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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 4 Process of Thinking Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 4 Process of Thinking Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Drawing a mental picture in the absence of the object is called _______.
(a) Perception
(b) Illusion
(c) Hallucination
(d) Image
Answer:
(d) Image

Question 2.
Creativity is explored at _______.
(a) early age
(b) middle age
(c) late age
(d) right
Answer:
(a) early age

Question 3.
There is no test to measure creativity among _______.
(a) children
(b) adults
(c) illiterates
(d) educated persons
Answer:
(c) illiterates

Question 4.
Creativity is a branch of ________.
(a) Social Psychology
(b) General Psychology
(c) Industrial Psychology
(d) Personality Psychology
Answer:
(b) General Psychology

Question 5.
Creativity means _______.
(a) Autistic thinking
(b) Associative
Answer:
(b) Associative

Question 6.
The pioneer of creativity research is _______.
(a) Yackson
(b) Wertheimer
(c) Guilford
(d) Torrence
Answer:
(d) Torrence

Question 7.
Creativity depends on _______.
(a) Originality
(b) Personality
(c) Learning Capacity
(d) Retention capacity
Answer:
(a) Originality

Question 8.
Creativity is otherwise known as _______.
(a) Imaginative thinking
(b) Insightful thinking
(c) Autistic thinking
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Imaginative thinking

Question 9.
Vigour research on creativity was started in the year _______.
(a) 1877
(b) 1945
(c) 1960
(d) 1918
Answer:
(d)1918

Question 10.
Creativity starts growing from the age of _______.
(a) 6 months
(b) 3 years
(c) 20 years
(d) 30 years
Answer:
(a) 6 months

Question 11.
Daydreams are _______.
(a) realistic
(b) unrealistic
(c) fantasies
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) fantasies

Question 12.
Problem-solving seems an impossibility in the absence of _______.
(a) Verbal symbols
(b) Non-verbal symbols
(c) Sensory symbols
Answer:
(a) Verbal symbols

Question 13.
Problem-solving involves _______.
(a) Conditioning
(b) Trial and error
(c) Rigidity
Answer:
(b) Trial and error

Question 14.
Motivation gives problem-solving a _______.
(a) Set
(b) Meed
(c) Direction
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Direction

Question 15.
The solution to the problem becomes difficult when the person is emotionally _______.
(a) Upset
(b) Sound
(c) immature
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) immature

Question 16.
_______ stands in the way of a solution to a problem.
(a) flexibility
(b) rigidity
(c) partiality
(d) intelligence
Answer:
(b) rigidity

Question 17.
When in a problem-solving situation the solution to a problem occurs after dealing with the problem it is called ________.
(a) Foresight
(b) hindsight
(c) Insight
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) hindsight

Question 18.
Problem-solving has been essentially regarded as a process of thinking in _______.
(a) function
(b) structure
(c) solution
(d) manipulation
Answer:
(d) manipulation

Question 19.
Every person’s thinking takes place in his own unique.
(a) environment
(b) background
(c) society
(d) status
Answer:
(a) environment

Question 20.
For the solution of problems, manipulation __________ is necessary.
(a) Ideas
(b) concepts
(c) percepts
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 21.
In thinking _________ trial and error is mostly involved.
(a) overt
(b) covert
(c) manual
Answer:
(b) covert

Question 22.
Language is unique to ________.
(a) human beings
(b) higher animals
(c) animals
(d) subhuman species
Answer:
(a) human beings

Question 23.
For communication _______ is essential.
(a) gesture
(b) language
(c) thought
(d) crying
Answer:
(b) language

Question 24.
Language and thought are ________.
(a) same
(b) different
(c) independent of each other
(d) overlap each other
Answer:
(b) different

Question 25.
Language is an important mode of _______.
(a) communication
(b) gesture
(c) silent talk
(d) overt activity
Answer:
(a) communication

Question 26.
Thought is _______.
(a) Overt
(b) Covert
(c) External
(b) Verbal
Answer:
(a) Overt

Question 27.
Language has _______ contents.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(b) three

Question 28.
Motive is a ________.
(a) desire
(b) impulse
(c) behaviour
(d) general trait
Answer:
(a) desire

Question 29.
Edwards’s personal preference schedule assesses,
(a) one single motive
(b) many motives
(c) many desires
(d) strength of motives
Answer:
(d) strength of motives

Question 30.
Animals stop behaving when they _______.
(a) sleep
(b) rest
(c) pause
(d) die
Answer:
(d) die

Question 31.
When there is a drive-in level of activity the strength of the drive is supposed to _______.
(a) decrease
(b) increase
(c) remains constant
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) increase

Question 32.
Drive is a _______state.
(a) physiological
(b) social
(c) personal
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) physiological

Question 33.
Organic drives are also known as drives ___________.
(a) physiological
(b) biological
(c) social
(d) all these
Answer:
(a) physiological

Question 34.
___________ refers to the motive to keep contact with people.
(a) curiosity
(b) gregariousness
(c) assertiveness
Answer:
(b) gregariousness

Question 35.
Activity method measures the __________of motive.
(a) type
(b) strength
(c) nature
(d) all these
Answer:
(b) strength

Question 36.
The desire to explore refers to the motive of ___________.
(a) approval
(b) achievement
(c) affiliation
(d) curiosity
Answer:
(d) curiosity

Question 37.
Though ___________method one chooses between two or more incentives.
(a) activity method
(b) method of choice
(c) method of preference
(d) all these
Answer:
(c) method of preference

Question 38.
__________acts as a motivation to perform.
(a) curiosity
(b) knowledge of result
(c) approval
Answer:
(b) knowledge of result

Question 39.
___________stressed the idea of psychic determinism in unconscious motivation.
(a) Jung
(b) Freud
(c) Adler
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Jung

Question 40.
Motivation is related to the _________ of human behaviour.
(a) What
(b) How
(c) Why
(d) all these
Answer:
(c) Why

Question 41.
Factors of motivation can be categorised under ______ and ______ head.
(a) need
(b) drive
(c) physiological
(d) social
(e) incentive
Answer:
(d) social

Question 42.
In motivational cycle _______steps are invoked.
(a) four
(b) three
(c) two
(d) five
Answer:
(b) three

Question 43.
The goal is the______ point of a motivational cycle.
(a) beginning
(b) middle
(c) end
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) end

