasion of Sindh had been reflected.

Question 34.
“Tabata-I-Nasir” was written by whom and it was divided into how many parts and in it what had been described?
Answer:
“Tabata-I-Nasir” was written by Minhas-us-Siraj and it was divided into ten parts. In it, an elaborate description had given regarding Islam and India.

Question 35.
“Histories” text was written by whom and this text gave information regarding what?
Answer:
The “Histories” text was written by Herodotus, the father of History. This book gave information regarding the Persian Greek war and so also relation in between India and Persia.

Question 36.
Who gave details information about the Indian invasion of Alexander and on it what had been described?
Answer:
Arrian gave details information about the Indian invasion of Alexander from Greek. description it was known how Seleucus was defeated by Chandragupta Maurya. (Sandrokotus)

Question 37.
Name of the eminent ancient geographist and in his geography text what he had narrated?
Answer:
The name of the eminent ancient geographist was Talmy. In his Greek language, he described Indian ports.

Question 38.
Who was Megasthenes? The written information by him was named?
Answer:
Meghasthenes was a Greek Ambassador. The written information by him was named “Indika”.

Question 39.
Who Was Megasthenes? He was sent by which Greek King to the Mauryan court and settled at Pataliputra?
Answer:
Megasthenes was a Greek Ambassador. He was sent by the Greek king Seleucus to the Mauryan court and settled at Pataliputra.

Question 40.
Did fashion come to India at the time of the reign of which king? The book written by him was?
Answer:
Fabien came to India at the time of the reign of Chandragupta II. The book written by him was named “Fo-Kuo-ki”.

Question 41.
China ambassador Hiuen-Tsang came to India at the time of which emperor? The book written by him was?
Answer:
China Ambassador Hiuen-Tsang came to India during the reign of emperor Harshavardhan. The name of the book written.

Question 42.
Who was Hiuen-Tsang ? Which title was given to him?
Answer:
Hiuen-Tsang was Chinese Ambassador. The title “Prince of Pilgrims” was given to him.

Question 43.
Is-Tsing when came to India? What he had described regarding Buddhism?
Answer:
Is-Tsing came to India in the 7th century. At his time of coming to India Buddhism was in a deteriorating condition.

Question 44.
Who was Al-Beruni? The name of his text was?
Answer:
Al-Beruni was a famous Al-Abian writer. The name of his text was “Tahiq-i-Hind”.

Question 45.
Who was James Princep? In which year he was capable to study Asokan inscription?
Answer:
James prince was a western learned man. In 1837 A.D. he was capable to study the Asokan inscription.

Question 46.
In which year by archaeological excavation was the city Harappa & Mahenjodaro came established and who was it discovered?
Answer:
In 1922 A.D. by archaeological excavation the city Harappa & Mahenjodaro came to establish. The discoverer of it was Dayaram Sahani and Rakhal Das Banerjee.

Question 47.
Give information regarding the location of Harappa and Mahenjodaro?
Answer:
Harappa city was established in the Montogomery district of Punjab near the bank of the Rabi river. Another city Mahenjodaro or “Dead city” was situated in the Larkana district of Sindh near the shore of the Sindhu river.

Question 48.
Who was Charles Mason? What he had described Harappa?
Answer:
Charles Mason was an English archaeologist. In 1829 A.D. he described Harappa as a “Puinous Brick Castle”.

Question 49.
Where Lothal was situated for what it was famous for?
Ans:
Lothal was situated in Gujarat state. It was famous for its ancient port.

Question 50.
Who was Mortimer Wheeler? He had fixed which time as the time of Sindh civilization?
Answer:
Mortimer Wheeler was a famous personality in Archaeology. He had a fixed time of Sindh civilization from 2500 B.C. to 1500 B.C.

Question 51.
What was the chief livelihood of Harappans? For their economic development, we came to know from which?
Answer:
The Chief livelihood of Harappans was cultivation. For their economic development, we came to know from the excavation of granary found from it.

Question 52.
What was the eminent project of Harappa? What were its length and breadth?
Answer:
The eminent project of Harappa was the “Great Bath”. The entire home preserved the. bath had a length of 180ft. and breadth of 108ft.

Question 53.
Whether the people of ancient Sindh know the process of writing? Their writing was discovered from where?
Answer:
The ancient Sindh people knew one process of the writing system. Their writing is known from the discovered seals.

Question 54.
Whether the Sindhu people knew about the domestication of animals? They had not domesticated which animal?
Answer:
Yes, the ancient people knew about the domestication of animals. They had not to domesticated and could not know the use of horses and dogs.

Question 55.
Regarding the golden ornaments of the Harappan civilization analyze the version of John Marshall?
Answer:
John Marshall opined regarding the gold ornaments of Harappa that the ornaments of discovered Harappa were so beautiful, fine, and attractive that it was not 5000 years gold ornaments and as if it is available at the different gold shops of London’s bond road.

Question 56.
The weapons of the Harappan civilization were made in which metal? For which purpose they used it?
Answer:
The weapons of the Harappan civilization were made of copper and bronze. For the purpose of war and haunting, they used it.

Question 57.
In the developed time of the Harappan civilization which type of rainfall was continuing? At that time which food particles produced more?
Answer:
In the developed time of the Harappan civilization maximum rainfall was continuing. At that time wheat and barley produced more.

Question 58.
For cultivation purposes which type of utensils was used by the Sindh people? Now that place is called?
Answer:
For cultivation purposes the Sindh people used plow, sickle axe, etc, Now that place is called the “Garden of Sindh” (Nakhalistan)

Question 59.
In which industry the Sindh people were experts and for this which material has discovered from excavation?
Answer:
In the weaving industry, the Sindh people were experts. This we came to know from the discovery of knitting machines and engraved seals.

Question 60.
For the clay pot of Harappan civilization what was the opinion of Mortimer Wheeler?
Answer:
Regarding the clay pots of the Harappan people, Mortimer Wheeler opined that those were very attractive in comparison to Iran and Mesopotamia.

Question 61.
The Sindh people were accustomed to which metal and whether they knew the use of iron?
Answer:
The Sindh people were accustomed to copper, bronze, gold, silver, tin, etc. Whether they knew about the use of iron still no information is found regarding it.

Question 62.
Estimate the opinion of Hunter regarding the metal architecture of Sindh people?
Answer:
According to famous historian Hunter, the Sindh people were experts in metal architecture. From it, they were capable to make different types of ornaments also.

Question 63.
Whether the Sindh people were experts in the trade business? They were engaged for internal business from which place to which place?
Answer:
There availed enough evidence that the Sindh people were experts in the trade business. They were engaged in internal business from Kashmir Valley to Southern valley.

Question 64.
On which route the Sindh people had foreign trade relations and with which country they were engaged in trading?
Answer:
On the land route and sea routes, the Sindh people had foreign trade relations. They were engaged in trade with countries like Sumeria, Egypt, and Greece.

Question 65.
Give proof regarding the trade relationship between Mesopotamia civilization and Sindh civilization?
Answer:
They excavated Mahenjodaro seals in Mesopotamia and excavated cuneiform writing from the Mahenjodaro civilization tracing the trade relationship between them. So also Sindh people had trade relations with Akkad and other countries of Persia.

Question 66.
Whether the Sindh people were experts in the analytical and mechanical wing? Whether their weight and measurement, the system in comparison with England’s ounce and Greek Unica system?
Answer:
From the excavated archaeological things and their examination, we came to know that they were experts in the analytical and mechanical wing. Their weight and measurement system was inaccurate with the ounce system in England and unrar system in Greek.

Question 67.
In 2001 the archaeological excavation from Mehergarh in Pakistan describes the medical treatment of Sindh people?
Answer:
In 2001 the archaeological excavation from Mehergarh in Pakistan. We came to anticipate that the Sindh people acquired knowledge about teeth treatment.

Question 68.
The Sindh people worshipped to which force? The woman’s picture engraved on the seal gave which information?
Answer:
It came to be known that the Sindh people worshipped to “Mother Goddess”. The woman’s picture engraved in the excavated seal indicates that the picture may be the picture of the Dharitri Goddess.

Question 69.
The excavated Yogi posture was surrounded by which four figures? Analyze the statement of John Marshall regarding this figure?
Answer:
The excavated seal with Yogi posture was surrounded by four animals and they were elephant, tiger, rhinoceros, and buffalo. From this study, Sir John Marshal imagined that perhaps Saivism was the earliest religion of India.

Question 70.
Evaluate the statement of Mortimer Wheeler regarding the decline of the Indus civilization? When this Civilization came to an end?
Answer:
According to Mortimer Wheeler, Harappa and Mahenjodoro were destroyed by the Aryan invaders. In the Vedas, the early Aryans described their God Indra as the destroyer of the cities of the Asuras. According to wheeler the fall of this civilization occurred about 1500 years before the birth of Christ.

Question 71.
Analyze the statement of other scholars about the fall of the Indus valley civilization?
Answer:
To other scholars, the climatic changes led to the decline of the cities. It may be that the rivers Indus and Ravi changed their courses for which the cities were badly affected frequent floods of those rivers made it difficult for people to live. Being deserted the cities perhaps got buried under the earth in course of many many years.

Question 72.
Give an estimate of the legacies of the Indus civilization?
Answer:
The influence of the Indus civilization on the future can not be denied. The civilization had two faces. Spiritual and material. But the spiritual faiths of the Indus people survived forever.

Question 73.
Which Eastern eminent scholar when given the opinion that the Sanskrit language of India and other western languages had derived from one common language?
Answer:
Eminent Eastern scholar Sir William Johns gave an opinion in 1786 that the Sanskrit language of India, the language of Persia language of Greece, and Rome, and the German language had deep relations and those languages had derived from one original language.

Question 74.
Regarding the unity of various tribes which western scholar has given which opinion?
Answer:
Regarding the unity of various tribes eminent western scholar Maxmuller opined strongly in 1861 that “The forefathers of Indian, Persian, Greek, Romans skills, Kelat, and Germans not only lived in the same place rather they lived under one home.

Question 75.
The Aryans first settled in which place in India and how many rivers flowed there?
Answer:
The Aryans first settled in Punjab India. At that time in Punjab, seven rivers were flowing.

Question 76.
The Aryan gave which name Punjab and define the name of the seven rivers?
Answer:
The Aryan given name to Punjab was Saptasindhu. The name of those rivers is Sindhu, Vitasta, Chandrabhaga, Iravati, Bipasa, Satadru, and Saraswati.

Question 77.
What was the first literature of the Aryans and when it was written?
Answer:
Veda happens to be the earliest literature of the Aryan race coming to India they began to write it.

Question 78.
What are the meaning of Veda and other names for it?
Answer:
The word Veda means supreme knowledge. The Aryans believed that the Vedas were the words of God. The other name of Veda is called Shruti.

Question 79.
Veda is divided into how many parts and what is the earliest Veda?
Answer:
Veda is divided into four parts such as Rigveda, Samveda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda. The name of the earliest Veda is Rigveda.

Question 80.
Give an opinion against “Aranyaka”?
Answer:
Aranyaka is a part of Veda. There is a philosophical theme in it. There is six Aranyakas. In future times it was enlarged and came to be known as Upanishad.

Question 81.
Who was the head of the Aryan family and estimate his relation with family members?
Answer:
Father was the head of the Aryan family. The relationship between father, mother, brothers, and sisters rested on a sense of duty, devotion, affection, and cordiality. The younger members obeyed the senior members.

Question 82.
The Aryans believed in which system of life and what are they?
Answer:
The Aryans believed in the system of Chaturashrama or the fourfold division of life. They are Brahmacharya, Garhasthya, Vanaprastha, and Sanyasa.

Question 83.
Give an account of the tradition of the education system of the Aryans?
Answer:
In Vedic society, there was Gurukul where the students earned their education. With obtaining knowledge they also imported education for work efficiency, building good character, truth, honesty, etc.

Question 84.
What was the position of women in Vedic Aryan society and they secured which position?
Answer:
Women held a high position in Vedic Aryan society. They secured an equal position with men and also exercised much influence in domestic affairs.

Question 85.
What is the meaning of the Aryan word “Dough”? Are the Aryan girls fond of looking at the cow?
Answer:
The Aryan word “Dough” means milking the cow. Perhaps the Aryan girls were fond of looking after the cow as their domestic duty.

Question 86.
Was there child marriage in the Rig-vedic society? Was there seclusion of women?
Answer:
There was no child marriage in the Rig-vedic society. Girls live in the house of their parents till they attained marriageable age. There was no seclusion of women in Vedic society.

Question 87.
Were the Vedic women taking part in the highest socio-religious duties? Give the name of some important women in Vedic society?
Answer:
The Vedic Women took part in the highest socio-religious duties. They also studied Vedas, some important women personalities in Vedic times were Lopamudra, Ghosha, Viswavara, and Apala.

Question 88.
What were the dress materials of early Vedic people and what are they?
Answer:
The Aryans generally used cotton and woolen garments, sometimes deer skins were also used for the dress. The men were generally one lower and one upper garment called vasa and Adhivasa. The women in addition to the above two used an undergarment called “Nivs”

Question 89.
What was the daily food of the Aryan people?
Answer:
The daily food of the Rigvedic people consisted of barley, rice, beans, vegetables, milk, milk products, and cakes. They also ate non-vegetarian foods like fish, birds, goats, bulls, horses, etc. Ox, goat meat, and mutton were eaten. Bull cow meat was not touched.

Question 90.
What were the game and amusement in the Aryan society?
Answer:
The virile people in the Aryan society passed their time in boxing, hunting, and chariot race. The Aryans used many musical instruments like drums, flutes, harps, and cymbals.

Question 91.
What was the principal occupation of the Vedic Aryans for plowing the land? How many bullocks did they use?
Answer:
Agriculture was the principal occupation of the Vedic Aryans. For plowing land they used as many as 8,10 and 12 bullocks.

Question 92.
What type of industry was prevalent in Aryan times?
Answer:
The weaving of cotton and wool was the principal industry. Carpentry was a lucrative profession. The blacksmiths made weapons household implements and gold smith mode ornaments.

Question 93.
Give a short note about the internal trade of the Aryan people?
Answer:
The Rigvedic people carried trade among the members of the same tribe and also with other tribes sometimes traders made journeys to distant lands for larger profits on the trade.

Question 94.
What was the medium of exchange of Aryan trade? Name of the gold coin used by the Aryans?
Answer:
The medium of exchange in the Aryan trade was the barter system. The gold coin used by the Aryans was named “Nishka”.

Question 95.
Whether the Aryans had overseas trade?
Answer:
We do not know definitely whether the Aryans had overseas trade with west Asian countries. The Harappans had extensive trade with West Asia. Whether the Aryans were able to continue is not certain.

