Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 5 Colonial Cities Short Answer Questions.
CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 5 Colonial Cities Short Answer Questions
Very Short-Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Mention the name of a few cities and towns of the Mughal period.
Answer:
The pre-colonial cities and towns of the 16th and 17th centuries developed during the Mughal period. During that time Delhi, Agra, Lahore, and other cities grew which were the life centers of the Mughal administration.
Question 2.
Mention the people who lived in the colonial towns.
Answer:
The Jagirdars, Mansabadars, Qazi, Kotwal, and other aristocratic people associated with the Mughal administration lived in the colonial towns. Besides the people like weavers, artists, traders, soldiers, and others also stayed there.
Question 3.
Write the name of the pre-colonial cities or towns of South India.
Answer:
The pre-colonial cities and towns of South India were Madurai and Kanchipuram. There were also some temple cities in South India which were the centers of education and culture.
Question 4.
Why do the people from the village come to towns?
Answer:
The people from villages came to towns in order to sell their products. Rural areas help for the comfortable and luxurious life of the people living in towns.
Question 5.
Write about the settlement of Europeans at different places in India.
Answer:
The coming of Europeans to India is regarded as a great event during the Mughal period. The Portuguese settled in Panaji (Goa), the Dutch at Mauslipatnam, the British in Madras, and the French in Pondichery.
Question 6.
Write about the cities and towns of India in the 19th century.
Answer:
In the 19th century, the cities and towns bore the imprint of changes. During British rule, special care was taken for the improvement of the cities like Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Other important towns were Waltair, Bareilly, Kanpur, Jamshedpur, etc.
Question 7.
Write the name of the forts of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.
Answer:
Fort was regarded as a great protector of a city or town. Fort William was built at Calcutta, Fort George was built at Bombay, and at Madars, the British built Fort St. George.
Question 8.
What was the difference between ‘White Town’ and ‘Black Town’?
Answer:
The European settlement which grew around the port and its nearby area was known as ‘White Town’. In other parts of the town Indian merchants and traders, artisans, workers, and others stayed which was regarded as a ‘Black Town’.
Question 9.
What is the ‘Civil line’ and what is its importance?
Answer:
‘Civil Line’ was a protected area for the Europeans, particularly the British people. This place looked beautiful due to the presence of gardens, playgrounds, churches, buildings, roads, etc.
Question 10.
Mention the first hill station of India.
Answer:
The hill stations were established keeping in view the military and political needs of the British. During the Gurkha, war ofl815-16the need for the establishment. of the hill station at Shimla was felt, thus Shimla became the first hill station.
Question 11.
Write about the life of women in towns and cities.
Answer:
Women enjoyed a special position in city life and a new atmosphere was created for them in society. The educated women published their writings in different, magazines and attended meetings held in different towns and cities.
Question 12.
Mention the transport system in towns during colonial rule.
Answer:
The social life of the cities and towns was different from the villages and transport facilities like horse-drawn carriages, rickshaws, trams, and buses were available in the cities and towns, The people took delight to use these transport facilities for going to their offices and traveling inside the cities.
Question 13.
Throw light on the entertainment facilities for the people in towns.
Answer:
Entertainment facilities grew up in towns and cities. The parks, cinema halls, theatres, and town halls were built in the cities and towns Which provided entertainment to the people.
Question 14.
Mention the name of the colonial architecture of Calcutta.
Answer:
During the British period, many colonial architectures grew up in Calcutta. Among them are the ‘Great Eastern Hotel’, ‘Howrah Bridge’, ‘General Post Office’, ‘Esplanade Mansion’ and ‘Metropolitan Buildings’ of this period.
Question 15.
Discuss in brief the colonial architecture of Mumbai.
Answer:
Bombay (Mumbai) contains colonial architecture. The City hall, Esplanade circle, Municipal Corporation, Building, Ballard estate. St. Thomas Cathedral Elphinstone College, Food market, Oval field. St. Anne High schools are some of the important architecture of Bombay which bears testimony to the colonial period.
Question 16.
Write about the colonial architecture of Madras.
Answer:
Madars is in possession contains many colonial architectures. Famous among them are Madras University, Victoria Public hall, General Post Office, Madras Museum, Freemansan’s hall, Senate House, Chepak palace, etc.
Question 17.
When did the Na’anka famine take place? After that who took steps for the spread of education in Odisha?
Answer:
The Nanaka famine took place in 1866 and from that period Renaissance of Odisha began. After that celebrities like Fakir Mohan Senapati, Madhusudan Das, and Baikuntha Nath Dey. Gangadhar Meher. Nilamani Bidyaratna, Linganaj Panigrahi, Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, and many others spread education in Odisha.