Question 44.
The importance of motivation for learning follows from ________.
(a) law of exercise
(b) law of belongingness
(c) law of effect
(d) law of readiness
Answer:
(c) law of effect

Question 45.
The famous experiment on knowledge of results was conducted by ________.
(a) Hull
(b) Thorndike
(c) Watson
(d) Leeper
Answer:
(b) Thorndike

Question 46.
Motivation is _______ for learning.
(a) useless
(b) indispensable
(c) unnecessary
Answer:
(b) indispensable

Question 47.
Level of aspiration is also known as ________.
(a) goal discrepancy behaviour
(b) attainment discrepancy behaviour
(c) goal setting behaviour
(d) all the above
Answer:
(c) goal setting behaviour

Question 48.
Morgan offers a theory of motivation which is basically _______.
(a) Psychological
(b) Sociological
(c) Physiological
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Physiological

Question 49.
The physiological theory of motivation has been advanced by _______.
(a) Hilgard
(b) Young
(c) Morgan
(d) Murray
Answer:
(c) Morgan

Question 50.
Hunger, thirst and sex are known as _______drives.
(a) basic
(b) secondary
(c) psychological
Answer:
(a) basic

Question 51.
The self-actualisation theory of motivation is also called the _______ theory of motivation.
(a) physiological
(b) psychoanalytic
(c) hierarchical
(d) achievement
Answer:
(c) hierarchical

Question 52.
The self-actualisation of the theory of motivation was advanced by _______.
(a) Leeper
(b) Lindsey
(c) Maslow
(d) Young
Answer:
(c) Maslow

Question 53.
Curiosity is a _______ drive.
(a) Psychological
(b) Organic
(c) social
(d) Personal
Answer:
(a) Psychological

Question 54.
Need for aggression is inevitable for self _______.
(a) Actualisation
(b) Preservation
(c) Sufficiency
(d) None of those
Answer:
(b) Preservation

Question 55.
Social approval motive is measured by the _______.
(a) T.A.T. method
(b) Questionnaire technique
(c) Maslow Crowne social desirability scale.
Answer:
(c) Maslow Crowne social desirability scale.

Question 56.
Level of activity is _______ related to the strength of motive.
(a) positively
(b) negatively
(c) neutrally
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) positively

Question 57.
P.T. Young conducted an experiment on the method of preference using _______.
(a) monkeys
(b) cats
(c) rats
(d) human beings
Answer:
(c)rats

Question 58.
The constancy of the internal environment is maintained by _______.
(a) mobilisation of behaviour
(b) homeostasis
(c) drive
Answer:
(b) homeostasis

Question 59.
Social motives are called _______ motives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) essential
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) secondary

Question 60.
A socially approved person shows greater sensitivity and respect to _______.
(a) personal interest
(b) society
(c) fulfilment of basic needs
Answer:
(b) society

Question 61.
Many different activities may have a _______motivation.
(a) specific
(b) common
(c) different
Answer:
(b) common

Question 62.
Post-hypnotic suggestion provides a good example of _______ motivation.
(a) conscious
(b) unconscious
(c) social
(d) biological
Answer:
(b) unconscious

Question 63.
The motive to keep contact with others is called _______.
(a) self-assertiveness
(b) gregariousness
(c) mastery
(d) dependency.
Answer:
(b) gregariousness

Question 64.
_______ is among the Arapesh, Zuni, Hopi and other groups.
(a) self-assertiveness
(b) gregariousness
(c) mastery
(d) dependency
Answer:
(a) self-assertiveness

Question 65.
The urge to achieve is expressed in _______.
(a) need for self-actualisation
(b) assertiveness
(c) need for achivement .
Answer:
(c) need for achievement

Question 66.
Gregariousness is due to _______.
(a) social conditioning
(b) inherited traits
(c) biological factors
Answer:
(a) social conditioning

Question 67.
Both thrive and incentive factors in mobilising one’s _______.
(a) resources
(b) ability
(c) need
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 68.
Some organic, needs can be made extremely great by removing of certain _______.
(a) duct glands
(b) ductless glands
(c) sex glands
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) ductless glands

Question 69.
The obstruction box has been standardised by _______.
(a) Warden and his associates
(b) Weiner ardstellar
(c) HoffinanandWed
(d) Nissen
Answer:
(a) Warden and his associates

Question 70.
The delayed reward of even 15 seconds reduces the incentive value considerably as viewed by _______.
(a) Warden
(b) Hamilton
(c) Skinner
(d) Hull
Answer:
(a) Warden

Question 71.
Perhaps the clearest picture of the uncomplicated effect of punishment is obtained by experiments with the _______.
(a) obstruction box
(b) Skinner box
(c) Maize box
(d) Problem box
Answer:
(b) Skinner box

Question 72.
Sherrington’s work on the integrative action of the nervous system is his discovery of
(a) reactive inhibition
(b) reciprocal inhibition
(c) response inhibition
(d) stimulus inhibition
Answer:
(b) reciprocal inhibition

Question 73.
A challenging frustration-aggression hypothesis was put forward by group _______ of investigators.
(a) Yale
(b) Swiss
(c) German
(d) Harvard
Answer:
(a) Yale

Question 74.
An electric grill is a very convenient form of _______.
(a) Stimulator
(b) Obstructor
(c) Reactor
(d) Respirator
Answer:
(b) Obstructor

Question 75.
Anger is a ______ emotion.
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Neutral
Answer:
(b) Negative

Question 76.
Fear is a ______emotion.
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Neutral
Answer:
(b) Negative

Question 77.
Love is a ______emotion.
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Neutral
Answer:
(a) Positive

Question 78.
The Russian Psychologist _______ found that involuntary finger movements were a valuable adjunct to the word association method of the detection.
(a) Pavlov
(b) Luria
(c) Luchins
(d) Chappella
Answer:
(a) Pavlov

Question 79.
Cannon’s theory of emotion was mainly concerned with _______.
(a) Endocrine glands
(b) Blood pressure
(c) Sensitivity to the environmental stimulus
Answer:
(b) Blood pressure

Question 80.
The emergency theory of emotion is also called _______.
(a) James Lange’s theory
(b) Cannon-Bard Theory
(c) Hypothalamic theory
(d) Activation theory
Answer:
(d) Activation theory