Question 96.
Which was the lowest unit in the Rigvedic society and what is a clan?
Answer:
The lowest unit of the Rigvedic society was the family. A number of families bound by ties of blood and other relations formed a clan.

Question 97.
Which unit formed in Rigvedic society as a union of several gramas and which was the higher unit?
Answer:
The union of several gramas formed a vis. The Jana was the higher unit.

Question 98.
Name of the leaders of grama, vis, and Jana?
Answer:
The leader of the grama was called Brahmani and that of a vis was called visit. The lord of the Jana was called Copa.

Question 99.
What was the prevailing form of Government and by which term the king was denoted?
Answer:
Kingship was the prevailing form of government. The king was denoted by the term “Rajan”.

Question 100.
Which form of government was by the Vedic tribes and what was the title of their leader?
Answer:
The Vedic tribes did not have a monarchical constitution. They were ruled by tribal chiefs, who formed an oligarchy. The title of their leader was known as Ganapati.

Question 101.
What was the prime and supreme duty of the king and the administered justice with the help of whom?
Answer:
The king had the prime and supreme duty to protect the life and property of his people from external and internal enemies. He administered justice with the help of (Priest).

Question 102.
The Rigvedic king had to consult popular bodies in grave political matters and act according to their decision?
Answer:
The Rigvedic king had to consult with popular bodies like “Sabha” and “Samiti” in grave political matters and act according to their decision.

Question 103.
The king attended to which meeting and what Rigveda suggested regarding the decision of this popular body?
Answer:
The king attended the meeting of the Samiti and took part in the debates. The Rigveda urged people to be unanimous. One-minded in taking decisions of the Samiti.

Question 104.
The Aryans expanded to which valley in the later Vedic period which places are mentioned in later Vedic literature?
Answer:
The Aryans expanded to the Ganga Yamuna valley in the later Vedic period. The places like Kosala and Videha are mentioned in the later Vedic literature.

Question 105.
Which high-sounding title of Raj came into vogue and which sacrifices were performed to signify the imperial of the monarchs?
Answer:
High-sounding titles like Ekrat now came into vogue. The sacrifices like Rajasuya, Vajapeya, and Asvamedha were performed to signify the imperial of the monarchs.

Question 106.
Apart from the officials in the Rigvedic period in the later Vedic age which new officials were appointed?
Answer:
Apart from the officials in the Rigvedic period in the later Vedic age new officials like treasurer, Ceuta or royal announcer, superintendent of gambling, etc.

Question 107.
In the later Vedic period far-reaching changes took place in the sphere of the four caste systems. Which two castes now enjoyed the highest privileges in society?
Answer:
In the later Vedic period far-reaching changes took place in the sphere of the four caste systems. Brahmanand Kshatriya now enjoyed the highest privileges in society.

Question 108.
What was the condition of women in the later Vedic age?
Answer:
The high position of women in the early Vedic age deteriorated. They lost their right to perform religious duties and lost their position in political affairs.

Question 109.
Were the four Ashramas became more regularised in the later Rigvedic age and the students got an education in which subject?
Answer:
The idea of four Ashramas became more regularised in the later Vedic age. The students got an education in philosophy, Vedas, scriptures ethics, etc.

Question 110.
What became the staple food of the later Vedic Aryans and what were the other items of food?
Answer:
Rice became the staple food of the later Vedic Aryans. The other items of foods were vegetables, meat, fish, etc. killing of cows was looked disfavor. Drinking wine on sure was still favored.

Question 111.
What were the chief crops of the later Vedic people and how many bullocks were used for deep plowing?
Answer:
The chief crops of the later Vedic people were rice, wheat, and barley. There were 24 nos of bullocks were used for plowing purposes.

Question 112.
What was the opinion of reference of Atharva Veda regarding the navigation in the seas by the later Vedic people?
Answer:
The later Vedic people became familiar with the navigation of the seas. According to the reference of the Atharva Veda, the people were aware of the eastern and western seas perhaps trading contact with Mesopotamia was established.

Question 113.
In later Vedic times who were hereditarily engaged in trade and by which name the rich merchants were called?
Answer:
In later Vedic times, the vaishyas were hereditarily engaged in trade. The rich merchants in this period.

Question 114.
Were there coins used in the later Vedic period and who used these coins as a unit of exchange?
Answer:
There was a coin named “Mishka” which was not ordinarily used. The merchants used this coin as a medium of exchange.

Question 115.
Who was the most powerful and popular God in the later Vedic age and in which name he was described in Rigveda?
Answer:
India was the most powerful and popular God in the later Vedic age. In Rigvedic he is described as the “Purandara” because he has destroyed the puas of the non-Aryans and ensured the security of his devotees the Aryans.

Question 116.
In the Vedic period language became the vehicle of expression of thought and towards the later Vedic age. This language became the language of which class?
Answer:
In the Vedic period, Sanskrit became the vehicle of expression of thought. Towards the later Vedic age, this language became the language of the upper class.

Question 117.
Atharva Veda contains which information?
Answer:
The Atharva Veda contains information on political, and social sciences, medicines, and also magic.

Question 118.
Regarding slavery in ancient Indian society what Meghasthenes has described?
Answer:
Meghasthenes came to India in the 4th century B.C. He found that slavery was unknown to Indian society.

Question 119.
Which kingdom was popular as Varanasi and in the remote past who was the ruler of Varanasi and what was his name?
Answer:
The Kasi kingdom was popular as the Varanasi kingdom. The name Varanasi is derived from the name of two rivers i.e.” Varuna” and “Asi”. The ancient king or ruler of Varanasi was Asvasena.

Question 120.
By consisting which modern area Kosala kingdom was constitute and what was the capital of Kosala?
Answer:
By consisting Ayodhya area of Uttarpradesh the ancient Kosala kingdom was constituted. Sribasti was the capital of Kosala.

Question 121.
Which two states were the democratic states in sixteen Mahajanapadas and here it was developed?
Answer:
Among the sixteen Mahajanpadas, Vrije and Malla were two democratic states. These two states were developed in the North-Western areas of India i.e., on the foothills of the Himalayas.

Question 122.
Anga was the neighbor of which kingdom and from which Veda we came to know about its name?
Answer:
Anga was a neighbor of Magadha. From Atharva Veda we came to know about Anga.

Question 123.
In the 6th century B.C. who was the ruler of Vatsa and he was initiated in which religion?
Answer:
In the 6th century B.C. Udayana was the ruler of Vatsa. He was initiated into Buddhism.

Question 124.
In the modern which area the Panchali kingdom was developed and in which century the democratic system established there?
Ans:
In the modem Rohilakhand area the Panchali kingdom was developed and in this century the democratic system was established there.

Question 125.
In Buddhist J a taka what had described regarding the port of Bhrugukachcha and now it is compared with which port?
Answer:
In Buddhist Jataka, it had described that Bhrugukachcha was an eminent port in ancient
Indian sea. Now it is compared with the port of Broch.

Question 126.
Define the word History?
Answer:
The word History comes from the ancient Greek word ‘histo’ meaning ‘known this’. History is the Study of the past. If we look closely at the word, we will find the word ‘story’ in it. In fact, history is the story of how people lived in earlier times.

Question 127.
What is the sources of History?
Answer:
With the help of historical clues, a historian writes the history of the past without which he can not reconstruct the past so these clues are called the sources of history. This source material can be divided into two categories, that is, archaeological and literary.

Question 128.
Archaeological Sources?
Answer:
For collecting information about the pre-historic, past historians have to depend solely on the remains or rains of the past. Archaeologists dig up sites where people might have lived and bring out various objects which have been buried under the earth for many years. These objects may include tools, jewelry, fossils, and arts and crafts. At times, houses where people live, temples where people went to worship, and even the layout of an entire city have been excavated by archaeologists. These provide valuable clues to historians for reconstructing the history of that period.

Question 129.
Epigraphy?
Answer:
The study of inscriptions is known as Epigraphy. In the absence of paper, people used sharp instruments to write on hard surfaces. These are referred to as inscriptions. Inscriptions may be found on seals, copper plates, stone pillars, rocks or temple walls. They provide valuable information. Though the Harappans were the first to inscribe their script on seals, these have not yet been deciphered so fax are those issued by Ashoka in the third century B.C.

Question 130.
Numismatics?
Answer:
The study of coins is known as numismatics coins struck at different times by different rules provide valuable dues regarding dates, names of rulers, regions where these have been struck as well as the metal sued. Ancient coins were made of copper-gold, silver, or lead. Coin molds made of burnt clay have been found in large numbers. Coins made of metal first appeared in the Buddhist period.

Question 131.
Write briefly about the position of Big Vedic women?
Answer:
Women enjoyed freedom. Some of the outstanding women of the age were like Gargi, Maitree, Apala Visvabara, Ghosha Sikata Lapamudra. They did not remain confined within the four walls of the house.

Question 132.
Write about the Sabha of the Rig Vedia age?
Answer:
The Sabha was a popular assembly to advise the King on administrative matters. The Sabha was the council of elderly people representing the wealthy and leading persons of the society. It was used to assist the king in the discharge of his functions.

Question 133.
Write about the Samiti of the Rigvedic Age?
Answer:
The Samiti was a popular assembly to advise the kings on administrative matters. It was a larger body consisting of representatives from each village or group. The Samiti was concerned with taking decisions on the matters of war and peace, maintenance of law and order selection of the King.

Question 134.
Write about the Chaturashram of the water Vedic age?
Answer:
Chaturashram or the four stages of life was a feature found in the society of dying later Vedic age. One’s life span was divided into four stages, namely, Brahmacharya. Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Samnyasa. To make life healthy and regulated, the divided into four stages.

Question 135.
How was the marriage system in the later Vedic Society?
Answer:
Polygamy and polyandry were practiced during this time by the kings and nobles. Marriage among near relations was not the practice. More rituals were observed in the marriage ceremony.

Question 136.
Write about the religion of the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
The Harappan worshipped the mother goddess, Lord Shiva as Pashupati, Pipai tree. Snake etc. The Harappans believed in life after death. They adopted the disposal of dead bodies.

Question 137.
Write about the dress of the Aryans?
Answer:
The dress of the Aryan was plain and simple. The Rigvedic Aryans wore three pieces of clothing. The upper piece was called Vasa paridhana. The undergarment was called Aivi or Antalya. Besides these two, they also wore an over garment called Adhi.

Question 138.
Write about the food of the Rigvedic Aryan?
Answer:
The food habit of the Rig Vedic Aryans was very simple. By and large, they were vegetarians. Barley, wheat, honey, fruits, milk, and products like curd, and Glu; end butter constituted their staple food.

Question 139.
Write about the political organization of the Vedic Aryans?
Answer:
A number of families constructed one Grama or Village, a group of villages constituted one vis and a group of vis constituted. A Kingdom or Janapada. The head of the village was called Grammar. The head of the vis was called visit and the head of the janapadas was called Rajan. The family was the foundation of the political organization of the Vedic Aryans. The head of the family was called Grihapati.

Question 140.
Chief features of town planning of Harappan civilization?
Answer:
The rains of the cities of the Indus valley civilization display the remarkable skill of the people in town planning and sanitation. The main features are cities with their wide and straight streets, efficient and covered drainage, structurally comfortable houses with bathrooms, and built of burnt bricks of various shapes. The most striking feature of Mahenjodaro is the Great Bath. It is a rectangular structure resembling a swimming pool. At Harappa, a number of granaries have been found.

Question 141.
Family system In early Vedic society?
Answer:
The evolution of the family system in the early Vedic period provided a bedrock for a healthy, happy, and prosperous society. Society was organized on the basis of the family as a unit. Each family was considered a cradle of values. A training ground for learning the duties and obligations towards individuals, the family, society, and humanity at large.

Question 142.
The rigidity of the caste system in the Later Vedic Age?
Answer:
The later Vedic period saw the rise of the rigid caste system Brahmanas, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. It destroyed the values of human equality of the earlier days and created a distinction between man and man. Those who performed religious duties formed the priestly caste known as the Brahmana. Those who fought battles formed the warrior class called the Kshatriya. Those who looked to agriculture, trade or other productive works came to be known as the vaisya, and finally, those who performed social and human services to the society formed the lowest caste and were called the Sudra.

Question 143.
Gurukul system of education?
Answer:
The education system was formalized, the ‘Gurukul’ system emerged and the students began to live as family members with their teacher. This system became the forerunner of the modem boarding system. Besides Vedas, the Puranas, the Upanishads, Astronomy, Mathematics, and Military education also formed part of the curriculum. After the completion of education, ‘Dakshina’ or gifts and presents were offered to the teachers.

Question 144.
Position of women in the later Vedic period?
Answer:
During the later Vedic age, women lost their earlier status. Polygamy (marrying several wives of the man) was in vogue. Polyandry (possessing several husbands was also in vogue. The practice of swayamvar (choosing one’s husband) was prevalent in several sections of society. No doubt women had access to education but the status of women had been lowered during this period as compared with the Rigvedic Period.