Question 18.
When did the British occupy Odisha? After that whom did they engage for the smooth administration in Odisha?
Answer:
British occupied Odisha in 1803. After that, they engaged Bengalees for smooth administration.
Question 19.
Who was Kantichandra Bhattacharya? What did he speak?
Answer:
Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya was a Sanskrit Pundit of Balasore Zilla school. He ‘ opined that ‘Odia is not an independent language’.
Question 20.
Name of the two persons who established the printing press at Balasore.
Answer:
The establishment of the printing press in some parts of Odisha played an important role in the language movement in Odisha. Through the effort of Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthanath Dey, two printing presses were established at Balasore.
Question 21.
Who established open-air schools? What was its objective?
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das established an open-air school at Satyabadi which imparted teaching to the students in the Odia language. Its objective was the development of the Odia language.
Question 22.
In the language agitation of Sambalpur, name the two persons who played a vital role.
Answer:
A special influence of language agitation was felt in Sambalpur. The two persons who played a vital role in the agitation were Nilamani Bidyaratna and Gangadhar Meher.
Question 23.
In which year Odisha became a separate province and who was its first Governor?
Answer:
Odisha became a separate province on 1st April 1936. Sir John Austin Hubback became the First Governor of Odisha.
Question 24.
Name two committees that were associated with the formation of Odisha is a separate province.
Answer:
The joint Parliamentary Committee and the Odisha Administrative Committee or Hubback Committee were associated with the formation of Odisha as a separate province.
Question 25.
Name two men of letters who first attempted the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.
Answer:
Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthanath Dey were two men of letters who first attempted the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.
Question 26.
Rishley Circular was published in which year? What was its aim?
Answer:
Rishley circular was published on 3rd December 1903. Its aim was to restore Odia as the official language in Sambalpur and adjacent feudatory states.
Question 27.
When and by whom Utkal Union Conference was formed?
Answer:
On 1903 and by Madhusudan Das Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) was formed. Its primary aim was for a Unified Odia-speaking area.
Question 28.
Mention the name of two leaders who wanted the formation of Odisha as a separate province.
Answer:
Madhusudan Das and Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati were two veteran leaders of Odisha who wanted the formation of Odisha as a separate province.
Question 29.
Which two places of Ganjam were to be included in Odisha as per Philip Duff Committee’s recommendation?
Answer:
Mandasa and Paralakhemundi of Ganjam were to be included in Odisha as per Philip Duff Committee’s recommendation.
Question 30.
Name two literary persons who opposed Frezan’s proposal to introduce Hindi in Sambalpur.
Answer:
Nilamani Bidyaratna and Gangadhar Meher vehemently opposed Frezan’s proposal to introduce Hindi in Sambalpur.
Question 31.
Write the name of two factories established by Madhu Babu for the economic progress of Odisha.
Answer:
‘Orissa Art Wares’ and ‘Utkal Tanner)7’ of Cuttack are two factories established by Madhu Babu for the economic progress of Odisha.
Question 32.
Who and when had founded the Utkal Union Conference and what was its ambition?
Answer:
Madhusudan Das founded Utkal Union Conference on 30th December 1903. Its ambition was to take a vital role in the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.
Question 33.
Who and when had given the proposal to the British Government for the formation of Bihar-Odisha Province?
Answer:
Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India gave proposal for the creation of the new Bihar Odisha Province and it was formed in 1912.
Question 34.
Give two examples of Madhu Babu’s political life.
Answer:
Madhu Babu was elected as a representative to ‘Orissa-Chhotnagpur Municipality’ in 1896. In 1902 as a member of ‘The Bengal Legislative Council’, Madhu Babu put pressure on the Govt, to provide more grants to Ravenshaw College.
Question 35.
Form an idea on the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee.
Answer:
Gopabandhu played a significant role in popularising the activities of the Indian National Congress in Odisha. The Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee was formed in 1921 and Gopabandhu was its first President.
Question 36.
Name the Ashramas constructed by the influence of Gopabandhu Das.
Answer:
Gopabandhu was instrumental in popularising the congress ideology in different parts of Odisha through several Ashramas. Among them, very famous were the ‘Swaraj Ashram’ at Cuttack, ‘Alakashram’ at Jagatsinghpur, and ‘Swaraj Mandir’ at Cuttack.
Question 37.