Question 81.
The Cannon-Bard theory is different from _______.
(a) Activation theory
(b) Emergency theory
(c) Hypothalamic theory
Answer:
(b) Emergency theory

Question 82.
At the time of emotion secretion from glands are _______.
(a) Reduced
(b) Stopped
(c) Accelerated
(d) As usual
Answer:
(a) Reduced

Question 83.
________have a major role to play during emotional situations.
(a) rods and cones
(b) ear
(c) glands
(d) hands and muscles
Answer:
(c) glands

Question 84.
During the strong emotional experience, the physiological changes that occur in the human body are mainly due to _______.
(a) Sudden rise in blood pressure
(b) Sudden rise in a heartbeat.
(c) Impulses from the autonomic nervous system
(d) Impulses coming from sex glands.
Answer:
(c) Impulses from the autonomic nervous system

Question 85.
Watson conducted an experiment on a baby named to ______ demonstrate how fear develops.
(a) Aalinc
(b) Albert
(c) Aiers
(d) Alps
Answer:
(c) Aiers

Question 86.
To demonstrate how the emotion of fear develops an experiment on a baby named Albert was conducted by ______.
(a) Bridges
(b) Watson
(c) Williams
(d) Jersild
Answer:
(b) Watson

Question 87.
A severe crisis situation is successfully dealt with by people because of the secretion of ______ to blood.
(a) Pituitrin
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Proactive
(d) Sex hormones
Answer:
(b) Thyroxine

Question 88.
________is associated with emotion.
(a) Frontal cortex
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Hypothalamus
Answer:
(b) Cerebellum

Question 89.
In anger, excessive secretion of _______is found.
(a)Thyroxine
(b) Adrenalin
(c)Putitarin
Answer:
(c)Putitarin

Question 90.
Sympathetic activation causes ________.
(a) a decrease in the heart rate
(b) an increase in the heart rats
(c) a decrease in pulse rate
(d) decrease in blood pressure
Answer:
(b) an increase in the heart rats

Question 91.
During states of emotional stress skin resistance to electric current.
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) no change in the earlier resistance
(d) creates a feeling of discomfort
Answer:
(b) decreases

Question 92.
According to the emergency theory of emotion, the function of emotion is to ________.
(a) reduce anxiety
(b) provide body relief
(c) increase emergency action
(d) all these
Answer:
(b) provide body relief

Question 93.
The hypothalamus which controls emotional behaviour is located ________.
(a) in the brain stem
(b) in the cerebral cortex
(c) at the base of the brain
(d) in the medulla
Answer:
(c) at the base of the brain

Question 94.
Fear stimulus initiates physiological reactions in the ________.
(a) central nervous system
(b) reticular activating system
(c) spinal cord
(d) sympathetic nervous system
Answer:
(d) sympathetic nervous system

Question 95.
Which of the following is connected with emotional behaviour?
(a) Pons
(b) Occipital lobe
(c) Hypothalamus
(d) Reticular activating system
Answer:
(d) Reticular activating system

Question 96.
Which of the following is not connected with emotional behaviour?
(a) Thalamus
(b) Hypothalamus
(c) Hindbrain
Answer:
(c) Hindbrain

Question 97.
Cannon Brad’s theory is related to ________.
(a) learning
(b) perception
(c) motivation
(d) emotion
Answer:
(c) motivation

Question 98.
The James-Lange theory is in relevance with ________.
(a) personality
(b) motivation
(c) emotion
(d) sensation
Answer:
(d) sensation

Question 99.
The motivational theory of Leoper is a theory of ________.
(a) emotion
(b) motive
(c) thinking
(d) sensation
Answer:
(c) thinking

Question 100.
That the infant is bom with one basic emotion, a general excitement is the view of ________.
(a) Watson
(b) Morgan
(c) Darwin
(d) Bridges
Answer:
(a) Watson

Question 101.
________was one of the first scientists to investigate emotional expressions in infants.
(a) Watson
(b) Morgan
(c) Darwin
(d) Irwin
Answer:
(d) Irwin

Question 102.
By the age of 24 months, all emotions develop. This is held by ________.
(a) Darwin
(b) Watson
(c) Bridges
(d) all these
Answer:
(a) Darwin

Question 103.
Freedom, Loring and Martin have advanced a theory that emphasises the adaptive and survival value of infants.
(a) crying
(b) smiling
(c) jealousy
(d) anger
Answer:
(c) jealousy

Question 104.
Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety appear towards the end of the ________of life.
(a) eight months of life
(b) one year of life
(c) 24 months of life
Answer:
(c) 24 months of life

Question 105.
Fear of snakes is a product of psychological maturation. This is held by ________.
(a) Valentine
(b) Watson
(c) Donald Hebb
(d) Gewirtz
Answer:
(b) Watson

Question 106.
________factors are important in determining the nature and importance of children’s fears.
(a) Cognitive
(b) Conative
(c) Affective
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Conative

Question 107.
Mother emotion with important social implications for social development is ________.
(a) Distress
(b) Zcalousy
(c) Sentiment
(d) Fear
Answer:
(d) Fear

Question 108.
________is a social phenomenon.
(a) Anger
(b) Laughter
(c) Distress
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Anger

Question 109.
In the development of emotion, _________ plays a major role.
(a) Maturation
(b) Intelligence
(c) Personality
(d) Organic factors
Answer:
(b) Intelligence

Question 110.
The galvanic skin response is measured with an apparatus called ________.
(a) Pupillo metrics
(b) Psychogalvanometer
(c) Kymograph
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Pupillo metrics

Question 111.
William James who developed the James Lange theory belongs to the ________school of psychology.
(a) Structural
(b) Functional
(c) Behaviouristic
(d) Cognitive
Answer:
(b) Functional

Question 112.
Smiling in response to a smile does not usually occur before the child is about ________ months old.
(a) one month
(b) two months
(c) five months
(d) six month
Answer:
(b) two months

Question 113.
Pleasure and displeasure of a person can be known from his _______.
(a) Physiological change
(b) facial expression
(c) blood pressure
Answer:
(b) facial expression

Question 114.
Emotion is expressed through ______.
(a) language
(b) gesture
(c) facial expression
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) gesture

Question 115.
The activity of the heart in emotion is often studied by examining the shape of the curve obtained with an _______.
(a) electroencephalograph
(b) electric cardiograph
(c) electric strobophoto graph
(d) none of these
Answer:
(d) none of these