Question 145.
Complicated Religious rituals in the later Vedic age?
Answer:
Elaborate rituals and sacrifices became the order of the day. Numerous rituals and animal sacrifices to appease these gods began to be performed. The kings performed sacrifices. Individuals also performed sacrifices in their homes. The chanting of mantras accompanied all the rituals. In course of time, rituals became so important that every important event was followed by an elaborate ritual. The priests performed these rituals and sacrifices and were given cows horses, gold, and cloth as gifts. The priests were looked upon as messengers of God. As a result, they enjoyed tremendous power and prestige.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 1 Sources of Indian History Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 1 Sources of Indian History Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1.
The word “History” derived from which word?
(a) Histology
(b) Histogram
(c) History
(d) Historia
Answer:
(d) Historia

Question 2.
Who is? the father of History?
(a) Thusidydes
(b) Humer
(c) Herodotus
(d) Aristotle
Answer:
(c) Herodotus

Question 3.
“History is an exemplary philosophy who told this?
(a) Dinosaurs
(b) Aristotle
(c) Polybius
(d) Thusidydes
Answer:
(a) Dinosaurs

Question 4.
What is the meaning of History?
(a) Old episodes
(b) Current episodes
(c) Which is going to be
(d) An autobiography
Answer:
(a) Old episodes

Question 5.
Which is first-class history?
(a) Heroic History
(b) Natural history
(c) Time and incidental history
(d) Democratic history
Answer:
(c) Time and incidental history

Question 6.
Who said ‘’History is the summary of unchanged past”?
(a) Herodotus
(b) Thusidydes
(c) Aristotle
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question7.
Who said, “History is a story which makes man intelligent”?
(a) Francis Beacon
(b) Historian Karlyle
(c) Philosopher Rousseau
(d) Polybius
Answer:
(a) Francis Beacon

Question 8.
Who said, “History is an art and it gets an even from many odds”?
(a) John Anderson
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Henry Johnson
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(d) Rousseau

Question 9.
History is an exclamatory summary of what we are and why we? Whose statement is this?
(a) Karlton Kun
(b) Hegel
(c) Rousseau
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
a) Karlton Kun

Question 10.
Who told, “Total History is eternal”?
(a) Polybius
(b) Henry Johnson
(c) Hegel
(d) R.G Kingwood
Answer:
(d) R. G. Collingwood

Question 11.
“History is a bridge between past and present” who told this?
(a) Elliot
(b) Thomas Karlyle
(c) Lord Acton
(d) Thusidydes
Answer:
(a) Elliot

Question 12.
History is a _________?
(a) Physics
(b) Chemistry
(c) Zoology
(d) Social Science
Answer:
(d) Social Science

Question 13.
Who is the author of the book “What is History”?
(a) E. H. Kann
(b) Thomas Kanlyle
(c) Metland
(d) J. B. Bari
Answer:
(a) E. H. Kann

Question 14.
Who is the author of the book “Discovery of India”?
(a) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan
(b) Karlyle
(c) E. H. Kann
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 15.
According to which river name the ancient Persians gave name to India “Hind”?
(a) Satadru
(b) Sindhu
(c) Yamuna
(d) Ganga
Answer:
(b) Sindhu

Question 16.
The ancient scripts of India derived from which civilization’s archaeology?
(a) Aryan civilization
(b) Later Vedic civilization
(c) Harappan civilization
(d) Mauryan civilization
Answer:
(c) Harappan civilization

Question 17.
Which coin is regarded as the ancient coinage of India?
(a) Printing notes of Mauryan Period
(b) Kushan coinage
(c) Jew-Greek coin
(d) Gupta coinage
Answer:
(a) Printing notes of the Mauryan Period

Question 18.
How many purahS are seen in India?
(a) 18
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 10
Answer:
(a) 18

Question 19.
Which religion’s literature is “Sutrapitaka”?
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Hinduism
(d) Islam
Answer:
(a) Buddhism

Question 20.
Which Pitaka shows different aspects of the life of a monk?
(a) Sutra Pitaka
(b) Binaya Pitaka
(c) Abhidharma Pitaka
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Binaya Pitaka

Question 21.
Who is the author of “Arthashastra”?
(a) Measthenes
(b) Panini
(c) Patanjali
(d) Kautilya
Answer:
(d) Kautilya

Question 22.
Who wrote “Kumarasambhabam”?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Sudraka
(c) Bishnu Sharma
(d) Visakhadutta
Answer:
(a) Kalidasa

Question 23.
Who is the author of “Mudrarakshasa”?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Kautilya
(c) Harisena
(d) Visakhadutta
Answer:
(d) Visakhadutta

Question 24.
Who wrote ‘Harshacharita’?
(a) Harshavardhana
(b) Banabhatta
(c) Panini
(d) Vishnu
Answer:
(b) Banabhatta

Question 25.
“Bikramanka Charita” is written by whom?
(a) Bilhana
(b) Patanjali
(c) Kautilya
(d) Kalhana
Answer:
(a) Bilhana

Question 26.
“Rama Charita” is written by whom?
(a) Banabhatta
(b) Sandhyakar Nandi
(c) Vishakhadutta
(d) Kalhana
Answer:
(b) Sandhyakar Nandi

Question 27.
“Prithwiraj Charita” is written by whom?
(a) Bilhana
(b) Sandhyakar Nandi
(c) Panini
(d) Chandakabi
Answer:
(d) Chandakabi

Question 28.
Who is the author of “Rajatarangini’?
(a) Patanjali
(b) Kalhana
(c) Kautilya
(d) Megasthenes
Answer:
(b) Kalhana

Question 29.
For the ancient historical writings engraved literature legends and coins are regarded as which source?
(a) Religious literature
(b) Secular literature
(c) Archaeological monuments
(d) Account of foreigners
Answer:
(c) Archaeological monuments

Question 30.
Kalidas’s “Malabikagnimitra” relates some incidental aspects of which king?
(a) Harshavardhana
(b) Pushyamitra Sunga
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Samudragupta
Answer:
(b) Pushyamitra Sunga

Question 31.
Who is the author of‘Swapnabasaba-Dutta”?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Vishakhacjiltta
(c) Kautilya
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

Question 32.
Moral teachings literature “Pancha-tantrum” is written by whom?
(a) Bishnu Sharma
(b) Patanjali
(c) Sudraka
(d) Harisena
Answer:
(a) Bishnu Sharma

Question 33.
“Chhachanama” is which country’s literature?
(a) Egypt
(b) Arab
(c) China
(d) India
Answer:
(b) Arab

Question 34.
Which foreign geographist has described in his geographical text regarding the ports of India?
(a) Pliny
(b) Megasthenes
(c) I tsing
(d) Jalemy
Answer:
(d) Jeremy

Question 35.
Which Greek king sent ambassador Megasthenes to the Mauryan court?
(a) Alexander
(b) Peimachas
(c) Dionisius
(d) Seleucus
Answer:
(d) Seleucus

Question 36.
Kautilya’s ‘Arthasashtra’ is what type of literature?
(a) Religious literature
(b) Life science
(c) Touring episode
(d) Political literature
Answer:
(d) Political literature

Question 37.
In which king’s reign did Chinese ambassador Fa-Hien came to India?
(a) Samudragupta
(b) Ashoka
(c) Chandragupta II
(d) Harshavardhan
Answer:
(c) Chandragupta II

Question 38.
Which script is written by Fa-Hien?
(a) Fo-Kuo-Ki
(b) Si-Yu Ki
(c) Historia Pipilika
(d) Jahik-i-hind
Answer:
(a) Fo-Kuo-Ki

Question 39.
In which king’s reign Hiuen-Tsang came to India?
(a) Kharavela
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Chandragupta II
(d) Harshavardhan
Answer:
(d) Harshavardhan

Question 40.
Who is the author of the script Si-Yu-Ki?
(a) Fa-hien
(b) Lao-Tse
(c) Hiuen-Tsang
(d) I-Tsing
Answer:
(c) Hiuen-Tsang

Question 41.
“Mahabhasya” is written by whom?
(a) Patanjali
(b) Kalhana
(c) Aryabhatta
(d) Barahamihira
Answer:
(a) Patanjali

Question 42.
Who wrote the book ‘Tarique-e-hind”?
(a) Al-Beruni.
(b) Hasan Nizami
(c) Gulbadan Baig
(d) Abdullah
Answer:
(a) Al-Beruni

Question 43.
“Tabaquat-i-nisin” is written by whom?
(a) Ziauddin Barani
(b) Amir Khusru
(c) Minhaz-i-siraj
(d) Mohammad Kadir
Answer:
(c) Minhaz-i-siraj

Question 44.
“Tarique-i-froze” is written by whom?
(a) Ziauddin Barani
(b) Amir Khusru
(c) Mohammad Amin
(d) Mohammad Kadir
Answer:
(a) Ziauddin Barani

Question 45.
The book ‘Humayun-Nama is written by whom?
(a) Gulbadan Baig
(b) Abash Khan Sarwag
(c) Mohammad Amin
(d) Abdullah Khan
Answer:
(a) Gulbadan Baig

Question 46.
Who wrote the script ‘Akbarnama’?
(a) Akbar
(b) Amir Khusru
(c) Fayaji
(d) Abul Fazal
Answer:
(d) Abul Fazal

Question 47.
Indian legendary sign ‘Asiatic society of Bengal’ was established by whom in 1774 A.D.?
(a) Rakhaldas Banerjee
(b) Dayaram Sahani
(c) William Johnes
(d) James Princep
Answer:
(c) William Johnes

Question 48.
Which archaeologist has discovered the ‘Brahmi’ script?
(a) General Kaningha
(b) Johnes Princep
(c) Rakhaldas Baneijee
(d) Dayaram Sahani
Answer:
(b) Johnes Princep

Question 49.
Which king built the ‘Hatigumpha Inscription’?
(a) King Ashoka
(b) King Samudragupta
(c) King Harshavardhana
(d) King Kharavela
Answer:
(d) King Kharavela

Question 50.
“Aihole Inscription” gives information regarding which king?
(a) Gupta king Samudragupta
(b) King of Kalinga Kharavela
(c) Chalukya king Pulakesi-II
(d) Saka king Rudradaman
Answer:
(c) Chalukya king Pulakesi-II

Question 51.
Which system gives information about coinage?
(a) Epigraphy
(b) Numismatics
(c) Account of Foreigners
(d) Archival sources
Answer:
(b) Numismatics

Question 52.
The Saranath, Dhauli, and Jaugarh information of king Ashoka what type of source?
(a) Informative source
(b) Religious source
(c) Legendary source
(d) Praiseworthy source
Answer:
(b) Religious source

Question 53.
The defeat of Harshavardhan by Chalukya king Pulakesi is known from which Pillar Inscription?
(a) Gwalior pillar inscription
(b) Allahabad pillar inscription
(c) Mehrulli iron pillar inscription
(d) Aihole pillar inscription
Answer:
(d) Aihole pillar inscription

Question 54.
Many things regarding the reign of Samudragupta are unknown which pillar inscription was unwritten?
(a) Mehrulli pillar inscription
(b) Aihol pillar inscription
(c) Girinar pillar inscription
(d) Allahabad pillar inscription
Answer:
(d) Allahabad pillar inscription

Question 55.
What type of culture was Harappa?
(a) Village culture
(b) City culture
(c) Mixture of village and city culture
(d) Extraordinary culture
Answer:
(b) City culture

Question 56.
Who considered Harappa in 1829 A.D. as ‘Breakage Brick’s Fort’?
(a) Charles Mason
(b) Sir Bums
(c) Sir John Marshall
(d) Rakhal Das Benaijee
Answer:
(a) Charles Mason

Question 57.
By whose endeavor in 1921-22 were two eminent towns’ archaeological discoveries found?
(a) Mason & Bums
(b) R.S. Tripathy & Bhandarkar
(c) Harprasad Shastri & R.C. Majumdar
(d) R.D. Benaijee & Dayaram Sahani
Answer:
(d) R.D. Benaijee & Dayaram Sahani

Question 58.
Where Mahenjodaro is located?
(a) Gujurat state
(b) Rajasthan state
(c) District of Montgomery in West-Punjab
(d) Lankan district in Sindh
Answer:
(d) Lankan district in Sindh

Question 59.
Where is Harappan situated?
(a) District of Montgomery in West-Punjab
(b) Lankan district in Sindh
(c) State of Jammu & Kashmir
(d) State of Gujarat
Answer:
(a) District of Montgomery in West-Punjab

Question 60.
What is the meaning of Mahenjodaro?
(a) Elaborate city
(b) Proposed city
(c) Dead City
(d) Village city
Answer:
(c) Dead City

Question 61.
Where ‘Great Bath’ was discovered?
(a) Harappa
(b) Sindh civilization
(c) Later Vedic Age
(d) Mahenjodaro
Answer:
(d) Mahenjodaro

Question 62.
Veda is divided into how many parts?
(a) 10
(b) 6
(c) 8
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Question 63.
The village headman was known in Vedic?
(a) Gramani
(b) Gramika
(c) Gramapati
(d) Vispati
Answer:
(a) Gramani

Question 64.
Which social phenomena were important in
(a) Family
(b) Kula (clan)
(c) Grama (village)
(d) City
Answer:
(a) Family

Question 65.
Which two important democratic institution was important to assist the king in his administration?
(a) Family & clan
(b) Sabha & Samiti
(c) City & Multi-city
(d) National & International
Answer:
(b) Sabha & Samiti

Question 66.
Who was known as ‘Pani’ in Rigvedic civilization?
(a) Officials
(b) Businessmen
(c) Military men
(d) Poets
Answer:
(b) Businessmen

Question 67.
What was called to be JSna head in the Rigvedic Age?
(a) Gop
(b) Gramani
(c) Kulam
(d) Rajan
Answer:
(a) Gop

Question 68.
What was the designation of tax collectors in the early Vedic age?
(a) Sangrahitri
(b) Bhagadugha
(c) Stapati
(d) Ugra
Answer:
(b) Bhagadugha

Question 69.
What was the designation of treasurer in the early Vedic age?
(a) Abakshapa
(b) Gobikruta
(c) Bhagadugha
(d) Sangrahitri
Answer:

Question 70.
What is the name of the earliest Veda?
(a) Rig
(b) Sham
(c) Yajur
(d) Atharva
Answer:

Question 71.
In the Rigvedic Age who is the God of Truth & Morality?
(a) Indra
(b) Varuna
(c) Agri (Fire)
(d) Surya (Sun)
Answer:
(d) Surya (Sun)

Question 72.
Where Lothal is situated?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Sindh
(c) Gujurat
(d) Punjab
Answer:
(c) Gujurat

Question 73.
What was the designation of the family head in the Rigvedic Age ? –
(a) Rajan
(b) Gop
(c) Kulapa
(d) Purohit
Answer:
(c) Kulapa

Question 74.
From which Age the social four-fold division system was introduced?
(a) Early Vedic Age
(b) Harappa Age
(c) Sixth century B.C.
(d) Later Vedic Age
Answer:
(d) Later Vedic Age

Question 75.
At which age did the Indian women’s earlier position deteriorate?
(a) Early Vedic Age
(b) Later Vedic Age
(c) Jaina’s Age
(d) Buddhist Age
Answer:
(b) Later Vedic Age

Question 76.
A harbor is discovered from which area of Harappan civilization?
(a) Lothal
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rangpur
(d) Manda
Answer:
(a) Lothal

Question 77.
The use of which metal was unknown to Harappan people?
(a) Copper
(b) Bronze
(c) Iron
(d) Tinv
Answer:
(c) Iron

Question 78.
Which script describes the creation of Mahajanapada?
(a) Shyam Veda
(b) Jaina Text
(c) Sutra Pitaka
(d) Angultara Nikaya
Answer:
(d) Anguttana Nikaya

Question 79.
What was the number of Mahajanapada?
(a) 4
(b) 12
(c) 16
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 16

Question 80.
In the sixth century B.C. the eminent traders of Janapada and Mahajanapadas were told as?
(a) Pani
(b) Sresthi
(c) Bhagadugha
(d) Sangnahitri
Answer:
(b) Shrestha

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
____said, “History Is a correcting river between present and past”.
Answer:
T.S.Eliot.