Write the name of the books written by Gopabandhu Das.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das took various steps for the improvement of the Odia language and literature. He himself was also the author of many books like ‘Bandira Atmakatha’ (self-expression of a Prisoner), ‘Dharmapada’, ‘Abakasa Chinta’s (thought of leisure), Go Mahatmya (Appraisal on a cow), etc.
Question 38.
What was the role of Krushna Chandra Gajapati in the First Round Table Conference?
Answer:
Krushna Chandra Gajapati went to London in 1930 to present the demand of Odisha province before the British government. During his stay in London, he was able to influence Sir Samuel, Hoare (the secretary of state), and other parliamentarians for the creation of Odisha as a separate province.
Question 39.
What steps were undertaken by K.C.Gajapati as the Prime Minister for the progress of Odisha?
Answer:
K.C.Panighrahi became the Prime Minister of Odisha on 1st April 1937. Through his endeavor, the Odisha High Court, Sri Ramchandra Bhanja Medical College, Utkal University, Rice Research Institute, etc. were established in Odisha.
Question 40
Mention the works of Rama Devi at Alakashram.
Answer:
Alakashram played a vital role in the freedom struggle of India. As an insider, Rama Devi cooked tiffins and meals for the inmates of the Ashram and taught spinning and preparation of clothes to the people who came for training to Alakashram.
Question 41
Write the works undertaken by Rama Devi at Sevaghar.
Answer:
After Alakashram was raised to the ground, Rama Devi her husband went to Bari and stayed at Bari Ashram popularly known as ‘Sevaghar’. In that Ashram, Rama Devi devoted herself in Khadi work, the uplift of Harijans, the spread of Hindi, the uplift of women, adult education, the clearing of villages, and the like.
Question 42
Discuss the role of Sarala Devi in the Civil Disobedience movement.
Answer:
Sarala Devi played an important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement in Odisha. She went to Inchudi and helped the women there with the preparation of salt.
Question 43.
Describe the role of Sarala Devi in the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
Gandhiji selected Sarala Devi as the women leader to start the Quit India movement in Odisha. She was arrested and inside the jail chalked out the program with other prisoners on how to quit English from India.
Question 44.
What were the contributions of Malati Devi to the Peasant Movement?
Answer:
Malati Devi wanted the all-around progress of the peasants. In 193 3 she in association with her husband formed the ‘Utkal Congress Socialist Workers Union’ and donated all her ornaments to this Union.
Question 45.
Discuss the role of Malati Devi in the Bhoodan Movement.
Answer:
Malati Devi was inspired by Vinoba Babe and actively participated in the Bhoodan movement in Odisha. She established various organizations and composed poems in Odia which were sung by the women during the padayatra.
Question 46.
Who were the chairman and members of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
As per the provision of the Cabinet Mission, it was decided the Constituent Assembly would be framed by the election: On 11 December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its permanent chairman and almost all the leading members of the time were the members of the Constituent Assembly.
Question 47.
Who were the members of the Draft Constitution Committee (Drafting Committee)?
Answer:
For preparing a draft constitution the Drafting Committee was framed and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presided over it. Besides him, N.Gopalswami Aiyengar, A.K.Ayengar, Sayyad Mohammad, T.T.Krishnamachari, and many others were its members.
Question 48.
Why is the Indian Constitution termed the longest-written constitution of the world?
Answer:
Ivor Jenning, the constitutional expert of Great Britain had expressed the view that the Indian Constitution is the longest constitution of the world, it consists of 395 articles, 12 schedules, and 122 amendments.
Question 49.
Write about the single citizenship of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Indian constitution provides for a single citizenship i.e. any individual who resides in India is an Indian. The constitution never recommends Double citizenship like in America.
Question 50.
Throw light on the flexibility of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Indian constitution strikes a balance between rigidity and flexibility and a flexible constitution can be amended easily. Certain provisions of the Indian constitution can be amended by a simple majority in both the Houses of parliament.
Question 51.
By which style does the Indian parliamentary system function?
Answer:
The parliamentary form of Government had been adopted following the Indian acts of 1919 and 1965. Its style is The President of India is the nominal head and the Prime Minister is the real head.
Question 52.
Focus on regarding Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution and What was the view of Jawaharlal Nehru regarding this.
Answer:
Indian constitution contains certain Fundamental Rights for the upliftment of people. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru viewed Fundamental Rights as the conscience of the constitution.
Question 53.
Is the Indian, constitution-making India a secular state, and what was its objective?
Answer:
Our constitution makes India a secular state. The citizens of India have the right to Profess, Practise and Propagate any religion they like.