Question 116.
The importance of postural reaction in emotion has been given by _______.
(a) James Lange’s theory
(b) Emergency theory
(c) Activation theory
(d) Opponent process theory
Answer:
(b) Emergency theory

Question 117.
Gastrointestinal functions are often measured by means of ballons into the ______.
(a) stomach
(b) intestine
(c) stomach or intestine
Answer:
(a) stomach

Question 118.
Whether a person is emotionally aroused or not can be known by measuring his ______.
(a) Physiological changes
(b) Psychological changes
(c) Facial expression
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Psychological changes

Question 119.
A can differentiate emotion from nonemotional states.
(a) Kymograph
(b)Neumograph
(c) Lie detector
(d) Pupilometrics
Answer:
(d) Pupilometrics

Question 120.
Excessive discharge of adrenalin during emotional states increases the level of _______.
(a) Blood pressure
(b) Blood sugar
(c) Heart Action
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 121.
James Lange’s theory is also known as ______.
(a) thalamic theory
(b) hypothalamic
(c) emergency theory
(d) none of these
Answer:
(d) none of these

Question 122.
The lie detector was devised by _______.
(a) Frans Halls
(b) Good enough
(c) Davis
(d) Leonarde Keeler
Answer:
(d) Leonarde Keeler

True Or False Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Imagination is a controlled association while thinking is a free association. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Thinking always involves a problem. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Thinking is not possible without images. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Creativity is not found in idiots. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Deaf is equally creative. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Physical handicap has nothing to do with creativity. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Blinds are more creative than normals. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Physical handicaps stand in the way of creativity. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 9.
A creative individual is equally creative in all fields. (True /False)
Answer:
False

Question 10.
Creativity starts growing from birth. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 11.
Reasoning at the human level begins in early childhood. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 12.
The reasoning is not found in animals. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 13.
Reasoning first appears in lower animals like rats. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Reasoning combined with past experience helps in solving a problem. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Multiple choice test in a sense is a set of generalising abilities. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Maier has developed a reasoning test for children. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 17.
Maier has developed a reasoning test for rats. (True /False)
Answer:
False

Question 18.
Nerve has developed a multiple-choice apparatus for use with human subjects. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Proper direction helps to reason. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Thinking is called sub-vocal talking. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Language is unique in human beings. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Language has no role in the socialization process. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 23.
Language is not required for the transmission of culture and heritage. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 24.
The acquisition of language is required for concept formation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 25.
A language is a primary tool of communication. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 26.
Biological motives are inborn. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Drive and incentives are emotional factors as distinguished from ability. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 28.
Me Dougall and Freud both treated motivation in terms of energy. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 29.
The importance of motivation for learning follows from the law of exercise. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 30.
The barrier makes the motive stronger. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 31.
Knowledge of results brings improvement in learning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 32.
Level aspiration is improved by failure and lowered by success. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 33.
The level of aspiration is also known as goal discrepancy behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 34.
The level of aspiration is indispensable for learning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 35.
The level of aspiration acts as a drive or motivator. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 36.
The physiological theory of motivation has been advanced by Morgan. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 37.
Hunger, sex and thirst are organic drives. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 38.
The Law of effect directs human behaviour in a particular direction. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 39.
The level of aspiration is otherwise known as goal-setting behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 40.
The hierarchical theory of motivation is also known as the self-actualisation theory of motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 41.
The self-actualisation theory of motivation was advanced by Wolfe. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 42.
Curiosity is a physical drive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 43.
The need for aggression is inevitable for self-preservation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 44.
Gregariousness is an inborn need. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 45.
Gregariousness develops out of social conditioning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 46.
As the human child grows his physiologically motivated behaviours are socialised. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 47.
The socialisation of motives takes place because of social approval and conditioning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 48.
Social approval motive is measured by the Socio-Economic Status Scale. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 49.
Social approval is measured by Maslow’s crown social desirability scale. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 50.
Social approval motive is very much desirable for sound personality development.(True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 51.
PT. Young conducted an experiment On the method of preference using cats. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 52.
Seasonal breeding, the cycle of feeding, elimination and seasonal changes in the migration of birds is observed by the laboratory observation method. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 53.
Homeostasis refers to the restoration of physiological balance and equilibrium. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 54.
Organic drives are also known as biological drives. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 55.
The thirst drive is stronger than the hunger drive. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 56.
Sleep is a basic need. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Sex is said to be a powerful personal drive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 58.
Social motives are called secondary motives. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 59.
Two equally attractive goals produce conflict. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 60.
Slip of the tongue is an unconscious motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 61.
An unconscious attitude is illustrated by Phobia whose origin is unknown to the person concerned. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 62.
Many of the motives which influence the behaviour of a particular individual significantly are unrecognised by the person himself. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 63.
Personal variation is found in different types of motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 64.
Life goals have often their origin in early experiences. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 65.
Particular motives often characterise a given culture rather than the whole of mankind. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 66.
All motives are free from childhood training. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 67.
The origin of some motives is found in childhood training. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 68.
All motives are acquired. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 69.
Drives and instincts are the same. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 70.
Knowledge of performance is a material incentive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 71.
Many different activities may have common motivations. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 72.
Post-hypnotic suggestion provides a good example of Unconscious motivation. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 73.
Social motives are found in all normal human beings. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 74.
We acquire hundreds of needs, few of which have very clear psychological roots. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 75.
The self-assertive motive is also known as the mastery motive. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 76.
The motive to keep contact with others is called assertiveness. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 78.
Frigidity and impotence represent high tide in sexual drive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 79.
Testosterone and androgenic hormone appear to play a key role in the sexual life of female animals. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 80.
The influence of social eating on the amount eaten is observed even in animals. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 81.
Habit and social customs account for most of our aversions to certain foods. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 82.
Hunger pangs, stomach contractions and related body activity, in general, depend upon blood chemistry. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 83.
Motivation is derived from the Latin word “Movere” which means to move. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 84.
Social motives are not always learned motives. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 85.
At birth and soon after almost all needs of the body are physiological in nature. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 86.
Gregariousness is due to social conditioning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 87.
Escape is motivated by the shock. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 88.
Hunger and thirst are equivalent in relation to milk as an incentive. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 89.
A manipulatory drive is most clearly manifested in the play of the human child. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 90.
According to James Lange’s theory of emotion. “We first see a bear, we are afraid and then (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 91.
Emotion is also a kind of motivic. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 92.
Hypothalamus has no role in emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 93.
Emotion is an acute disturbance of the body. (True/False )
Answer:
True