Question 2.
History is _____ Veda.
Answer:
Fifth

Question 3.
History Is derived from ____ Greek word.
Answer:
Historia

Question 4.
__________ is the father of history.
Answer:
Herodotus

Question 5.
The Persians named India Hind according to _________ rivers name.
Answer:
Sindhu

Question 6.
__________ historian is regarded as the scientific historian.
Answer:
Thucydides

Question 7.
archaeological inscriptions from outside India gave information regarding India.
Answer:
Bigha-kaya

Question 8.
the administrator told In his own word that “the engraved stone inscriptions of his administrative principles will last for long years.
Answer:
Ashoka

Question 9.
The other name of Veda is ________.
Answer:
Sruti

Question 10.
The last part of Veda is known as __________.
Answer:
Vedanga

Question 11.
In _________ Veda, a description is found about life after death.
Answer:
Atharva Veda

Question 12.
In __________ Veda’s description of various rituals is found.
Answer:
Ayurveda

Question 13.
The ancient script of India derived from __________ archaeological excavation.
Answer:
Harappa

Question 14.
The ancient particles derived from the digging of the earth are regarded as _________ aid.
Answer:
Archaeology

Question 15.
The study of coin ¡s regarded as __________.
Answer:
Numismatic

Question 16.
In total _________ number of Purans available in India.
Answer:
18

Question 17.
Violin-engraved coins prevailed in age ___________.
Answer:
Gupta Age

Question 18.
inscription eulogizes regarding Pulakesin-II __________.
Answer:
Able

Question 19.
__________ is the earliest coin of India.
Answer:
Punch-marked corn of the Mauryan age.

Question 20.
Reminder inscription describes emperor _________.
Answer:
Asoka

Question 21.
____________ Governor General had established the Archaeological Survey of India.
Answer:
Lord Curzon

Question 22.
Sutrapitaka is the literature script of religion ___________.
Answer:
Buddhism

Question 23.
_________ is the author of Arthasastra.
Answer:
Kautilya

Question 24.
Kumarsambhava was written by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 25.
The author of Mudrarakshasa was _________.
Answer:
Visakhadutta

Question 26.
Allahabad pillar inscription serves as the source of information for king ________.
Answer:
Samudragupta

Question 27.
Milinda Parba is a religious textbook __________.
Answer:
Buddhist.

Question 28.
Harsha Chanta was written by _________.
Answer:
Banabhatta

Question 29.
Arthasastra describes regarding __________.
Answer:
State Administration

Question 30.
Thughlagnama was written by _______.
Answer:
Amir Khustru

Question 31.
Travian stresses upon dynasty __________.
Answer:
Mughal

Question 32.
Kumarpala Chanta was written by _________.
Answer:
Hernachandra.

Question 33.
To know regarding English administration _______ source is required.
Answer:
Archival source

Question 34.
The art in kama rupa eulogizes regarding religious history _________.
Answer:
Shakta

Question 35.
Bikramarka Chanta was written by ____________.
Answer:
I3ilhana

Question 36.
The author of Rama Chanta is __________.
Answer:
Sandhyakara Nandi

Question 37.
Prithviraj Chanta was written by __________.
Answer:
Chandakabi

Question 38.
Raja Tarangini was written by ___________.
Answer:
Kaihana

Question 39.
Malabikagnimitram of Kalidasa based regarding some aspect of _________ kinds administration.
Answer:
Pusyamitrasunga.

Question 40.
The drama Swapna Vasabadutta was written by _________.
Answer:
Bhasa

Question 41.
Principle-oriented script Panchatantra was written by __________.
Answer:
Bishnu Sharma

Question 42.
Chacha Nama script belongs to country __________.
Answer:
Arab

Question 43.
An eminent geographist has described in his book about the ports of India _________.
Answer:
Talmy

Question 44.
Greek king has sent ambassador Megasthenes to Mauryan court _________.
Answer:
Seluskas

Question 45.
Chinees ambassador Fahien comes to India at the time of kings administration ________.
Answer:
Chandragupta Il.

Question 46.
The written script of Fashion Is known as _________.
Answer:
Fu-FuoKi

Question 47.
Hiuen Tsang came to India under the administration of king _________.
Answer:
Haravardhara

Question 48.
Si-yu-ki was written by __________.
Answer:
Hwen Tsang

Question 49.
Aftér Hiuen Tsang in seventh-century traveler came to India _______.
Answer:
It-Singh

Question 50.
Hyun Tsang belongs to religion ________.
Answer:
Addison

Question 51.
Mahabharata was written by ________.
Answer:
Ganji

Question 52.
From Kirtikumudini the culture of country _________ is known.
Answer:
Ncf.2

Question 53.
The life story of Babur is known as ________.
Answer:
Brian

Question 54.
The thick-E-Hind script was written by _________.
Answer:
Alberuni

Question 55.
Tabaqat-I-Nasir script was written by _________.
Answer:
Miraz-Sn

Question 56.
wrote Tarikh-E-Firozsahi book _________.
Answer:
Ziauddin Barani

Question 57.
Author of Humayunnama ________.
Answer:
Gulbadan Begun

Question 58.
Book Akbarnama was written by ___________.
Answer:
Abul Fazal

Question 59.
In Devi Chandraputra regarding emperor we know _________.
Answer:
Chandragupta 11

Question 60.
From the course, we came to know about Indi-Greek history _________.
Answer:
Numismatic

Question 61.
Sisupalgarh Is situated at the foot of __________ hill of Bhubaneswar.
Answer:
Dhauli

Question 62.
Gomateswara Bahubali sculpture belongs to state ________.
Answer:
Karnataka,

Question 63.
In ________ place of Rajasthan, Jainism emblems are seen.
Answer:
Diawara

Question 64.
_________ temple of mama put gives information about the sculptural architect of Pallavas.
Answer:
Prastarakata

Question 65.
In the coin of the king, the picture of Shivas standing near a bull is seen _________.
Answer:
Bimkadfises

Question 66.
The sculpture of beans is testimony regarding the culture of Chola ________.
Answer:
Tanjore

Question 67.
In ________ history, the period from SOOB.C. to 600B.C. is known as age.
Answer:
Darkage

Question 68.
Asiatic Society of Bengal was established in 1774 A.D. by ________.
Answer:
William johns.

Question 69.
an archaeologist was able to discover Brahmi script ___________.
Answer:
Johns princes

Question 70.
_________ Hatigumpha inscription is built by the king.
Answer:
King Kharavela

Question 71.
Saranath, Dhauli and Jaugarh pillar inscriptions of Asoka are _______ type of source.
Answer:
Religious source.

Question 72.
The description regarding the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulakesin is known from Pillar inscription _________.
Answer:
Aibole Pillar inscription.

Question 73.
Many things regarding the _______ eminent king Samudragupts were unknown if the inscription was undeciphered.
Answer:
Allahabad Pillar inscription

Question 74.
The Harappan culture was a _______ culture.
Answer:
City

Question 75.
In 1829 ________ described Harappa as Brakage Bricks castle.
Answer:
Charles Mason.

Question 76.
By the endeavor of________ and _______ in 192 1-22, two eminent cities were discovered.
Answer:
Rakhaldas Banaijee, Dayaram Sahani.

Question 77.
In place, Mahenjadaro is situated ________.
Answer:
Larkana district of Sind

Question 78.
In place, Harappa Is situated _______.
Answer:
Martogomeny district of soiflh Punjab.

Question 79.
Meaning of the term Mahenjadaro _________.
Answer:
Dead City

Question 80.
In place Great Bath discovers ________.
Answer:
Mahenjadaro

Question 81.
In Harappan culture was a trade center ________.
Answer:
Local

Question 82.
In ________ place of Harappa, many ovens were discovered.
Answer:
Kálibangan

Question 83.
_______ system was a renewed system in Harappan civilization.
Answer:
Drainage.

Question 84.
_______ first discovered the study system in Harappan culture.
Answer:
S.R.Räo

Question 85.
The people of Harappa were unknown regarding animals __________.
Answer:
Horse and Dog.

Question 86.
The people of Harappa were unknown of ________ metal.
Answer:
Icon.

Question 87.
The discovered Yogiemblem from the Harappan seal is compared with image _______.
Answer:
Pasupati shiva.

Question 88.
A swastika symbol in some Harappan seals anticipated worShip ¡n that civilization ________.
Answer:
Sùn.

Question 89.
Lothal belongs to ________ state.
Answer:
Gujarat

Question 90.
The decrease of Harappan culture began from ________ B.C.
Answer:
1800

Question 91.
The Length and breadth of the Great Bath were ________ and.
Answer:
55 meters and 35 meters.

Question 92.
_________ From a place in Mesopotamia, five Harappan seals were discovered.
Answer:
Elan

Question 93.
The roads in Harappan culture cut ëachothen in ________ angle.
Answer:
Rightafigle

Question 94.
worshipped animal in Harappan civilization was famous _________.
Answer:
Humpbu11

Question 95.
Harappa city now belongs to country _______.
Answer:
Pakistan

Question 96.
_______ was the religious sacred scripture of Aryans.
Answer:
Veda

Question 97.
The other name of Veda is __________.
Answer:
Sruti

Question 98.
Life after death is described In ________ Veda.
Answer:
Atharva

Question 99.
___________ Veda is the oldest.
Answer:
Rig

Question 100.
The ceremonies and described in ___________ Veda.
Answer:
Yajur

Question 101.
In _______ Vedic age was the chief in the Judiciary system.
Answer:
KiDg

Question 102.
In Rig _________ Vedic society was the chief of the village.
Answer:
Gramiini

Question 103.
The dwelling place of Aryans is called ___________.
Answer:
Aryavarta

Question 104.
In Aryan society was the base of society _________.
Answer:
Family

Question 105.
In Rig-Vedic culture, the family system prevailed ________.
Answer:
Joint

Question 106.
________ Constructed by uniting some families.
Answer:
Village

Question 107.
Some village’s unity came to be known as a vis and the head of it was known as _________.
Answer:
Vispati

Question 108.
_________ To help the King in administration and organization came into existence In Aryan society.
Answer:
Sabha and Samiti

Question 109.
________ were known as Pani In the Vedic age.
Answer:
Businessmen

Question 110.
In the early Vedic age the revenue collection workers were known as _________.
Answer:
Bhagadugha

Question 111.
The treasure In the early Vedic age was known as _________.
Answer:
Sangrahitri

Question 112.
The name of early Vedas Is _______.
Answer:
Rigveda

Question 113.
In the Rigvedic age, the head of the family was known as __________.
Answer:
Kulapa

Question 114.
The social fourfold division of life began at age _________.
Answer:
Later Vedic age.

Question 115.
In ________ later Vedic Age the coronation of the king was done in Yajna.
Answer:
Rajasuya

Question 116.
The literature written in the latter part of Vedicate is known as _________.
Answer:
Vedanta

Question 117.
The disciples acquired education in ________ ashrama.
Answer:
Gurukul

Question 118.
From ________ Buddhist script, sixteen Mahajanapadas came to be known.
Answer:
Anguttaranikaya

Question 119.
Among the sixteen Mahajanapadas, the democratic states were developed in the coastal belt of ________ river.
Answer:
Ganga

Question 120.
________ From the Jajna text, many things are known regarding Mahajanapadas.
Answer:
Hagabati Sutra

Question 121.
From ________ text of Panini, we got information about Mahajanapadas.
Answer:
Vyakarana

Question 122.
After the death of Buddha in city _________ of Magaha The first Buddist conference was celebrated.
Answer:
Rajagriha

Question 123.
Udayana was the king of state __________.
Answer:
Valsa

Question 124.
The oldest king of Kasi was ________.
Answer:
Savasana

Question 125.
Anga Kingdom ________ accepted the allegiance of the kingdom.
Answer:
Magadha

Question 126.
Magadha king Bimbisara marnedto _________ Pnnecess of Vaisali.
Answer:
Chhelana.

Question 127
The literary meaning of Mahajanpada ________.
Answer:
Great state

Question 128.
________ was the capital of Kosala.
Answer:
Sravasti

Question 129.
_________ The mother of Mahavira belongs to the country.
Answer:
Lichhabi

Question 130.
The number of Mahajanapada was _________.
Answer:
16

Question 131.
In the sixth century B.C., the chief traders of Janapadas and Mahajanpadas were told as _________.
Answer:
Shrestha

Question 132.
In the sixth century B.C. the democratic states in Indian Mahajanpadas were called _______.
Answer:
Gana.

Question 133.
In the sixth century B.C. the officials engaged and helped the judiciary were called __________.
Answer:
Vyavaharika

Question 134.
In the Sixth century B.C. the ancient Brugukachha port is known in modern times as _________.
Answer:
Broch

Question 135.
Women enjoyed high status during age ________.
Answer:
Earlý Vedic

Question 136.
The practice of ways bara was prevalent during age __________.
Answer:
Later Vedic

Question 137.
The name of the Gold coin prevalent during the Vedic age was called ________.
Answer:
Nishka

Question 138.
Autobiography belongs to ________ source of History.
Answer:
Literary

Question 139.
_______ is the science and method of exploring and understanding ancient ruins and remains.
Answer:
Archaeology

Question 140.
The study of inscription ¡s called _______.
Answer:
Epigraphy

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Solutions Unit 4 Objective & Short Answer Type Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class History Unit 4 Objective & Short Answer Type Questions

Multiple Choose Questions With Answers

Question 1.
In which country industrial revolution was first started?
(a) France
(b) Belgium
(c) England
(d) Italy
Answer:
(c) England

Question2.
Who invented the flying shuttle?
(a) James Hargreaves
(b) New Comen
(c) Arkwright
(d) John Kay
Answer:
(d) John Kay

Question 3.
Which of the following machine was invented by James Hargreaves?
(a) Spinning Jenny
(b) Water Frame
(c) Spinning Mule
(d) CatttonGin
Answer:
(a) Spinning Jenny

Question 4.
Who was the inventor of the water frame?
(a) Samuel Crompton
(b) John Kay
(c) Arkwright
(d) Cartwright
Answer:
(c) Arkwright

Question 5.
Who invented the Steam Engine?
(a) Cartwright
(b) James Watt
(c) Arkwright
(d) Hargreaves
Answer:
(b) James Watt

Question 6.
Who was the inventor of the safety lamp?
(a) Henry Court
(b) Humphry Davy
(c) Abraham Derby
(d) Metcalf
Answer:
(b) Humphry Davy

Question 7.
When did Stephenson invent the ‘Rocket”?
(a) 1814 AD
(b) 1830 AD
(c) 1840 AD
(d) 1876 AD
Answer:
(a) 1814 AD

Question 8.
Who was the inventor of the telephone?
(a) Graham Belt
(b) Marconi
(c) Edison
(d) Morse
Answer:
(a) Graham Belt