Question 54.
Is Indian Constitution democratic? Which article confers Adult Franchise to citizens?
Answer:
Indian constitution is a democratic constitution. Article 326 confers Universal Adult Franchise to citizens.
Question 55.
What are the four features of federalism in the Indian constitution?
Answer:
A basic silent feature of the Indian constitution is federalism. A federal state exhibits four features a written constitution, dual polity, distribution of power, and an independent and impartial judiciary.
Short-Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Fort William.
Answer:
Among the colonial architecture in Calcutta, Fort William occupies a unique position. There are actually two Fort Williams – The old and the new. The original was built in 1696 by the British East India Company and Sirajudaullah occupied it in 1757 and renamed it as Alinagar. In 1766 the old fort was repaired and used as a customs house. The new fort William was built on the eastern bank of river Hoogly Robert Clive started the building of this fort in 1758 and it was completed in 1781. This fort was named after King William 111 of England.
Question 2.
Victoria Memorial.
Answer:
Built-in marble, the Victoria Memorial is another great architecture of the British period. The beginning of this architecture took place in 1906 and it was completed in 1921. This was built in memory of Queen Victoria of England. The work of this memoria began when Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India. The architect of this building was William Emerson. The architecture was a mixture of Mughal, British, Egyptian, Deccani, and Islamic elements.
Question 3
Townhall of Bombay.
Answer:
The Town Hall of Bombay was built during British rule and was constructed in 1833. The architect of this building was a military engineer named Colonel Thomas Cowper. This building was a mixture of Greek and Roman styles of architecture. The Town Hall is named the ‘Asiatic Society of Bombay’ which is a public library in the City. Apart from the ancient manuscripts in Persian, Prakrit, Urdu, and Sanskrit, there are also a collection of 1000 ancient coins including gold Mohur of Akbar.
Question 4.
Rajabai Tower.
Answer:
The Rajabai Tower in South Mumbai is located in the confines of the fort campus of the University of Mumbai. It was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect. The clock placed at the top of the tower is built in the model of Big Ben, the clock tower of the house of parliament in London. Its building work started on March 1869 and was completed in November 1878. For a long period sound of this bell indicated the time to the people of Bombay.
Question 5.
The Gateway of India.
Answer:
The Gateway of India is one of the major monuments in the city located in the Apollo border area in Mumbai. It was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Bombay in 1911. Its foundation stone was laid on 31st March 1911 by Sir George Sydenham Clarke and designed by George Witter. The building got the name ‘The Gateway of India’ because in the colonial era, European entered India from this location and it was the first thing they saw while entering the country.
Question 6.
Victoria Terminus.
Answer:
The Victoria Terminus is a classic example of the colonial architecture of Bombay. Its present name is Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. Built-in 1888, this Railway Station bears the memory of the Victorian age. The plan for this railway station was designed by an English Engineer EW. Stevens. This station is very nearer to the seashore of Mumbai. At the entrance of the station are found one lion and a tiger, representing England and India respectively.
Question 7.
Bombay High Court.
Answer:
Situated on the Apollo Street. The Bombay High Court started functioning in 1862. There are two life-size statues on the Western side of the High Court. One among them is the stone ‘Statue of the Goddess of Justice’ holding the sword of Justice in one hand and the scales in the other. The second is the ‘Statue of Goddess Mercy’ with hand folded. The decision of two litigious cats and a monkey judge on the first floor of the court is very interesting. Bombay High Court beams the memory of Colonial architecture.
Question 8.
Fort St. George.
Answer:
1644 was a glorious year for the British East India Company. In that year Fort S. George was built on the seashore of Madras. Historically famous as the White Town, the fort has taken its name from St, George who is believed to have had significant influence in the region during that era. Fort St.George is divided into two sections – St. Mary’s Church and the Fort Museum. In 1795, the Madras Bank started functioning inside it. The statue of Lord Cornwallis in front of the museum is a masterpiece of art.
Question 9.
Ripon Building.
Answer:
The Ripon Building of Madras is a fine example of the neoclassical style of colonial architecture. This white building is located near the Chennai Central Railway Station. This was built in memory of Lord Ripon, the Viceroy of India. Lord Minto had laid down the foundation stone of this building. In 1913 the Madras Municipal Corporation started functioning inside it. In the same year, Oakes and company put a Westminister Quarter Chiming clock inside it which, is another great attraction.
Question 10.
Establishment of Printing Press at Odisha.