Question 94.
Anger is a positive emotional parent. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 95.
Joy is a positive emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 96.
The Ameti can Psychologist Luna found that voluntary finger movements were a valuable adjunct to the word association method of lie detection. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 97.
The level of activation increases when the person is guilty. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 98.
Lie detection puts a level of activation to work. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 99.
The thalamic theory of emotion is also called the emergency theory of emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 100.
Cannon-Bard theory and emergency theory of emotion are different from each other. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 101.
James Lange’s theory and emergency theory are the same. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 102.
William James is a founder of the functional school of Psychology. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 103.
According to lo Mc Dougall feeling and emotion have only ascending roles in the field of motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 104.
Instincts and emotions are the same. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 105.
Shcrrington’s experiments with cats and Cannon’s experiments with dogs prove that total separation of the Viscera from the CNS does not alter emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 106.
The thalamic theory differs from the J.L. theory chiefly in its emphasis on the independence of emotional experiences and emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 107.
The emergency theory emphasises the role of the hypothalamus in originating emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 108.
Emotional behaviour is essentially disorganised. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 109.
The autonomous nervous system controls emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 110
Anger is an innate emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 111.
The basis of emotional behaviour is general excitement. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 112.
General excitement is inherited. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 113.
From delight, joy develops. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 114.
Fear increases with the development of language. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 115.
Fear for human beings is more found during childhood. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 116.
Fear can be eliminated by behaviour therapy. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 117.
Fear can be eliminated by conditioning techniques. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 118.
A large number of fears occur due to social imitation. Fear can be removed by unlearning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 119.
Fear can be removed by unlearning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 120.
Anger can be treated by removing the irritating factors and substituting a different goal. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 121.
Fear is otherwise known as a temper tantrum. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 122.
Jealousy develops at the age of five months. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 123.
Fear grows from distress. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 124.
Affection develops by the age of two years. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 125.
There is only three innate emotions, fear, anger, and love. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 126.
Bridges maintained that the infant is bom with one basic emotion, a general excitement. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 127.
Watson and Morgan theorised that there are only three basic emotions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 128.
Bridges viewed that by the age of 24 months all emotions are developed. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 129.
A theory that emphasises the adaptive and survival value of infant smiling has been advanced by Frccpair, Loring and Valentine. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 130.
Two fears such as stranger anxiety and separation anxiety appear towards the end of the first year of life. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 131.
Morgan and Ricciuti’s study shows the developmental course of stranger and separation anxiety. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 132.
Donald Iiebb argued that fear of snakes in a product of psychological maturation rather than of learning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 133.
Watson’s view that fear is an innate response to loud noises or the sudden loss of support is no longer accepted. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 134.
Cognitive factors are important in determining the nature and importance of children’s fears. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 135.
How much a child smiles is determined by genetic factors. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 136.
Emotional development indicated a pattern of increasing differentiation from a generalised excitement into progressively more precise emotional reactions. (True/
False)
Answer:
True

Question 137.
Smillinglikecryingmayhaveasurvivalvaluetothechild. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 138.
Younger children show a fear of concrete objects while older children fear more abstract things. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 139.
Disgust is a positive emotion. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 140.
Certain parts of the limbic system are intimately linked with emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 141.
Maturation and learning are inextricably related to emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 142.
The septal-damaged animals are generally preservative and compulsive in their behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 143.
Parts of the cerebral cot ex, the septal region, the ventral medial nucleus and the pyriform cortex function as brakes. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 144.
The back portion of the hypothalamus, the septal region of the brain helps in suppressing primitive emotional reactions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 145.
When the septal area is destroyed, the organism underacts emotionally. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 146.
The cerebral cortex has some power to execute visceral activity which is commonly associated with emotional responses. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 147.
William James who developed the J-L theory of emotion belongs to the structural school of psychology. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 148.
The term emotion has been derived from the Greek word E- Mover. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 149.
Emotions involve internal changes and disturbances in the autonomic nervous system, ductless glands and visceral organs. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 150.
At birth, the new bom baby shows undifferentiated, diffused and general excitement. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 151.
Watson conducted a study on a six-month baby Albert to demonstrate how fear response develops. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 152.
According to Brides emotional development has a genetic sequence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 153.
Symbolic fears are otherwise known as phobias. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 154.
Leonarde Keelar devised the lie detector. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 155.
The lie detector detects emotional reactions in response to questions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 156.
Many chronic gastrointestinal disorders are precipitated by chronic emotional states. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 157.
Psychosomatic, disorders are related to the emotional states of people. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 158.
Prolonged emotional upsets may contribute to organic disorder. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 5 Colonial Cities Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 5 Colonial Cities Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1.
During which time the pre-colonial town did grow?
(a) Mughal
(b) Maratha
(c) English
(d) French
Answer:
(a) Mughal

Question 2.
Which among the following is a pre-colonial city?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Madras
(c) Bombay
(d) Lahore
Answer:
(d) Lahore

Question 3.
Which town of the South was famous for trade and commerce during the Medieval period?
(a) Walter
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Madurai
(d) Bangalore
Answer:
(c) Madurai

Question 4.
Where did the Portuguese establish their colony in India?
(a) Panaji
(b) Madras
(c) Pondicherry
(d) Musulipattanam
Answer:
(a) Panaji

Question 5.
Where did the French establish their colony in India?
(a) Madras
(b) Panaji
(c) Pondicherry
(d) Musulipattanam
Answer:
(c) Pondicherry

Question 6.
Where the Dutch settle in India?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Madras
(c) Pondicherry
(d) Musulipattanam.
Answer:
(d) Musulipattan

Question 7.
In which city the British established their first colony in India?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Madras
(c) Bombay
(d) Pondicherry
Answer:
(b) Madras

Question 8.
In which year railway was introduced in India?
(a) 1825
(b) 1850
(c) 1852
(d) 1853
Answer:
(d) 1853

Question 9.
At the time of the census starting who was the Viceroy of India?
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Lord Bentik
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(a) Lord Ripon