Question 9.
When did the seven years’ war come to an end?
(a) 1752 AD
(b) 1758 AD
(c) 1760 AD
(d) 1763 AD
Answer:
(d) 1763 AD

Question 10.
Which of the following acts was passed by the British Parliament in 1764 AD?
(a) Stamp Act
(b) Sugar Act
(c) DeclaratingAct
(d) Tea Act
Answer:
(b) Sugar Act

Question 11.
When was the stamp act was introduced?
(a) 1763 AD
(b) 1765 AD
(c) 1767 AD
(d) 17773 AD
Answer:
(b) 1765 AD

Question 12.
Who was the king of England during the time of the American War of Independence?
(a) Gage
(b) George Washington
(c) Cornwallis
(d) William Hove
Answer:
(b) George Washington

Question 13.
Where did the first American Congress meet?
(a) Newyork
(b) Philadelphia
(c) Yorktown
(d) Versailles
Answer:
(b) Philadelphia

Question 14.
Who was the first Prime Minister of England during the America War of Independence?
(a) Grenville
(b) Rockingham
(c) Lord North
(d) Townshend
Answer:
(c) Lord North

Question 15.
Who was the first President of ISA?
(a) George Washington
(b) Thomas Jefferson
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Benjamin Franklin
Answer:
(a) George Washington

Question 16.
When did the incident Boston Tea Party occur?
(a) 1767 AD
(b) 1770AD
(c) 1773 AD
(d) 1771 AD
Answer:
(c) 1773 AD

Question 17.
Who did draft the Declaration of Independence of America?
(a) Tom Paine
(b) Thomas Jefferson
(c) Benjamin Franklin
(d) George Washington
Answer:
(b) Thomas Jeflerson

Question 18.
Which king of France did say “I am the State”?
(a) Louis XIV
(b) Louis XV
(c) LouisXVI
(d) Louis XVII
Answer:
(a) Louis XIV

Question 19.
Which king of France did regret ‘After me the deluge?
(a) Louis XIV
(b) Louis XV
(c) LouisXVI
(d) Louis XVTI
Answer:
(b) Louis XV

Question 20.
Which king of France did say ‘ as if the universe is falling on my head”?
(a) Louis XIV
(b) Louis XV
(c) LouisXVI
(d) Louis XVD
Answer:
(c) LouisXVI

Question 21.
Gabellwas?
(a) A salt tax
(b) A road tax
(c) A religious tax
(d) A land tax
Answer:
(a) A salt tax

Question 22.
Which of the following books was written by Monetesquiev?
(a) Letter in English
(b) Social Contract
(c) The spirit of the land
(d) Commonsense
Answer:
(c) The spirit of the land

Question 23.
Which of the following words was not a call of Rousseau?
(a) Justice
(b) Liberty
(c) Equality
(d) Fraternity
Answer:
(a) Justice

Question 24.
Who was a pillar of cloud by day and fire by night?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Voltaire
(c) Holbach
(d) Fiberot
Answer:
(b) Voltaire

Question 25.
When was the prison of Bastille razed to the ground?
(a) 1788 July 14
(b) 1789 July 14
(c) 1790 July 14
(d) 1791 July 14
Answer:
(b) 1789 July 14

Question 26.
How many deputies constitute the Estates General?
(a) 1000
(b) 1100
(c) 1200
(d) 1300
Answer:
(c) 1200

Question 27.
Who did describe the French Revolution as ‘world historical’?
(a) Diderot
(b) Hegel
(c) Rousseau
(d) Voltaire
Answer:
(b) Hegel

True & False Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Industrial Revolution started first in France?
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Industrial Revolution started first in England?
Answer:
True

Question 3.
James Watt invented the Steam Engine?
Answer:
True

Question 4.
With the introduction of new agricultural equipment, there were revolutionary changes in agriculture?
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Samuel Crompton invented Water Frame?
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Samuel Crompton invented Spinning Mule?
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Did Cartwright invent Cotton Jin?
Answer:
False

Question 8.
Did Cartwright invent Powerloom?
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Whitney invented Cotton Jin?
Answer:
True

Question 10.
John Kay invented Spinning Jenny?
Answer:
False

Question 11.
John Kay invented Flying Shuttle?
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Hargreaves invented Spinning Jenny?
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Did Arkwright invent Water Frame?
Answer:
True

Question 14.
In 1607 the British set up a colony at Vi Virginia in North America?
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Major event Boston Tea Party took place due to Lord North’s tax on tea?
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Cornwallis became the Commander-in¬chief of the American war of Independence?
Answer:
False

Question 17.
George Washington became the Commander-in-chief of the American War of Independence?
Answer:
True

Question 18.
Ramsay Muir has aptly described the French Revolution of 1789 as a world revolution?
Answer:
True

Question 19.
The bourgeoise provided the leadership for French Revolution?
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Voltaire has written the book ‘ spirit of the law’?
Answer:
False

Question 21.
Montesquieu has written the book ‘ spirit of the law’?
Answer:
True

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
In which country industrial revolution first began? When did it begin?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution began in England during the 2nd. half of 18th century.

Question 2.
Why industrial revolution began in England?
Answer:
It began in England because new countries were discovered and England’s colonization for trade in India and other countries open the w ay for the industrial revolution

Question 3.
Why industrial revolution is known as the ‘Machine Age”?
Answer:
It is rightly known as the machine age as new and heavy machines started to. dominate the industry.

Question 4.
Which machine revolutionalizes spinning and how?
Answer:
James Hargreaves invented the ‘spinning jenny’ which could spin 8 threads at a time. It was later improved to bring out 100 threads at the same time.

Question 5.
Who invented the spinning mule?
Answer:
Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule to improve the quality of threads.

Question 6.
What is the result of the industrial revolution?
Answer:
The results of the industrial revolution are many some of them are:
Mechanized production increased production. New tools and machines benefitted agriculture. Mass production of goods and articles give encouragement to trade and commerce. Better transport system and urbanization. Growth of science and technology.

Question 7.
Does flow industrialization ruin the economic system?
Answer:
The industrial revolution many ways ruin the economic system. Clashes between capitalists and proletariats became inevitable. Workers and laborers lived in unhygienic conditions.

Question 8.
When did Britisher establish the first colony in America? What was its name who rules over England at that time?
Answer:
In 1607 the British set up a colony in Virginia in North America. Within a very short span of time thirteen British colonies sprang in North America. Queen Elizabeth rules over England at that time.

Question 9.
Discuss the seven-year war?
Answer:
In this European war, the English triumphed over their enemies including France. The English captured Canada from France. They want to break the chains of England. The ideals of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness moved them to revolt against England.

Question 10.
Who was the commander-in-chief of the American War of Independence?
Answer:
At York town in October 1781, British General Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans.

Question 11.
What is a revolution?
Answer:
A revolution is not an event but a process. It starts in the minds of men and releases a rush of elemental forces in them.

Question 12.
What is French Revolution to Ramsay Muir?
Answer:
Ramsay Muir has aptly described the French Revolution ofl789asa world of revolution and rightly so since it influenced mankind as a whole.

Question 13.
Who provided the leadership for French Revolution?
Answer:
The bourgeoisie or the middle class provided leadership for the revolution.

Question 14.
What Mo.ntesquicu criticized in his book ‘Spirit of Law’?
Answer:
He criticized the despotic rule of king Voltaire. He opposed the activities of the church and clergy. Rousseau’s Cale for Liberty, Equality and Fraternity provided a necessary boost for French Revolution.

Question 15.
What Louis XVI did to improve the economy?
Answer:
He appointed able financers like Target, Necker, and Calonne to put the economy in order. Common people were no longer in a position to bear the burden of taxation. French economy doldrum and the national debt went on rising.

Question 16.
What was the idea of Rousseau?
Answer:
Rousseau was an advocate of democracy and individualism. His idea is ‘a free citizen in a free state. His ideal state was a republic. philosophy breathed revolt in the name of nature against the artificial ‘social system. His ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity gave the food for future revolution. He was indeed known as the father of the French Revolution.

Question 17.
What were Voltaire’s contributions to the Revolution?
Answer:
Voltaire’s philosopher was one of the masterminds of Europe. People affectionately called him King Voltaire. He vehemently opposed the corruption of the church and called upon the french people as to “crush the infamous thing”. He was ‘a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night. The French took up his advice.

Question 18.
Who had written, “Spirit of the Law” and what was its impact upon French society?
Answer:
In 1748, Montesquieu published ‘the spirit of the law’ this work was a philosophical movement against old regions when it came published. It was in such high demand that there were 22 editions of this book in only eighteen months. It was a challenge to the monarchy of France.

Question 19.
What was the impact of the American War of Independence?
Answer:
Participation in the American war of Independence also enlightened the french mind. The American ideal of democracy with its characteristic features of separation of power and life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness appealed to the French mind.

Question 20.
How Marie Antoinette was responsible for the outbreak of the French Revolution?
Answer:
Marie Antoinette wife of Louis XVI was under the suicidal blessing of ignorance. She made luxury the prevailing everywhere. Her expenditures are larger than her income. Total palace expenses were 1789 alone were more than 20 million francs. She ruled over the mind of Louis XVI and didn’t control the expenditure leading to foreign loans and creating economic unrest.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 4 Process, Stratification and Change Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 4 Process, Stratification and Change Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by Social Process?
Answer:
Social interaction assumes a number of terms. These forms of social interaction are called social processes. Different sociologists have defined social processes in different ways. Social processes are many. However, it can be broadly categorised into two kinds:

• Associative
• Disassociative.

Question 2.
What is Associative Social Process?
Answer:
The associative social process always works for integration in society. These include cooperation, accommodation, assimilation, acceleration.

Question 3.
What is a Disassociative Social Process?
Answer:
The disassociative social process often works towards the disintegration of society. These include competition and conflict.

Question 4.
Define Co-operation?
Answer:
Merril and Eldredge say “Co-operation is a form of social interaction wherein two or more persons work together to gain a common end”.

Question 5.
What is the main characteristic of cooperation?
Answer:

• Cooperation is a conscious process.
• Cooperation takes place between two or more individuals.
• Cooperation is a personal process.
• Cooperation is a continuous process.
• Cooperation is an associative process.

Question 6.
Write the names of several types of co-operation?
Answer:

• Direct co-operation
• Indirect co-operation
• Primary co-operation
• Secondary co-operation
• Tertiary co-operation

Question 7.
What is the competition?
Answer:
Competition is the most fundamental form of social struggle. It is a contest to obtain something which does not exist in a quantity sufficient to meet the demand that makes two or more individuals or groups struggle for some naturally desired ends.

Question 8.
Define competition?
Answer:
Park and Burgess says-that “Competition is an interaction without a social contract”.

Question 9.
What is the type of competition?
Answer:
Bernard mentions three broad types of competitions, such as:

• Social
• Economic and
• Political competition.

Other sociologists have spoken of cultural and racial competitions.

Question 10.
What is conflict?
Answer:
A conflict is an extreme form of disassociative process in which individuals and groups try to achieve their goals by eliminating other contestants.

Question 11.
Define various types of conflict?
Answer:
There are various types of conflict.

• Terminal conflict.
• Personal conflict.
• Episodic conflict.
• Racial conflict.
• Continuous conflict.

Question 12.
What is Political Conflict?
Answer:
Political conflict creates different political parties trying to achieve their self-interests. The main reason for political conflict is the power and money which they want to capture. The conflict between different political parties is an example of political conflict.

Question 13.
What is international conflict?
Answer:
International conflict occurs among the different nations of the world that are engaged in war. The conflict between India and Pakistan is an example of international conflict.

Question 14.
What ¡s Personal Conflict?
Answer:
Personal conflict occurs between two individuals on one personal level. It arises due to two individual classes with each other. The quarrel between two persons in a college for the post of principal is an example of personal conflict.

Question 15.
What is Racial Conflict?
Answer:
Racial conflict arises due to physical differences and cultural differences. This type of conflict is now found in South Africa between black people and white people.

Question 16.
What is Direct Cooperation?
Answer:
In direct cooperation, individuals do like things together playing and worshipping together.

Question 17.
What is Indirect Cooperation?
Answer:
Persons work individually for the attainment of a common goal called indirect cooperation.

Question 18.
What is Primary Cooperation?
Answer:
Where there is an identity of ends called primary cooperation. Each and every member work for the betterment of all primary co-operation is found in primary groups such as family, neighbourhood, friends, groups and children’s playground.

Question 19.
What is Secondary Cooperation?
Answer:
Secondary cooperation is directed towards achieving definite goals and collective interests. In secondary co-operation, members co-operate without knowing each other. This type of cooperation is found among the members of secondary groups such as economic, political and industrial organisations.

Question 20.
What is Automatic Cooperation?
Answer:
People cooperate with each other and live in a particular locality to achieve common goals unplanned and unnoticeable cooperation is called automatic cooperation.

Question 21
What is Tertiary cooperation?
Answer:
Aimed to meet a particular situation called tertiary cooperation. Two political parties may work together to defeat a third party although they have different ideologies.

Question 22.
What is Direct Cooperation?
Answer:
Cooperative with each other as a requirement of the organisation is called direct co-operation. This type of cooperation is found among the members of military organisations.

Question 23.
What is Automatic Cooperation?
Answer:
People cooperate with each other and living1 in a particular locality to achieve common goals unplanned and unnoticeable cooperation are called automatic Cooperation.

Question 24.
What is Contractual Cooperation?
Answer:
People co-operate with each other in a formal way according to some agreed terms and conditions called contractual co-operation.

Question 25.
What is Traditional Cooperation?
Answer:
People co-operate with each other to achieve some common goal is not prompted will call traditional cooperation. For example, Co-operate among the members of a joint family and members in a village community.

Question 26.
What is Economic Competition?
Answer:
Economic competition occurs due to producing distribution and consumption of goods. Both group and individual-level economic competition arise.

Question 27.
What is Social Competition?
Answer:
People compete to achieve higher status and positions called social competition. This type of competition is found in open societies.

Question 28.
What is Cultural Competition?
Answer:
Competition between two or more cultural groups is called cultural competition. Competition between Aryan and Dravidians. Hindus and Muslims examples of cultural competition.

Question 29.
What is Racial Competition?
Answer:
Competition between the different races of the world to establish racial superiority is called racial competition. Example – In South Africa competition between white and black people.

Question 30.
What is Political Competition?
Answer:
The desire of capturing power by the political party is called political competition.

Question 31.
What is stratification?
Answer:
Stratification is simply a process of interaction of differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than others.

Question 32.
Definition of Social Stratification?
Answer:
Raymond W. Murry says that “Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into high and lower social limits”.