Answer:
The establishment of the Printing Press at Cuttack in 1866 by Bichitrananda Das played a vital role in the language movement in Odisha. From that place was published ‘Utkal Dipika’ under the editorship of Gouri Shankar Roy. Through the effort of Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthanath Dey, two Printing presses were established at Balasore.
Due to that, two newspapers named ‘Sambad Bahika’ and ‘Utkal Darpan’ were published in Balasore. Through these Magazines, efforts were made to preserve the Odia language and expedite the movement.
Question 11.
Language Movement in Ganjam.
Answer:
Language Movement also took place at Ganjam. Telugu dominated there and the Telugu language was prevalent in the Govt, offices in the undivided Ganjam district. This gave a feeling of inferiority to the people of Ganjam. They were United to Preserve the odia language in that area. By 1870, a new awakening took place at Ganjam which galvanized the odia language. Under the presidency of William Mohanty ‘Utkal Hitabadini Sabha’ submitted a memorandum to the Madras government to retain the odia language in Ganjam.
Question 12.
Language agitation in Sambalpur.
Answer:
A special influence of language agitation was felt in Sambalpur. During that period Sambalpur was included in the central province. On 15 January 1895, the Chief Commissioner of the central province Sir Andrew Frezon ordered to the withdrawal of the odia language from the office and court, and Hindi was introduced in its place. The people of the undivided Sambalpur district became very angry.
‘Sambalpur Hitaisini edited by Nilamani Bidyaratna, views were expressed against this step of the British Government and this step was welcomed by poet Gangadhar Mehera. After Memorandum to Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India a step was taken by him and he wrote to Andrew Frezon to consider the memorandum of the people of Sambalpur.
Question 13.
The Sinha Resolution.
Answer:
Satchidananda Sinha, a staunch supporter to the odia movement, moved a resolution in 1920 recommending the Government of India ‘to formulate a scheme for the 4 amalgamations of Oriya speaking tracts’. This was famous as the ‘Sinha Resolution’. By this, the central province gave consent to transfer Khariar Zamindari and Bihar and it was a favorable reply.
When Madras Government was pressurized to handover Ganjam, Sashibhusan Rath, the editor of ‘Asha’ mobilized the people of Ganjam and by the pressure of the Government of India, Madras Government appointed Philip Duff Committee in 1924 to look into the matter.
Question 14.
O’Donnell Boundary Commission.
Answer:
In the First Round Table Conference Maharaja K.C.Gajapati Narayan Deo of Paralakhemundi made an impressive speech for the formation of Odisha as a separate province. After due consideration, a Boundary Commission was formed in 1931. It was headed by S.P.O’Donell, the Chairman, and other two members H.M. Mehta of Bombay and T.R.Phukkoon of Assam.
The associate members were K.C.Panigrahi of Odisha, Sachidananda Sinha of Bihar and C.V.S. Narasimha Raju represented the Telugus. Following the 1931 census and receiving evidence from 400 witnesses, the commission recommended the creation of a separate Oriya province.
Question 15.
Hubback Committee.
Answer:
The Odisha Administrative Committee or Hubback Committee was formed which examined the issue and submitted its final report on 20 Dec 1933. It made Cuttack as the capital of Odisha and Puri. It’s a summer resort. It recommended a High Court and University for Odisha. The post of Director of Education, Inspector General of Police, and Revenue Commissioner were also recommended by this committee.
Question 16.
Birth of Odisha Province.
Answer:
The Government of India Act was promulgated in 1975 and its clause 289 recognized Odisha as a separate province. On 3rd March 1936, Odisha was ratified by the British Parliament and received the signature of the Emperor. On 1st April 1936, Odisha has created as a separate province. It consists of six districts with 32,695 square miles and an 8,043,681 population. Sir John Austin Hubback became the first Governor of Odisha. Thus, the struggle of Odias ended with victory and the long cherished dream of Oriya leaders was materialized.
Question 17.
Madhusudan Das and the Utkal Union Conference.
Answer:
The formation of the Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) was a bold step taken by Madhu Babu which play a vital role in the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts. The first session of this conference was organized on 30 December 1903. At the invitation of Madhu Babu, 30 kings, zamindars and many representatives attended this conference. Sri Rama Chandra Bhanja Deo the king of Mayurbhanja presided over the session. The important proposals were the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts and the social reformation of Odisha.
Question 18.
Madhu Babu and Politics.