Question 10.
From which year census in India for ten years began?
(a) 1870
(b) 1853
(c) 1857
(d) 1881
Answer:
(d) 1881

Question 11.
What was the name of the fort built by the British at Calcutta?
(a) Fort George
(b) Fort William
(c) Fort St.George
(d) Fort Panjim
Answer:
(b) Fort William

Question 12.
Where Fort George was situated?
(a) Madras
(b) Calcutta
(c) Bombay
(d) Pondicherry
Answer:
(a) Madras

Question 13.
Name of the fort built by the British at Bombay?
(a) Fort William
(b) Fort Augustine
(c) Fort Panjim
(d) Fort George
Answer:
(d) Fort George

Question 14.
Name of the European settlement during the British period around the fort?
(a) George Town
(b) White Town
(c) Fort Town
(d) Black Town
Answer:
(b) White Town

Question 15.
For what factory, Calcutta was famous?
(a) cotton
(b) Leather
(c) Jute
(d) Iron
Answer:
(c) Jute

Question 16.
At first, where did the British establish Hill Station?
(a) Simia
(b) Mount Abu
(c) Kulu-Manali
(d) Darjeeling
Answer:
(a) Simia

Question 17.
In which year Simia Hill Station was established?
(a) 1816
(b) 1818
(c) 1835
(d) 1876
Answer:
(b) 1818

Question 18.
In which place of Sikkim, the British could establish a hill station?
(a) DarjeeLmg
(b) Sikkim
(c) Simia
(d) Manati
Answer:
(a) Darjeeling

Question 19.
Which British Governor-general built buildings for Government offices and his own residence at Calcutta?
(a) Lord Willim Bentïck
(b) Lord Clive
(c) Lord Wellesley
(d) Lord Hastings
Answer:
(c) Lord Wellesley

Question 20.
Where Victoria Memorial Hall situated in India?
(a) Madras
(b) Pune
(c) Delhi
(d) Calcutta
Answer:
(d) Calcutta

Question 21.
Victorial Memorial was established during which Viceroy time?
(a) LordRippon
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Lord Canning
(d) Lord Willim Bentick
Answer:
(b) Lord Curzon

Question 22.
Where is St. Paul Cathedral Located?
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Calcutta
(d) Goa
Answer:
(c) Calcutta

Question 23.
Which architecture of Bombay is built in the style of Big Ben of London?
(a) Writers Building
(b) Rajabai Tower
(c) Victorial Terminus
(d) Fort William
Answer:
(b) Rajabai Tower

Question 24.
In the Latin language which city is regarded as the ‘most famous city’ of India?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Madras
(c) Bombay
(d) Lahore
Answer:
(c) Bombay

Question 25.
Which architecture was built in order to welcome King George and Queen Mary?
(a) Mount Mary Church
(b) Fort St. George
(c) Gateway of India
(d) Victorial Terminus
Answer:
(c) Gateway of India

Question 26.
By whose direction, victoria was built?
(a) George Wettete
(b) F.W. Stevens
(c) William Forbes
(d) George Gilbert
Answer:
(b) F.W Stevens

Question 27.
Which building of Madras (Chennai) is a fine example of the neoclassical style of colonial architecture?
(a) Rippon building
(b) Thomas Mount Church
(c) Madras High Court
(d) Fort St. George
Answer:
(a) Rippon building

Question 28.
As per the letter of Queen Victoria which High Court of India was built?
(a) Bombay High Court
(b) Calcutta High Court
(c) Madras High Court
(d) Delhi High Court
Answer:
(c) Madras High Court

Question 29.
Who had told – ‘Odia is not an independent language’.
(a) R.L. Mitra
(b) R.C. Majumdar
(c) Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya
(d) Gouri Shankar Ray
Answer:
(c) Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya

Question 30.
In which year Ravenshaw College was established?
(a) 1803
(b) 1806
(c) 1867
(d) 1868
Answer:
(d) 1868

Question 31.
Who had established the printing press at Cuttack?
(a) Bichitrananda Das
(b) Gouri Shankar- Ray
(c) Fakir Mohan
(d) Gangadhar Meher
Answer:
(a) Bichitrananda Das

Question 32.
In which year printing press was established at Cuttack in Odisha?
(a) 1829
(b) 1866
(c) 1869
(d) 1876
Answer:
(b) 1866

Question 33.
Magazine ‘Utkal Dipika’ was published by the editorship of whom?
(a) Fakir Mohan
(b) Gangadhan Meher
(c) Bichitrananda Das
(d) Gouri Shankar Ray
Answer:
(d) Gouri Shankar Ray

Question 34.
Who introduced the Hindi language in Sambalpur?
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) Andrew Frezan
(c) Major Impey
(d) Dr. Hansan
Answer:
(b) Andrew Frezan

Question 35.
By whom ‘Sambalpur Hitaisini’ was edited?
(a) Brajamohan Pattnaik
(b) Gangadhar Meher
(c) Dharanidhar Mishra
(d) Nilamani Bidyaratna
Answer:
(d) Nilamani Bidyaratna

Question 36.
Who influenced Lord Curzon to visit Odisha?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Krushna Chandra Narayan Deo
(c) Madhusudan Das
(d) Gouri Shankar Ray
Answer:
(c) Madhusudan Das

Question 37.
Under whose leadership ‘Utkal Hitabadini Sabha’ was formed at Berhampur?
(a) Curzon
(b) Dr. Hansan
(c) Wiliam Mohanty
(d) Malati Devi
Answer:
(c) Wiliam Mohanty

Question 38.
In which year Rishley circular was published?
(a) 1902
(b) 1903
(c) 1904
(d) 1905
Answer:
(b) 1903

Question 39.
In which year Sambalpur detached from the central province and became a part of the Odisha Division?
(a) 1903
(b) 1904
(c) 1905
(d) 1906
Answer:
(c) 1905

Question 40.
In which year Utkal Union conference was formed?
(a) 1890
(b) 1899
(c) 1905
(d) 1903
Answer:
(d) 1903

Question 41.
Bihar Odisha province was created in
(a) 1910
(b) 1911
(c) 1912
(d) 1916
Answer:
(d) 1913

Question 42.
In which year the separate province was formed?
(a) 1932
(b) 1934
(c) 1935
(d) 1936
Answer:
(d) 1936