Question 33.
Mention characteristics of social stratification?
Answer:
According to M.M. Tumin the main characteristics of stratification is:

• It is universal.
• It is ancient.
• It is social.
• It is consequential.
• It is in diverse forms.

Question 34.
Define the origin of the word caste?
Answer:
The term caste is derived from the Spanish also Portuguese word meaning breed, or lineage. The Portuguese used the term caste first to denote the division in the Indian Caste System.

Question 35.
Define the origin of the Caste System?
Answer:
The caste stratification of the Indian Society has/had its origin in the chaturanga system. According to the chaturanga doctrine, the Hindu Society was divided into four main games namely the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Shudras.

Question 36.
What is Caste System unique to India?
Answer:
The caste system as a form of social stratification is peculiar to India. The caste is an inseparable aspect of Indian Society. It is peculiarly Indian in origin and development.

Question 37.
Define the Universality of Social Stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification is obiquitious. In all societies, there is social differentiation of the population by age, sex and personal characteristics.

Question 38.
What is the meaning of Social Stratification?
Answer:
All societies arrange their members in terms of superiority interiority and equality. The vertical scale of evaluation this places people in strata or layers is called social stratification.

Question 39.
What is Social Change?
Answer:
Social change means a change in the social structure of society or in other words social change means a significant change in social relationships. Social changes include those changes in society which are sufficiently durable and which influence a majority of people.

Question 40.
Mention four characteristics of social change?
Answer:

• Social change is universal.
• Social change is continuous.
• Social change is associated with time.
• Social change is caused by multiple factors.

Question 41.
Mention the cause of social change?
Answer:
A number of factors are responsible for social change such as:

• Cultural
• Physical
• Biological
• Technological factors.

Question 42.
What is Endogenous Social Change?
Answer:
Endogenous social change refers to change from within the society. For example The birth of trade unions and communalism are some examples of endogenous social change.

Question 43.
What is Exogenous Social Change?
Answer:
Change comes from outside called exogenous change. Wars and conquest and western technology are the best examples of exogenous social change.

Question 44.
What is Planned Social Change?
Answer:
Planning in our society brings about changes field of social and economic development. Such as city planning and rural development. Planning in our country also caused significant and widespread changes in the fields of agriculture, industry and technology such changes are called planned social change.

Question 45.
Name of the main sociologists who support the technological factors?
Answer:
W.F. Ogbum and Karl Marx have supported technological factors.

Question 46.
Write short notes on any three factors of social change?
Answer:
Demographic Factors play an important role in bringing change in society. The size and composition of the population and the quality of the population bring a variety of changes in society. Cultural Factors bring changes in society. Cultural factors include values, attitudes, beliefs, ideologies, customs and traditions. Technological Factors bring changes in society. Technology refers to the use of animate power in production. Change in the technology of work produces changes in material conditions.

Question 47.
Write a short note on demographic factors of social change?
Answer:
Social change is caused by multiple factors out of which demographic, factors is the most important. Demography means the science of population. The size, composition and quality of the population produce a variety of changes in society. Differences in the density of the population also bring changes in society.

Question 48.
Write a short note on cultural factors of social change?
Answer:
Cultural factors greatly influence social changes and determine social change. Cultural factors include values, attitudes, beliefs, ideologies, customs and traditions. Any change in these factors brings changes in society. The relationship between society and culture is very close. Hence cultural change involves social change.

Question 49.
Write short notes on technological factors of social change?
Answer:
Among other factors of social change technological factor is important. By technology, we mean the use of inanimate power in production. Many sociologists recognised the role of technology in bringing social change. Karl Marx opines that change in technology brings changes in all areas of social life.

Question 50.
Write short notes on cultural lag?
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag was first used by W.F. Ogbum in his book social change. He classified culture into two types. Material, Non-material aspects of culture call for changes in the non-material aspect of culture. Non-material culture takes time to adjust to the changes taking place in the material aspect. As a result, a gap is created between the two which is known as cultural lag.

Question 51.
Write short notes on the effects of technology on family life?
Answer:
Technology brings changes in all areas of social life. Accordingly changes in technology results in changes in family life, its structure and functions:
Technology led to the breaking up of joint families and the formation of the nuclear family. Technology led to the liberation of women in different fields. Technology brought industrialization which brought women from home to factories and offices. Technology reduces the importance of family as an agent of social control.

Question 52.
Write short notes on the effects of technology on social life?
Answer:
Technology brings changes in all areas of social life. It affects our social life in the following ways:
Technology made social relationships formal and contractual and goal-oriented. It changed the old bases of stratification and introduced wealth and power to new determinants of social stratification. Technology led to the fall of community life individuals became more selfish.

Question 53.
Explain the Social process?
Answer:
The social process is the fundamental way in which men. interact and establish relationships. They are repetitive forms of behaviour which are commonly found in social life. These are forms of social interaction and characteristic ways in which interaction occurs.,

Question 54.
Distinguish between Social interaction and Social process?
Answer:
Social interaction is a process whereby men inter-penetrate into the minds of each other. But social processes are repetitive forms behaviour which is commonly hard in social life. Smiling with friends is an example of social interaction whereas cooperation is an example of an associative process.

Question 55.
Explain the dissociative Social process?
Answer:
Though there are many kinds of social processes they can be broadly divided into two kinds associative and dissociative social processes. The dissociative social process works -towards disintegration in society. Competition and conflict are examples and dissociative social processes.

Question 56.
Distinguish between the Associative and Dissociative process?
Answer:
Associative social process. works towards the integration of society whereas the dissociative social process works towards the disintegration of society. Co-operation accommodation and assimilation are examples of the associative social process whereas competition and conflict are examples of the dissociative social process.

Question 57.
Explain Co-operation?
Answer:
Co-operation is an associative social process. The term co-operation is derived from the two Latin words ‘Co’ meaning together and operate meaning to work. According to, co-operation means working together for a common goal. It is the continuous and common endeavour of two or more persons to perform a task or to reach a goal that is commonly cherished.

Question 58.
Distinguish between Direct and Indirect Co-operation?
Answer:
When co-operating individuals do like things it is called direct cooperation. But in indirect cooperation, people do different tasks towards a similar goal. In direct cooperation, members perform identical .functions whereas indirect co-operation is based on the principle of division of labour and specialisation. Playing together weaving cloth is an example of indirect cooperation.

Question 59.
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary Co-operation?
Answer:
In primary cooperation, there is the identity of ends whereas in secondary cooperation members cooperate without knowing each other. Primary cooperation is found among the members of the primary groups like family whereas secondary cooperation is found among members of secondary groups such as banks, offices etc. Mutual obligations are the bases of primary cooperation whereas the achievement of individual aims is the bases of secondary cooperation.

Question 60.
Explain Competition?
Answer:
Competition is a dissociative social process. Here, people strive to forget scarce goods. Park and Burgess opine that competition is an interaction without social contact. It is a struggle to possess rewards which are limited so that all cannot share.

Question 61.
Explain three characteristics of Competition?
Answer:
Competition is both an impersonal and personal activity. It is impersonal because it is directed towards a goal when it is face-to-face it is personal. Competition is always governed by norms. It never goes in an unrestricted manner. It hardly operates in an unrestricted manner. Competition is a never-ending and continuous social process. Competition is always going on among people to get their desired things.

Question 62.
Distinguish between Cooperation and Competition?
Answer:
Co-operation is an associative social process whereas competition is a dissociative social process. Co-operation means working together for a common goal whereas competition is interaction without social contact. Co-operation is a conscious process whereas competition is an unconscious process.

Question 63.
Distinguish between Cultural and Racial Competition?
Answer:
Cultural competition Recurs between two or more cultural groups, whereas racial competition occurs between two different races. Competition between Hindus and Muslims is an example of cultural competition whereas competition between white and black is an example of racial competition.

Question 64.
Explain Conflict?
Answer:
A conflict is an extreme form|of dissociative social process. Here individual it. groups try to achieve their goals by eliminating contestants. Defeat or destruction of the opponents to attain the goal is the main aim of conflict. It is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another.

Question 65.
Explain any three characteristics of Conflict?
Answer:
Conflict is a conscious activity because individuals or groups involved in conflict know that they are conflicting. Conflict is an intermittent social process. It does not take place continuously. It occurs suddenly and disappears after some. Conflict is universal in nature. It is found in all societies and at all stages of development.

Question 66.
Distinguish between Cooperation and Conflict?
Answer:
Co-operation is an associative social process whereas conflict is a dissociative social process. Co-operation means working together for a common goal whereas conflict is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or others. Co-operation is continuous process but conflict is an intermittent process.

Question 67.
Distinguish between Competition and Conflict?
Answer:
Competition is dissociative. social process but conflict is an extreme form of dissociative social process. Competition is interaction without social contact whereas conflict is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another. Competition is an unconscious process whereas conflict is a conscious process.

Question 68.
Distinguish between Latent and Manifest Conflict?
Answer:
The unexpressed and hidden conflict is known as manifest conflict. Hostile action is an example of latent conflict whereas war between India and Pakistan is an example of overt or manifest conflict.

Question 69.
Explain Social Stratification?
Answer:
Every society is divided into various groups and these groups enjoy different social statuses and privileges. This deviation of society is called social stratification. The term social stratification refers to the division of a population into strata, one on top of another, on the basis of possession of certain characteristics like inborn qualities material possessions and performance. It involves the distribution of unequal rights and privileges among the members of society.

Question 70.
Explain the Indian Stratification system?
Answer:
The system of stratification in India fails in a class itself. The advanced industrial societies of the west the characterised by the ‘open-class system’. The social structure of India on the other hand is dominated by the closed class that is the caste system. Any careful observer will find two types of class hierarchy in Indian social science, the traditional caste hierarchy which is articulated in religious terms and the modem hierarchy which is emergent.

Question 71.
What do you mean by a caste system?
Answer:
Caste is or was until recently almost universal in India. There are many castes among Muslims whose religion supposedly derives caste. Even among the Indians who have embraced Christianity caste distinctions still generally prevail. It is, however, the Hindu caste system that is unique among the system of social stratification.

Question 72.
Explain the concept of class.
Answer:
Another important element of social stratification is class. A social class is a category or group of persons having a definite status in society that permanently determines their relations to other groups. Social classes have been defined by various thinkers in different manners. The nation of objectivity of class existence is the main contribution of Karl Marx.

His emphasis is on the economic factors, power style of life, and property that determines the class status of individuals in society. Karl Marx defined the social classes by their relation to means of production (ownership or non-ownership). In a modem capitalist society, there are two principal classes the capitalist and the proletariat.

Question 73.
Distinguish between Social Stratification and Social Differentiation.
Answer:
Social stratification is however different from social differentiation. In social stratification, there is a hierarchy in which one class is above the other. On the other hand in social differentiation, there is no hierarchy e.g. male and female. In stratification organized group division is needed whereas in differentiation there is no such division of society.

Question 74.
What is Racial competition?
Answer:
Competition among the different races of the world to establish racial superiority’ is called racial competition. In South Africa competition between white and black people is the burning example of racial competition.

Question 75.
What is Cultural competition?
Answer:
Competition between two or more cultural groups is called cultural competition. Competition between Aryan and Dravidians. Hindus and Muslims Indians and Britishers can be cited as examples of cultural competition.

Question 76.
What is Political competition?
Answer:
The desire of capturing power by the political party is called political competition. This type of competition is even found at the international level like the Nations U.S.S.Rand U.S.A.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Solutions Unit 4 Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class History Unit 4 Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What are the main features of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution had the following main features. Firstly, industrialization made more inventions and discoveries possible. The Spinning Jenny, Mule. Cotton Gin, Steam-engine, Flying shuttle, Water frame, and lamp Power Loom were the most significant ones in this regard. Secondly, the ideology of capitalism came to replace the age-old and outdated stem of feudalism. New capitalist class industrialists and entrepreneurs came to replace the old feudal lords in European societies.

Thirdly, with the growth of industrialization, a large number of rural people migrated to industrial centers in search of better means livelihood. They joined the industries as workers and laborers. They had to, now, set up their new homes in industrial centers, away from their ancestral villages. governments were now bound to pass social legislation in favor of their living and working conditions.

Fourthly, it gave rise to specific difficulties and problems in the industrial centuries. The problem of housing workers, their health sanitation needs, working conditions, and an ever-increasing population of workers were problems to be attended revolutions to these have to be gradual, not Overnight.

Fifthly, it led to an increase in the production and sale of goods, as stated earlier, result, trade, and commerce made rapid progress. Sixthly, agriculture and industries became the two legs or the main pillars of the economy. Gone were the days when European states depended only on agriculture for their survival and sustaining themselves. Finally, industrialization led to competition among the nation-states of Europe.

From industrialism to colonialism, from colonialism to commercialism, from commercialism to imperialism, from imperialism to militarism, and from militarism to war were the natural and inevitable phases. Industrialization lay at the root of competitive nationalism. This finally led to a clash of interests and war among nations.

Question 2.
Discuss the inventions that brought in the industrial revolution?
Answer:
Spinning Jenny – The following is ‘a list of the first inventions that accounted for the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution. Textile Industry – The Englishmen had colonized India. India was famous for the quality and quantity of its production of cotton. The Englishmen took away Indian cotton to England in huge quantities. But weaving cotton and spinning its thread was done manually.

The weaver wove cloths out of threads spun out of cotton by the English housewives. It took the ladies a lot of time to spin a thread for a single piece of cloth, The need quicker spinning was urgently felt The solution to this problem came in 1764 when the Englishman James Hargreaves invented the “Spinning Jenny”. This machine could spin 8 threads at a time.

This machine revolutionized the spinning of threads. It was later improved to bring out nearly a hundred threads at the same time. This small wonder was so important that England came to have more than eighty thousand spinning jennies by 1778, the year death Hargreaves. Spinning work was thus greatly speeded up. Arkwright – John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle by which the weaving process was speeded up.

Richard Arkwright improved upon Hargreaves and Kay by inventing the water- frame in 1769 This water frame could have thinner stronger threads. In 1776 Samuel Crompton invented the spinning “Mule”, further improving upon the quality of threads. Cartwright’s Powerlopms Correspondingly, weaving also underwent great change. Hand-weaving had been improved upon by the flying shuttle of John Kay.

But this was not enough to cope with the volume of spun threads. The hand-loom was replaced by the power loom which was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785. The power loom did the work of many weavers and took up a fraction of their time. Powerlooms came up in every nook and comer of England.

Eli Whitney, the American inventor, invented Cotton Jin in 1793. The above inventions radically changed the textile industry for the better. It involved less manpower and still less cost reproduction while greatly increasing the volume of production (or ‘output). Profit and prosperity came as a natural result.