Answer:
Madhu Babu has left an indelible imprint in the field of politics. He was elected as a representative to Orissa. Chhotnagpur Municipality in 1896. He was again elected for the same post in 1900 and dedicated himself to the progress of Odisha. In 1902 as a member of the Bengal Legislative Council Madhu Babu put pressure on the Government to provide more grants for the improvements of Ravenshaw College. To the Legislative Council of Bihar and Orissa Madhu Babu was elected.
Through his effort, the ‘Orissa Tenancy Bill’ was recommended and accepted by the House in 1913. In 1921, Madhu Babu became a Minister of that council and discharged his duty without remuneration and cited an example of self-less service for his people. By his effort on 25 November 1921, a proposal was laid down before the House for the creation of Orissa as a separate province.
Question 19.
Efforts of Madhu Babu for economic independence of the Odias.
Answer:
Madhu Babu had tried for the economic independence of the Odias. He took steps for the development of cottage industries in Odisha. The traditional filigree works of Cuttack were encouraged by him. Till today this has retained its position. Madhu Babu had opened ‘Orissa Art Wares’ at Cuttack.
For the progress of the leather industry, he established a factory named ‘Utkal Tannery’’ at Cuttack. He also taught the weavers the new art of weaving. He was also instrumental in establishing a palm-sugar factory. In fact, Madhu Babu played an important role in the economic progress of Odisha.
Question 20.
Madhu Babu and the spread of Education at Odisha.
Answer:
Madhu Babu took much pain for the spread of education in Odisha. As Vice Chairman of Cuttack Zilla Parishad and member of the Legislative Council, Madhu Babu had taken steps for opening many schools in Odisha. He had advised giving physical training to juveniles in the jail. He also encourages women’s education.
In 1907 when the only Girl’s school was going to be closed, his adopted daughter Sailabala became its Headmistress and it survived. Later on, it became the famous Sailabala Women’s College and encourage women’s education in Odisha. Madhu Babu advocated in favor of voting right for women which materialized in the future.
Question 21.
Madhu Babu and Puri Jagannath Temples.
Answer:
Although Madhu Babu had accepted Christianity by choice, he had argued in the Court as an advocate to preserve the dignity of Gajapati. In 1902, the British Governor appointed one Deputy Magistrate for the management of Puri Jagannath Temple. Madhu Babu opposed it in the Calcutta High Court and projected that as per the tradition, the Gajapati is the sole custodian of the deities of Puri Jagannath Temple.
The Honourable High Court listened to Madhu Babu and passed an order that the Gajapati should be the custodian of the deities and would carry temple management as per his desire. This episode mode Madhu Babu famous in the nook and comer of Odisha as ‘Madhu Barrister’.
Question 22.
Gopabandhu Das and Establishment of National School.
Answer:
By the advice of Madhusudan Rao, Gaopabandhu established ‘Open Air Middle English School’ in 1909 as Satyabadi of Puri district. On the backside of the Sakhigopal temple, in the natural setting, he started this school. At his request, Acharya Harihar Das, Pandit Nilakantha Dash, Pandit Godabarish Mishra, and Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra joined in the school. These five celebrities are known as the five friends of modem Odisha. The natural setting of the school and the dedication of the teachers attracted the people.
Question 23.
Gopabandhu and Indian National Congress.
Answer:
Gopabandhu played a significant role in popularising the activities of the Indian National Congress in Odisha. Returning from Calcutta after attending a special session of the Indian National Congress in 1920, he was surcharged with the ideology of the Congress. He was determined to spread Gandhian activities in Odisha.
He also attended the Bombay session of the Indian National Congress with others. The representatives from Odisha were deeply moved by this and returning to Odisha, they wanted to implement the ideology of Congress under the leadership of Gopabandhu.
Question 24.
Gopabandhu and the improvement of Odia language & literature.
Answer:
Gopabandhu took steps for the improvement of Odia language and literature. He started a magazine titled ‘Satyabadi’ from Sakhigopal in 1915. In 1919 he published ‘Samaj’ from the same place which was a weekly newspaper. Through this newspaper, he was able to put forth the grievances and demands of the people before the British Government. He himself was also the author of many books like ‘Bandira Atmaksha’ (self-expression of a prisoner), Dhammapada, Go Mahatmya, ‘Abakasa Chinta’ (thought of leisure), etc. which enriched Odia literature.
Question 25.
Gopabandhu and People’s welfare.
Answer:
Gopabandhu was a living example of a messiah for the poor and destitute of Odisha. In 1904 after Gopabandhu had passed B.A. he came to know that some areas of Puri have been submerged in water. During that time all of a sudden, his son became ill. Gopabandhu did not listen to anybody who had advised him to stay at home for his son and went for relief work in that area. His son died but he did not bother about it. He was the first Odia member servant of the People Society. He also took steps for the eradication of untouchability from Odishan society.