Question 43.
Who went from Odisha to raise the question of the formation of Odisha as a separate province in the first Round table Conference held at London in 1930?
(a) Baikunthanath Dey
(b) Krushna Chandra Narayan Deo
(c) Sri Ram Chandra Bhaja Deo
(d) Birakishore Dev
Answer:
(b) Krushna Chandra Narayan Deo

Question 44.
Which committee gave the final report to make Cuttack the capital of Odisha?
(a) Hubback Committee
(b) Philip-Duff Committee
(c) O’Donnell Committee
(d) Joint Parliamentary Committee
Answer:
(a) Hubback Committee

Question 45.
Who was the First Prime Minister of Odisha?
(a) Baikunthanath Dey
(b) Sri Ram Chandra Bhanja Deo
(c) Krusha Chandra Narayan
(d) Birakishore Dev
Answer:
(b) Sri Ram Chandra Bhanja Deo

Question 46.
Who was the first Governor of Odisha?
(a) Ravenshaw Saheb
(b) Barlo
(c) Austin Hubback
(d) Hansan
Answer:
(c) Austin Hubback

Question 47.
In which village was Madhu Babu born?
(a) kheras
(b) Salepur
(c) Padmapur
(d) Satyabhamapur
Answer:
(d) Satyabhamapur

Question 48.
In which year ‘Utkal Sabha’ was formed?
(a) 1878
(b) 1880
(c) 1885
(d) 1904
Answer:
(a) 1878

Question 49.
When the Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) was formed?
(a) 1866
(b) 1885
(c) 1888
(d) 1903
Answer:
(d) 1903

Question 50.
Who had established the Utkal Tannery?
(a) Madhu Babu
(b) Gopabandhu Das
(c) Rama Devi
(d) Malati Devi
Answer:
(a) Madhu Babu

Question 51.
When was the ‘Odisha Tennery Bill’ introduced in Bihar-Odisha Legislative Council?
(a) 1900
(b) 1911
(c) 1912
(d) 1913
Answer:
(d) 1913

Question 52.
Who is known as the ‘Gem of Utkal’ (Utkal Mani)?
(a) Madhu babu
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Krushna Chandra Dev
(d) Gouri Shankar
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 53.
Who has established the Open Air Middle English School at Satyabadi?
(a) Madhu Babu
(b) Fakir Mohan
(c) Gopabndhu
(d) Rama Devi
Answer:
(c) Gopabndhu

Question 54.
Who was the founder of the newspaper ‘Samaj’?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Acharya Harihar
(c) Malati Devi
(d) Madhusiidan Das
Answer:
(a) Gopabandhu Das

Question 55.
who was the first President of the Utkal Pradesli Committee?
(a) Acharya Harihar
(b) Krupasindhu Mishra
(c) Gopabandhu Das
(d) Dr. Ekram Rasool
Answer:
(c) Gopabandhu Das

Question 56.
Who composed ‘Bandira Atmakatha’ (Poems of the Prison)?
(a) Radhanath Roy
(b) Madhusudan Das
(c) Gopabandhu Das
(d) Malati Devi
Answer:
(c) Gopabandhu Das

Question 57.
In which year the session of the Utkal Union Conference was held at Paralakhemundi?
(a) 1902
(b) 1903
(c) 1912
(d) 1914
Answer:
(d) 1914

Question 58.
The Bidyadharpur Rice Research Institute was introduced by whose effort?
(a) Gopabandhu
(b) Madhu Babu
(c) Krushna Chandra Gajapati
(d) Malati Devi
Answer:
(c) Krushna Chandra Gajapati

Question 59.
From Odisha who participated in the first Round Table Conference at London?
(a) Madhu Babu
(b) Krushna Chandra Gajpati
(c) Gopabandhu Das
(d) Rama Devi
Answer:
(b) Krushna Chandra Gajpati

Question 60.
Who was given the title ‘Meherbani-i-Dostan’?
(a) Krushna Chandra Gajpati
(b) Madhu Babu
(c) Fakir Mohan
(d) Gangadhar Meher
Answer:
(a) Krushna Chandra Gajpati

Question 61.
Who was the husband of Rama Devi?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Gopabandhu Choudhury
(c) Manmohan Chaudhury
(d) Bhagirathi Mohapatra
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu Choudhury

Question 62.
In which Ashram of Jagatsinghpur did Rama Devi stay?
(a) Sevaghar
(b) Alakashram
(c) Anakhia Ashram
(d) Delanga Ashram
Answer:
(b) Alakashram

Question 63.
What is the name of the Ashram where Rama Devi stayed at Bari?
(a) Kujibar Ashram
(b) Alakashram
(c) Sebaghar
(d) Anakhia Ashram
Answer:
(c) Sebaghar

Question 64.
Name of the woman of Odisha who gets an award from Jamunalal Baj aj foundation?
(a) Rama Devi
(b) Malati Devi
(c) Sarala Devi
(d) Kokila Devi
Answer:
(a) Rama Devi

Question 65.
While reading at Banki School, Sarala Devi was inspired by her love for the motherland.
(a) Laxmi Bai
(b) Suka Dei
(c) Ahalya Bai
(d) Durga Vati
Answer:
(b) Suka Dei

Question 66.
What was the name of the husband of Sarala Devi?
(a) Bhagirathi Mohapatra
(b) Naba Krushna Choudhury
(c) Gopabandhu Das
(d) Gopabandhu Choudhury
Answer:
(a) Bhagirathi Mohapatra

Question 67.
What was the name of the center which was opened by the efforts of Sarala Devi to train Satyagrahis?
(a) Karma Mandir
(b) Udyog Mandir
(c) Jana Mandir
(d) Swaraj Mandir
Answer:
(b) Udyog Mandir

Question 68.
In which Ashram Malati Devi was staying?
(a) Alakashram
(b) Sebaghar
(c) Anakhia Ashram
(d) Nemalo Ashram
Answer:
(c) Anakhia Ashram

Question 69.
Name of the lady of Odisha who attended the Karachi Session of India National Congress.
(a) Kama Devi
(b) Malati Devi
(c) Kokila Devi
(d) Sarala Devi
Answer:
(b) Malati Devi

Question 70.
Who established‘Navajeevan Mandal’at Angul?
(a) Malati Devi
(b) Rama Devi
(c) Sarala Devi
(d) Kokila Devi
Answer:
(a) Malati Devi