Question 3.
How are Coal and Iron Industries part of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
Coal and iron were the two basic factors of progress. Coal was the source of energy. But mining coal was difficult. The water underground made coal mining difficult. This water had to be emptied by buckets. It took a lot of time and money because holies in hundreds were used in every colliery for emptying the water bucket by bucket. Finally, Thomas Newcomen invented the 1705, Steam Engine to pump out water from the mines.

James Watt improved upon this invention in 1769 and these improved versions of the Steam Engine served the purpose in a more efficient and economical manner. Factories could now be set up in the heart of a city. Steam power helped the machines also to run better and produce more goods in less time. In the early days smelting of iron was done in charcoal furnaces. The iron, thus produced, was of low grade. In 1750Abraham Derby started using coal to process iron.

This helped England, in particular, because England was rich in coal deposits. This process made the industries produce steel at a cheap rate. As a coal-mining was dangerous, Humphry Davy invented the Safety Lamp. Miners used this lamp for mining coal in the underground darkness. Thus coal and iron revolutionized the world of industry. The modem age came to be known as the “Age of Iron and Coal.

Question 4.
How were transport and communications – are of Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
With the growth of steam power, the transport and communication scene witnessed corresponding improvements. The British engineer John Macadam started the mode of building ‘macadamized’ roads. In 1814 Sir George Stephenson invented the “Rocke” which was a railway engine driven by steam power: This steam engine ran the first locomotive between Manchester and Liverpool. Steam engines revolutionized navigation and iron ships driven by steam power replaced the old ships of wood.

In 1838 the Atlantic ocean was crossed by two such new ships Ocean travel and maritime trade and commerce came to flourish from then on. The entire communication network came to be helped by the invention of the telegraph in 1835 and of electric telegraphs by Samuel Morse in 1840, Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone in 1876, and Marconi’s invention of the wireless. Thomas Alva Edison invented 187 8 the electric light. The age of electrical most radically transformed the modem world.

England was a prosperous country. For centuries, it was carrying out trade and commerce with other countries. England also had access to plenty of natural resources and materials for herself and her colonies. The shipping industry of England was the biggest and best. The cost of labor was cheap due to the shifting of people from villages to cities. All the city’s reasons explain why the industrial revolution, first, took place in England.

After the machines were invented and came into use, England became the foremost industrial nation in the world within half a century. Between 1813 and 1855 Egland’s textile exports to India increased fifty times, coal production rose by over four times, and pig-iron, over four times. England’s industrial revolution and prosperity came to affect and inspire countries in Europe.

France, Spain, Prussia, Portugal, Holland, and others adopted the industrial revolution and, by the second half of the 19th century, the whole of Europe even the far-away United States of America came to be under its total influence, age of electricity brought more light to human civilization as a whole.

Results of the Industrial Revolution :
The industrial revolution has had no end so far. From machines to electricity to the modem space age of nuclear energy, the industrial revolution is still continuing. As such its results so far can only be studied. Its record so far has been glorious. It has marked a giant step forward for human civilization as a whole.

But while like a flower the industrial revolution has spread its fragrance throughout the world, like a disease it has also infected human civilization. The following analysis of its merits and demerits would show how “Industrialisation was a mixed blessing.

Question 5.
Write the merits of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
The merits or advantages of the industrial revolution are summed up as under. Firstly it led to mechanized production. This, in turn, increased production much more than before. Thus, it resulted in improved production, in quality and quantity. This was true of both agriculture and industry. Mass production of goods inaugurated an era of plenty. Secondly, agriculture was to benefit immensely from the industrial revolution.

New tools and machines, steel plow and harrow for tilling, the mechanical drill the planting of seeds, and machines for thrashing, reaping, and cultivating mechanized agricultural production. As such the harvests became bumper and production increased by leaps and bounds with the use of chemical fertilizers. Thirdly, the mass production of goods and articles gave encouragement to trade and commerce.

Transport and communication systems improved with the network of roads and railways. Water transport did not lag behind. Travelling and transportation of goods revolutionized. Europe became one big trading village, with this conquest of man over time and distance. Human mode of life became fashionable and more comfortable with the production of articles of basic and conventional necessities.

Life was pleasant and comfortable, with man’s needs being satisfied more fundamentally and easily. Fourthly, the exploration of markets abroad and beyond the shores of Europe started more seriously. Before shins and navigation helped the process. Internpailade improved. Fifthly; serialization bought urbanization of cities in industrial centers. The inadequacies of village life came with the new urban life. neighbors and gradually demanded political rights.

Trade-union of workers came tip to successfully work for the protection of workers’ rights. Sixthly, the industrial revolution resulted in a contrast. While it came to strengthen capitalism, it also gave birth to communism as propagated by Karl Marx. Seventhly, the growth of science and technology continued unabated. The tire industrial revolution was the greatest blessing for mankind in this regard. The conquest of time brought more leisure, which came to be used for creative purposes.

Question 6.
Write the demerits of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
The industrial revolution brought, in its wake, a host of demerits. Firstly, it broke the back of the self-sufficient rural life. The old life style was replaced by a new economic system that brought a virtual end to traditional society. In this transition, artisans of village industry and the peasants came to forfeit their hereditary means of livelihood. Farmers became landless laborers and artisans gave up their ancestral profession to seek means of livelihood in industrial centers.

In a word, the industrial revolution broke the link with the past. People found it difficult to adjust to this transition. Secondly, rural unemployment led to the overcrowding of cities and industrial centers. As such, unemployment in the cities grew. Not everybody can get a job in an industry because the industry would not absorb any laborer over its needs. Increased unemployment led people to frustration.

More availability of labor led to lesser wages. As such the gulf between the rich and the poor widened. This led to class rivalry between the capitalists or the rich or the ‘Haves’ and the laborers or the poor or the ‘Have-nots’. Thirdly, therefore, the industrial revolution made class wars inevitable. Fourthly, the industrial revolution led to capitalism inside countries; but on the international stage, it brought competition, imperialism, and war among the nations.

Fifthly, the industrial revolution made the life of the workers and laborers wretched. Miserable life in the slums of the cities, with no sanitation or hygienic living conditions and exposure to smoke and gas pollution, brought diseases. No grant of leave, no insurance against death by disease or by accident, and the burdens of poverty made their life hell. Sixthly, industrialization brought the political ideology of imperialism into Focus on the international stage and made war inevitable.

From an economic and political point of view, it brought capitalism and communism face to face. It also led to Europe’s colonial and commercial hold over the rest of the world. Thus as a result of the industrial revolution, human civilization came to have a post and materialism came to have a future. The victim was humanism.

Question 7.
State the development of colonial government in England?
Answer:
Meanwhile, certain political changes had come to the fore in England. Queen Elizabeth was succeeded to the throne of England by James I of the Stuart dynasty. James, I was a Catholic and adopted a policy of religious persecution of the Protestants and Puritans of England. The English Puritans, on their part, hated to be brought under the English Catholic Church and decided to leave England to settle elsewhere.

Thus have they come to be known as the Pilgrims. In 1620, they left England from the port of Plymouth fol. North America in a ship named ‘May Flower’. These Pilgrims were known as ‘Pilgrim Fathers’, the ancestors of the modem Americans. They landed at a port that they named as Plymouth in an area to be known as Massachusetts. This ‘May Flower’ voyage came to be followed by many such voyages from England during the reigns of James I and Charles.

The Puritan unhappiness was the principal cause of this exodus. There were certainly other reasons as well. The plight of poverty at home and the promise of prosperity on the fertile lands of the “New World” was under such consideration. Then there was also a zeal for freedom from feudal burdens and the old social system as well. The prospects for living in a free society were also alluring. Thus the English Pilgrims began pouring into America.

The Irish, the Dutch, and people from different German states also came away to America in large numbers. A healthy climate, fertile soil, and an unlimited prospect for prosperity were too tempting. Gradually the English came to settle down in the area permanently. settlements came to be known as colonies. As many as thirteen such colonies came to be established. All these were on the Atlantic Seaboard of North America.

Each colony flourished in its own way, but the procedure for government and administration came to be uniformly based on their English background. The English system of laws and law courts was introduced. Each colony came to have its legislative assembly and a governor. The governor was regarded as the supreme executive authority and was broadly regarded as the representative of the English King. The colonial people came to prosper and flourish. Each colony flourished in its individual way.

Better economic life than their living standards in England led to a sense of pride and contentment. The English Government and people came to regard the thirteen colonies, as English property, because their people had done it. The people of the thirteen colonies had also theoretically accepted it, having made provision for treating the Governor as an agent of the British Crown in a broad sense.

England had thus come to be regarded as the mother country of the thirteen colonies. It was nice of the colonial people to owe loyalty to England, for this was more out of their habit than out of any necessity. The only genuine necessity was with regard to their own security. France had already entrenched herself in her Colonies in Canada, to the north of the thirteen colonies. Fear of a French invasion had led them to owe allegiance to England in expectation of English protection in such contingency.

However, they, later on, came to be discontented with England because of the various manners in which England came to exploit them. The seeds of discontent had come to be sown. The opportunity for their germination came during and after the Seven Years’ War (1756-63) in Europe. In this European War, the English triumphed over their enemies including France. The English captured Canada from France. With the fall of France in Canada.

Die threat of French invasion vanished for the thirteen colonies. Time was now ripe for them to re¬assert themselves. They now decided to break the chains of the English colonial yoke. Discontent spurred them. The ideals of life; liberty and the pursuit of happiness moved them. Many other factors also came to inspire them to rise in revolt against the English.

Question 8.
Write the causes of the American War of Independence.
Answer:
The causes of the ‘American War of Independence were many. The upheaval was a sign that the thirteen colonies had reached such a degree of economic, political, and cultural maturity, that their achievement Of autonomy was inevitable. But it was also a consequence of certain new developments in British colonial policy that provoked the colonies into asserting their independence.

Its causes can therefore be broadly classified into two categories, i.e. the fundamental causes that ignited the spark of discontent and the immediate causes that brought it to a conflagration.

Fundamental Causes:
England symbolized old and traditional institutions like the Church, monarchy, and feudal heritages as well as a general conservatism. On the other hand, ever since ‘May Flower’ brought the ‘Pilgrim Fathers’ to American soil, they had developed a progressive outlook for a society of free men without the bondage of the Church or such other out-of¬date restrictions.

They stood for modem outlook, wherein life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness were to be the subtle visions. Thus, superior progressive political consciousness tempted them to separation.

Sense of Economic equality and Individual dignity :
Economic equality was a beacon feature of American Society. There was no feudal heritage nor stake. Each was free to develop his economic condition through perseverance and imagination. This spirit came to be described in the 19th century as ‘Social Darwinism’. In the survival of the fittest in human society, only industrious and imaginative individuals can succeed. Each was free and equal, society was thus egalitarian, offering equal opportunity to all and treating all on an equal footing.

Only the Red Indians and the Negroes were the social subordinates as slaves, This emphasis on individual dignity was the source of Social courage and political wisdom. English society, with its hierarchy of Lords, Dukes, the clergy, and commoners, thus came to be looked down upon. Thus, the Americans were only too eager to break the links that chained them to the backward social systems of the mother country.

To these considerations of political, social, economic, and religious differences also came to be added the geographical consideration of distance and isolation from the mother country. The thirteen colonies were thousands of miles away from the mother country. geographical remoteness, at a time when seam-ships and telegraphs were yet to be developed, led to an absence of frequent contacts.

The relationship was thus too formal for a generation of Americans, who were under nothing, except a historical obligation to continue to be loyal to a government hundreds of miles away. Economic grievances of the Americans also added to these sentiments. The commerce of the colonies was regulated by England by virtue of its political authority. It was out of obligation that the colonial people were acknowledging the authority of England over them.

But the English government regarded the colonies as its rightful property because the colonies had been set up by the English. Therefore, England was bent on getting economic benefits out of these colonies. The rules, thus framed, made the American colonies. supply those goods which England did not possess or produce.

pay a part of the English expenses on the army and navy, not to compete with English commerce, and not to grant trade rights to any other country. The colonies felt uneasy under such growing economic burdens. With the withdrawal of the danger of the French invasion at the end of the Seven Years’ War, the Americans were now under no obligation to continue the economic exploitation of them by the English.

Question 9.
Write the immediate causes of the American War of Independence?
Answer:
At the end of the Seven Years’ War, the British government was faced with a grave economic problem. This was because of a business depression after the war as well as an increase in the national debt of England as a consequence of the expenses during the war. The victory was a matter of pride for Englishmen everywhere. British king George III and British Prime Minister Grenville had come to the opinion.

that since the war had been to the advantage of the North American colonies, by freeing them from the French danger, these colonies should help solve some of the economic problems arising out of the war. In the first place, the colonies should assume some of the burdens of their own protection. Total expenses for the defense of the colonies amounted to about 3,00,000 pounds per in.

Second place, they should contribute to the relief of the English Treasury and the recovery of English commerce. It would have been a normal policy under normal circumstances. But the situation had become somewhat abnormal owing to the 1763 proclamation of George III. In that year the British army had suppressed a mutiny of the Red Indians under Pontiac.

The British King, angry that the colonies did nothing to suppress Pontiac, passed this proclamation in 1763, forbidding “all our loving subjects” in the colonies to go beyond a particular point in the western direction. The colonial people regarded this proclamation as deliberately designed to exclude them from the riches of the West. Thus the colonists now came to resent still more keenly the attempt by Parliament to raise more revenue in North America

Question 10.
What are the different Acts and what are their impacts?
Answer:
The first of the new revenue measures, the Sugar Act of 1764, alarmed the American merchants, because it imposed an import duty on sugar, on the colonists. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765. This act imposed a duty on various items including legal and commercial papers, liquor licenses, playing cards, newspapers, calendars, and academic degrees. These duties drained the supply of specie (gold and silver coins) and threatened the colonial economy.

These revenue measures touched off a major controversy. The colonies now boycotted all imports. In 1765 delegates from the thirteen colonies met in New York in a “Stamp Act Congress”. To them, the Stamp Act had a “manifest tendency” to suppress “the rights and liberties of the colonists”. They, therefore, came to argue that as long as they were not allowed to send their representative to the British Parliament to voice their grievances against these high-handed measures of the British government, would not pay these taxes.

Their celebrated slogan now was, “No taxation without representation”. The Stamp Act was withdrawn in 1765 on the appeals of London merchants, threatened by economic ruin, because of the American boycott. The ministry of Grenville resigned. Nevertheless, the Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that the king and Parliament could indeed make laws affecting the colonies.

To King George of England, the Colonies were English property and thus he had the right to rule, control and tax them. In 1767, his government passed the Customs Duties Act (or Townshend duties), levying duties on colonial imports of tea, paper, paint, and lead. Again the merchants of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia organized boycotts. In 1770, British Prime Minister Lord North modified the Townshend duties and made only tea dutiable.