Question 26.
Krushna Chandra Gajapati and Simon Commission.
Answer:
The Simon Commission which landed on Indian soil, boycotted the slogan ‘Simon go back’ . However, by the effort of K.C. Gajapati and other members of the Utkal Sammilani, that committee received Simon Commission with the slogan ‘Welcome Simon’ at Patna Railway station. The Committee became very happy and intimately talked with the members of the Utkal Sammilani paying heed to their problems.
On 27 May 1930, the report of the Simon Commission was published which recommended for the formation of a sub-committee for examining the cause of the creation of Odisha as a separate province. It elated Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo.
Question 27.
K. C. Gajapati and the First Round Table Conference.
Answer:
Although the First Round Table Conference was boycotted by the Indian National Congress. K. C. Gajapati went to London in 1930 to present the demand of Odisha Province before the British Government. By that time the agenda of the meeting had already been prepared. By the persuasion of K.C. Gajapati, a discussion on it was included with the province of Sind.
Due to his influential speech, this Odisha matter was placed in the II, VI & VII charter of the Sub-Committee. During his stay in London, K.C. Gajapati was able to influence Sir Samuel Hoare, the Secretary of State, and other Parliamentarians. This made the path of the creation of Odisha as a separate province very easy.
Question 28.
Prime Minister Krushna Chandra and the progress of Odisha.
Answer:
The first Governor of Odisha was Sir Austin Hubback. By his invitation, K.C. Panigrahi became the Prime Minister of Odisha on 1 st April 1937. Again he adorned the same position from 1941 to 1944. During that period, he devoted his heart and soul to the progress of Odisha. The Odisha High Court, Sri Ramachandra Bhanja Medical College of Cuttack, Utkal University, Rice Research Institute of Bidyadharpur, etc.
were established. That is why Utkal University and Berhampur University conferred on him an honorary Doctorate degree. The Berhampur Medical College and Gajapati district have been named after him to preserve his memory.
Question 29.
Rama Devi and participation in the freedom struggle.
Answer:
Rama Devi had heard the coming of Gandhiji to Odisha on 23 March 1921. On the same night, Mahatma Gandhi addressed a meeting organized by the ladies at Binod Bihari at Cuttack. Rama Devi attended this meeting and presented Mahatma Gandhi with her hand spoon thread and contributed all her ornaments to the Tilak Swaraj Fund. She also took a vow not to wear ornaments and to wear Khaddar Saree throughout her life. She was determined to forgo all the luxuries of her life and to devote her body, mind, and soul to the freedom struggle.
Question 30.
Alakashram and Rama Devi.
Answer:
Alakashram played a vital role in the freedom struggle in India. The National School started there. As an insider. Rama Devi cooked tiffins and meals for the inmates of the Ashram. In 1923-24, cholera spread in Jagatsinghpur. Rama Devi with other workers moved from village to village and advised the people to take preventive injections and to take boiled water.
For eradication of Malaria in that area. She advised to use quinine, she also advised people not to use intoxicants. She also taught spinning and preparation of clothes to the people who came for training to Alakashram.
Question 31.
Rama Devi and Social work.
Answer:
Rama Devi was an ideal social worker. In 1968, she rendered relief work at the undivided Balasore, Koraput, Dhenkanal, Puri, Ganjam, Phulbani, and Mayurbhanj districts which were affected by droughts. She also worked in the flood,- affected areas. During the Indo-Pak war of 1971. She worked for the refugees who came from East Pakistan to Odisha.
She also worked for the lepers and Harijans. She pacified the student strike at Ravenshaw College in 1964. She took a leading role in the celebration of Gandhiji’s centenary in Odisha in 1969. In 1977 in the centenary year of acharya Harihar, a cancer institute was established at S.C.B. Medical College.
Question 32.
Sarala Devi and Uplitment of Harij.
Answer:
Sarala Devi popularised Gandhian constructive works like women’s education, upliftment of women, eradication of untouchability, adoption of Swadesi, etc. in Odisha. She devoted herself to the upliftment of Harijans. She had given a proposal to the Odisha Govt, to provide education to Harijanas and give them jobs.
She had advised the Government to open agricultural banks and land mortgage banks for protecting the Harijanas from the clutches of money lenders. Through her effort, the Odisha Government built a hostel at Cuttack for the stay of the Harijans.
Question 33.
Provincial Legislative Assembly and Sarala Devi.
Answer:
Sarala Devi was a member of the Provincial Assembly from 1937 to 1944. She was imprisoned during that time and had worked with the Govt, regarding the misbehavior of the jail staff towards the political prisoners. On 28 February 1979, she argued in -favor of co-education and demanded to grant more money for the development of women’s education.
She also introduced the ‘Dowry eradication Bill’ in the Assembly in 1939 which was passed and accepted by the Govt. In the same year, she also introduced ‘The Property Rights of Hindu Women Bill’ which was also passed. She also pressures on women’s franchises.
Question 34.
Literary Activities and Sarala Devi.
Answer:
Sarala Devi was a prolific writer. She translated the book ‘History of Indian National Congress’ of Pattabhi Sitaramayya into Odia and popularised the activities of the congress into the nook and comer of Odisha. Largely her writings were Women Centric. Especially, the problem and rights of Women’s work discussed in her writings.
She played an important role in dragging the women from the four walls of the house and mingling them in the mainstream. In fact, Sarala Devi was an important ideal woman. She played an important role in popularising the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi in Odisha.
Question 35.
Malati Devi and Salt Satyagraha.
Answer:
Malati Devi took an active part in the Salt Satyagraha at Inchudi of Balasore district. She had worked with Rama Devi, Kiranbala Sen, and others. Through her influence, many women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement at Inchudi and prepared salt. She also encouraged the women at Srijang to participate in the movement.
She also encouraged the women at Kujanga who joined the movement with their Queen Bhagyabati Pata Mahadev. Her fiery7 speech dragged the women from the four walls of the house who actively participated in the salt satyagraha.
Question 36.
Malati Devi and Gandhian Constructive Programme.
Answer:
Malati Devi played an important role to popularise Gandhian constructive
the program inside Odisha. On 30th April 1930. She delivered a fairy speech inspiring the people to boycott foreign clothes. Inspired by her, the cloth merchants of Cuttack did not sell foreign goods.
She had moved a resolution in the congress worker’s meeting at Sambalpur in 1946 regarding the steps to be undertaken for the upliftment of Harijans which was unanimously passed. In 1927, she had taken steps with her husband for the improvement of agriculture, she constructed the ‘Baji ’ Rout Hostel’ at Angul and taught the inmates Gandhian constructive works.
Question 37.
Malati Devi and Prajamandal (Garjat) Movement.
Answer:
The Garjat Movement at Dhenkanal. Talc her, Nilgiri and other places were galvanized by Malati Devi. She with her husband and a great communist leader, Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi organized many secret meetings in different Garjat areas and encouraged them to become free from the clutches of their rulers.
She published a pamphlet titled ‘Ranaveri’. Sarangdhar Das also joined with her to organize in ajamandal movement at Dhenkanal and Baji Rout, a boy of twelve years breathed his last in the Police bullet. Malati Devi wanted the all-round progress of Odisha.
Question 38.
Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
As per the Provision of the cabinet Mission, it was decided the Constituent Assembly would be framed by the election. As per the proposal, there should be 389 members. That election took place in July 1946. Out of 296 seats, the Congress got 212, Muslim League 73, the independent, and others got it.
Manabendra Roy had first thought about the Constituent Assembly. A meeting of the Constituent Assembly was convened on 9 December 1946 in Delhi. It was presided over by Sri Sachidananda Sinha of Bihar. On 11 December 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its permanent Chairman. Almost all the leading members . of the time were members of the Constituent Assembly
Question 39.
Drafting Committee.
Answer:
For preparing a draft constitution, the Drafting Committee was framed. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presided over it. Besides him, N.Gopalswamy Aiyengar, A.K. Ayan, Saiyyad Mohammad Saadulla, T.T. Krishnanmachari, D.P. Khaitan, and many others were its members. Dr. B.N. Ray acted as the Chief Constituent Advisor to this Committee. This Committee submitted its report (draft) to the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.
Question 40.
Fundamental Duties.
Answer:
The Fundamental Duties are a unique part of the Indian Constitution. Those are:
- To abide by the Constitution and respect the national flag and national anthem.
- To cherish the noble ideals which inspired our freedom stragglers.
- To uphold the sovereignty unit and integrity of the country.
- To defend the country and render national service when called on to do so.
- To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among the people of India.
- To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
- To protect and improve the national environment include lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
- To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
- To safeguard public property and abjure violence.
- To strive to achieve excellence in all spheres of individual and collective life so that the nation makes progress.
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