In 1773, the English East India Company attempted to sell its tea in North America. It hoped to overcome American opposition to the hated duty by making the retail price of East India tea far cheaper than that of the Dutch tea smuggled by the colonists. On December 6, 1773, to the cheers of spectators lining the waterfront, a group of Bostonians, disguised as Red-Indians, boarded three East India Company ships and threw the tea chests, worth thousands of pounds, into the sea.

They described this incident as the Boston Tea Party. British government adopted policies to suppress the colonists. The “Intolerable” Acts of 1774 closed the port of Boston and suspended the elections in Massachusetts. This added insult to injury of the “Boston Massacre” when British troops fired and killed some Americans.

Question 11.
What are the implications of the American War of Independence?
Answer:
For Britain, the American revolution brought more severe losses than simply the loss of thirteen colonies. Britain was totally devastated by it. It dealt a great blow to her worldwide prestige and dominance. The Sun has started to set on the British empire. Her international prestige was at stake, particularly after the surrender of armies to the American forces at Saratoga in 1777 and at Yorktown in 1781.

The British used to regard themselves as invincible. The American revolution pricked the bubble of that myth. The loss of American colonies came also as a blow to the power and position of the king, at home. The British King, George III, came to lose the trust of his own people. Even his admirers now became his critics. Before the American war of independence the people of the Thirteen Colonies were regarded as “a race of convicts” who ‘ ‘ought to be thankful for anything we allow them, short of hanging”.

Now public opinion has changed in Britain. The personality and policy of George III came in for severe criticism. In 1780, the British House of Commons passed a resolution that declared that “the influence of the crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished”. The Prime Minister, Lord North, resigned and was replaced by Pitt, the younger who was a professional politician. He continued in office for long eighteen years and during this entire period, the King was content to play a supporting role to the seasoned Prime Minister.

By far the greatest impact of the American revolution was on international and European politics. During the latter portion of the revolution, France took the stand to isolate Britain in international politics. While its volunteers under Lafayette had joined the forces of George Washington, France came to sign a treaty with Spain (1778) directed against Britain. France also took the lead in Europe to influence other countries against Britain.

Britain stood frustrated, lonely, and humiliated. The American revolution successfully challenged the system of colonialism. All anti-colonial liberation movements that followed in the next 200 years throughout the world drew their inspiration from the American model. American revolution inaugurated an era of democracy and popular governments, All nationalist movements owed their ideals of detente fancy and equality to the American Revolution.

Even, it became one of the immediate causes of the French Revolution. The French soldiers who acted as ‘volunteers’ with the American freedom fighters, returned home and spoke in praise of the better nature of the government and living conditions of the people Ironically, France used Montesquieu’s and Rousseau’s philosophies after the Americans had done so. These two great philosophers belonged to France.

In this regard it can be said that the ideals and ideas of the American revolution influenced those of the French revolution; The American revolution was a national affair w le the French revolution was an event that influenced every nook and comer of Europe and the world. Both were, thus, events of monumental significance for mankind.

Question 12.
What is “Revolution” and what are the political causes of the French Revolution?
Answer:
“Revolutions are not made with rose water” nor are they mere Explosions that announce them – like the first shots at Concord, the fall of Bastille, or the mutiny of the Petrograd troops that signaled the start of the American, French or Russian revolution respectively. A revolution is not an event but a process. It starts in the minds of men and releases a rush of elemental forces in them. A revolution is not made; it comes out of the past and when it comes, it cannot be avoided.

Reform is a correction of the evils and defects, but revolution means nothing less than the complete transfer of power. To quote Edgar Brown, “Revolution means that power must pass from one class to another and even if Bonapartism interrupts the process, a revolution never goes backward.” Thus revolution may be defined as the displacement of the sovereignty of the state. The French Revolution was neither incidental nor accidental. It was in the logic of history and was almost inevitable.

It was a rejection of the past ancient regime; it was a prescription for the future of popular sovereignty. It came towards the end of the 18th century and had already seen the ‘Age of Reason. ’ That is why the 18th century is known as the grave of one epoch and the cradle another. This, the historic landmark was the climax of the enlightenment of the age, for, a revolution always occurs first in the minds of men. Yet, political, social, economic, and philosophical causes also contributed no less to its outbreak.

Political Causes:
Responsibility of Louis XIV Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette :
The Bourbon Monarchy was the root cause of all political unrest in France. The Bourbon dynasty was ruling over France. Louis XIV was the King of France during a long reign from 1661 to 1715. He was fortunate to be the King of France when France was prosperous and the people, were extremely loyal. Feudalism was dependent on royal support. France had no Constitution.

The Parliament of France had not met since 1614. It was not going to meet for 175 years, till 1789. The government was a centralized despotism. All power lay concentrated in the hands of the king. Justice was the hand-maid of the ruler. Louis XIV further consolidated his powers and came to proclaim, “L’etat test ” or “I am the State”. It was a monarchy by “Divine right”, a heritage of the Middle Ages.

The King was regarded as a divine agent, appointed to rule, therefore, the king was only answerable to God, not to his people, for his deeds and misdeeds. Louis XIV was a grand monarch. He was not only a capable general but also a competent builder. He ordered palaces to be built at Versailles, eleven miles from Paris, and he decided to rule from there far away from the dins and bustles of Paris.

Versailles became the dazzling apex of a state edifice that had cost the treasury only 24 million pounds. Versailles was a monument to Louis XIV’s thoughtless extravagance though it was the citadel of his absolutism. The expenditures were unwise, while the seclusion it brought for the monarch from the people, created artificial barriers between the ruler and the ruled. It brought fame to France in Europe, yet it increased the size and volume of French loans from other European Governments.

Louis XIV was a Grand Monarch. His successors were weak. They lacked his personality. So they became unpopular and were too weak to suppress the public discontent. Louis XV was a weakling who could not check the tide of popular disavowal of the growing poverty of the common man and the system of punishment through emergency laws, like “Letter de Cachet” by which a man can be jailed or punished without explanation or trial.

It was already too late, when he regretted, “After me the deluge”. He was succeeded by Louis XVI, in 1774. He was a good man, but a bad king was afraid of taking in dip ’pins of administration and kingship “as if the Universe is falling on me”. “God! What a burden is mine and they have taught me nothing”. “I wish, I could resign too” – reflects his attitude to kingship. He was a kind-hearted man who loved France and her people.

But time had already started blinking at the downfall of the Bourbons. He was a good judge of men and appointed capable administrators like Turgot and Necker. But no one trusted Louis XVI, for his worst shortcoming was that he had no will of his own. Though brilliant, he was unable to exert himself while his wife, Marie Antoinette was under the suicidal bliss of ignorance.

She made luxury the prevailing note everywhere. As gaiety was unconfined, so necessarily was the expenditure that kept it going. Wilful wastes thus paved the way for woeful wants. Expenditure was larger than income and foreign loans were sought to keep the machinery going. The total palace expenses f<?r 1789 alone were more than 20 million Francs.

The royal court was the tomb of the nation. Thus, despotism was changed to its own misdeeds and could not escape their consequences. The Parliament or ‘States General’ had not met for 175 years. Public appointments continued made by nomination rather than merit. Privilege, not law, was the basis of the state; expedient, not principle, the principle of its rulers.

Question 13.
What are the social causes of the French Revolution?
Answer:
The Third Estate:
Like the monarchy itself, the social and economic foundations of the old me were beginning to crumble and slip by the middle eighteenth century. French society was divided into three traditional classes or ‘estates’. They were the nobles, the clergy, and the common people. The nobles and the clergy were the first two estates and the common people were the ‘third estate.’

The first two estates were the aristocrats who enjoyed all powers and privileges and were exempted from paying any tax to the State. Only the third estate paid taxes of various kinds because they did not enjoy privilege and bore the brunt of the wrath of the privileged aristocracy. They paid the ‘Taille’ or land tax, ‘Vingtieme’or income tax, ‘Gabelle’ or salt- tax, and Corvee’ or road tax. Apart from these, they paid ‘Tithe’ to the Church and feudal dues to the nobles. Discontent grew at these disparities.

The peasants and common people were thus groaning under the oppressive burdens of taxation, poverty, and punishment by the King through ‘Letter de cachet’, by the nobility through coercion, and by the Church through persecution. The peasants were the worst suffers. To add to their misfortune, there had been the famine of 1788, as a result of which “one-third of them had nothing but third-rate potatoes to eat, for one-third of the year – in the words of Carlyle.

The King had no time or inclination for them, “Wha is the Third Estate ?” asked Abbe Sieyes and answered, “Everything, what has it been in politics until now? Nothing. What does it desire? To become something.” The picture of the society was described in a famous way, “the nobles fight, the clergy pray, the people pay.” The Nobles and the Clergy “The revolution of 1789 was much less a rebellion against despotism than against inequality.”

The nobles and the clergy constituted one percent of the total population of France. The institution of nobility had been a feature of society since the days of feudalism. When the strong monarchy was revived, the institution was not abolished; rather the volume of its vices of exploitation had gone up. They continued to enjoy their rights, while they continued to forget their obligations to the State and people.

They continued to receive their feudal dues from the people but did not pay their taxes or dues to the State. The clergy did not lag behind the nobles. The clergy possessed estates, collected tithe from the people, threatened persecution and the Church was autonomous. The government had no control over Church or religious affairs. The Church was thus “a State within a State.” While superstitions grew, so did religious exploitation.

Gradually the intelligentsia took up the gauntlet against the Church and clergy, exposed and criticized them, and exhorted the people to rise n rebellion against in clergy. Holbach, an intellectual of the age, lamented, “Religious and political errors Have turned the Universe Into a valley of tears.” “The French Revolution was a general mass movement of the nation against the privileged classes”, said Napoleon Bonaparte.

No man could have held back those social forces, setting the dimensions of the new era. Thus, the national discontent led to the prominence of the middle class or bourgeoisie. The revolution was bourgeoisie in origin, character, and climax. The middle class is the backbone of any society. They are educated people belonging to various professions.

They were the seat of revolutionary spirit. They criticized the existing vices, promoted discussion, roused passion, and led the people to believe that the only limits to the realization of a better tomorrow were the doubts of today. The middle class became the vanguard of the revolution.

Question 14.
What are the economic causes of the French Revolution?
Answer:
French society was characterized by various economic imbalances. The nobles and the clergy constituted one percent of the total national population. They owned forty percent of the total national wealth. They did not pay any tax by virtue of the convention of privilege. This created inevitable bitterness because the unprivileged class bore the brunt of taxation.

Short Notes on :
Montesquieu :
Foremost of these philosophers was Montesquieu (1689 – 1755). He was a lawyer by profession. This French philosopher set out to analyze political virtues. In 1748 was published his great work, ‘The Spirit of the Laws. This work was to initiate a philosophic movement against the ‘ Old Regime. ’ The work was not a figment of fiction nor a flight of fancy.

To Montesquieu, liberty is the ultimate objective of all reason or rational processes. Liberty was impossible v without, what he called, the separation of powers. The legislative, executive, and judicial ‘ powers of a State should be in separate hands. Each of these three branches should be as powerful as any of the other two. No two such branches should come together.

Thus, the government can run smoothly through this system of checks and balances. Thus, through the ‘Separation of Powers’, public liberty can come, not only to be granted but guaranteed, as well. When “The Spirit of the Laws” came to be published, it was in such heavy demand that there were 22 editions of this book in only t eighteen months. It awakened a taste for ’ political studies by bringing social sciences into the focus of literature.

It was a challenge to the Monarchy of France because by wielding all legislative, executive, and judicial authority of the State, the Monarchy was denying liberty people. Montesquieu, thus, inaugurated the attacks of philosophy and reason on the ‘Old Regime’ and its vestiges in France.

Voltaire :
Another philosopher, though in a different mold, was ‘King’ Voltaire. He was one of the masterminds of Europe and his age (1694-1778) is known in the history of Europe as the ‘Age of Voltaire’. This philosopher was famous for his wit and wisdom. He preferred to be ruled by one lion than by a hundred lambs. Yet he was for benevolent despotism. This controversial philosopher was therefore adored by Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great in their respective courts.

But Voltaire was against weak despotism and called upon the people to rise in revolt against weak rulers. The people affectionately described him as ‘King’ Voltaire. Voltaire vehemently opposed to the corruption in the Church and called upon the French people to “crush the infamous thing”. Voltaire was “a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night.” Tyranny of any form was opposed to him. The French took up his advice as a mandate to strip the Church of wealth and power.

Rousseau:
But if any philosopher deserves singular credit for having fathered the French Revolution, it was Rousseau (1712 – 78). His ideas inspired the radicals of the French Revolution. He started with a sweeping generalization, very typical of the Enlightenment. Whereas nature dignifies man. Rousseau argued that civilization corrupts him; man would be corrupted less if civilized institutions followed nature more closely.

This was the central theme in “Emile”, in “Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences ” as well as in his masterpiece “Social Contract” (1762). “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” Rousseau regretted. He, therefore, urged the people to rise in revolt against the oppressive tyranny of their despots, “sweep away all the false fabric of society.

the world of ugly wants and insolent riches and establish ‘felicity of life’ by destroying the serpent of property. Iron and com had a civilized man and thereby ruined mankind. The simplicity of ancient ways of life was destroyed by the concept of property. Rousseau raised the clarion call of “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”. The French Revolution of 1789 adopted the call as its swan song. Rousseau was a champion of liberty.

“Better the perils of liberty than the privileges of servitude”. Rousseau was an egalitarian society without distinctions of class or status. He stood for the universal brotherhood. Rousseau attempted to harmonize government and liberty through the theory of the social contract. While earlier theories postulated a political contract; Rousseau’s contract was social, where a whole society agreed to be molded by its ‘general will’.

Rousseau was an advocate of democracy and individualism. His idea was a free citizen in a free state His ideal State was a republic virtue’. His philosophy breathed “revolt in the name of nature, against the artificial social system” in France. It also inhaled the sweet breeze of virtue and ‘Liberty, equality, and fraternity.’Thus Rousseau gave the future revolution, its own philosophy, creed, its purpose, and its direction.

He was true, the Father of the French Revolution, though he had died eleven years before its outbreak. Apart from Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau, there were other intellectuals, philosophers, and encyclopaedists who also prevailed in the French mind. Diderot and the other encyclopaedists gave the synthetic knowledge of ages to the French and thereby started discussions and aroused passion.

among other things, popular sovereignty. Helvetius projected “the self-interest” of man and society. Holbach criticized the Church, D’ Alembert, Quesnay and others inspired the French people with their writings.