Question 71.
Who edited a Magazine named ‘Krusaka’ (farmer)?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Gourishankar Ray
(c) Malati Devi
(d) Rama Devi
Answer:
(c) Malati Devi

Question 72.
With Mahatma Gandhi, Malati Devi traveled to which area to pacify the communal riot?
(a) Cuttak
(b) Surat
(c) Calcutta
(d) Noakhali
Answer:
(d) Noakhali

Question 73.
Which lady freedom fighter was inspired by Vinoba Babe and actively participated in Bhoodan Movement in Odisha?
(a) Kokila Devi
(b) Sarala Devi
(c) Malati Devi
(d) Rama Devi
Answer:
(c) Malati Devi

Question 74.
Name of the husband of Malati Devi.
(a) Gopabandu Das
(b) Nabakrushna Choudhury
(c) Bhagirathi Mohapatra
(d) Madhusudan Das
Answer:
(b) Nabakrushna Choudhury

Question 75.
By whose proposal, the ‘Constituent Assembly’ was formed?
(a) Risely Circular
(b) Cabinet Mission
(c) Crips
(d) O’Donnell Committee
Answer:
(b) Cabinet Mission

Question 76.
Where the meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Madras
(c) Bombay
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(d) Delhi

Question 77.
Who was the first President of the Constituent Assembly?
(a) B. R. Ambedkar
(b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Sachidananda Sinha
(d) Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
Sachidananda Sinha

Question 78.
Who is regarded as the founder of the Indian Constitution?
(a) Rajendra Prasad
(b) B. R. Ambedkar
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
(b) B. R. Ambedkar

Question 79.
When was the Constituent Assembly convened?
(a) 9 December 1946
(b) 27 December 1949
(c) 26 January 1950
(d) 9 March 1948
Answer:
(a) 9 December 1946

Question 80.
What was the desire of the Constituent Assembly?
(a) Establishment of Democracy
(b) Establishment of Diarchy
(c) Establishment of Monarchy
(d) Establishment of Nazism
Answer:
(a) Establishment of Democracy

Question 81.
What is the type of Indian Constitution?
(a) Unwriter
(b) Writer
(c) Flexible
(d) Rigid
Answer:
(b) Writer

Question 82.
In which country is found the largest written constitution of the World?
(a) America
(b) England
(c) Germany
(d) India
Answer:
(d) India

Question 83.
What is known as the Conscience of the Indian Constitution?
(a) Fundamental Rights
(b) Fundamental Duties
(c) Directive Principles
(d) Independent Judiciary
Answer:
(a) Fundamental Rights

Question 84.
The Right to Property became a Fundamental Right by which constitutional amendment?
(a) 42
(b) 43
(c) 44
(d) 62
Answer:
(a) 44

Question 85.
Before the amendment, which Article contained the Right to Property?
(a) 30
(b) 31
(c) 19
(d) 32
Answer:
(b) 31

Question 86.
What is the minimum age to cast vote in India?
(a) 18
(b) 21
(c) 14
(d) 19
Answer:
(a) 18

Question 87.
By constitutional amendment, fundamental duties have been inserted into the Indian Constitution.
(a) 42
(b) 44
(c) 47
(d) 48
Answer:
(a) 42

Question 88.
Which of the following is the highest fundamental law given to the country?
(a) High Court
(b) Lok Adalat
(c) Supreme Court
(d) Constitution
Answer:
(c) Supreme Court

Question 89.
Indian Constitution forms which type of Government?
(a) Presidential form
(b) Parliamentary form
(c) Judiciary form
(d) Legislative form
Answer:
(b) Parliamentary form

Question 90.
Indian Constitution provides which type of citizenship?
(a) Single citizenship
(b) Dual citizenship
(c) Multi citizenship
(d) No citizenship
Answer:
(a) Single citizenship

Fill in the Blanks.

Question 1.
___________ was a pre-colonial city.
Answer:
Lahore

Question 2.
The Dutch established their colony at ___________ in India.
Answer:
Muslipattnam

Question 3.
The French established their colony in India.
Answer:
Pondicharry

Question 4.
The English first established their colony in India at ___________.
Answer:
Madras

Question 5.
Among the Europeans in India ___________ were very clever.
Answer:
English

Question 6.
___________ was famous for an iron factory during colonial rule.
Answer:
Bhilai

Question 7.
From ___________ Viceroy, the census began in India.
Answer:
Lord Ripen

Question 8.
In the ‘White town’ ___________ lived.
Answer:
Europeans

Question 9.
In cities ___________ got entertainment through dance, song, tamsa, etc.
Answer:
common people

Question 10.
Viceroy ___________ first built a building at Calcutta for Governmental work.
Answer:
Lord Wellesley

Question 11.
Victoria Memorial was built in ___________.
Answer:
1906

Question 12.
At ___________ In Calcutta, High Court was built.
Answer:
Esplanade

Question 13.
By the guidance of ___________, the town hall of Bombay was built.
Answer:
Colonel Thomas Cooper

Question 14.
The clock at ___________ is built in the fashion of Big Ben of London.
Answer:
Rajabai Tower

Question 15.
The present name of Victoria Tenninus is ___________.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Question 16.
In the year ___________ the Bombay University was constructed.
Answer:
1957

Question 17.
Eros Cinema Hall is located at ___________.
Answer:
Bombay

Question 18.
In the year ___________, the Bombay High Court started functioning.
Answer:
1862

Question 19.
Elphinstone College is situated at ___________.
Answer:
Bombay

Question 20.
___________ laid the foundation stone of the Ripon Building.
Answer:
Lord Minto

Question 21.
___________ Church has been declared a national shrine in 2006.
Answer:
St. Thomas Mount Church

Question 22.
The Madras Museum is situated at ___________.
Answer:
Egmore

Question 23.
Chepak Palace is located at ___________.
Answer:
Madras

Question 24.
The ___________ City of Pakistan was the Pre-colon Ial City.
Answer:
Lahore

Question 25.
In ___________ year began the census in India.
Answer:
1881

Question 26.
___________ Fort was built by the English at Madras.
Answer:
Fort St. George

Question 27.
___________was the first established hill station in India.
Answer:
Shimla

Question 28.
Viceroy ___________ had first shifted his residence from Delhi to Shimla during the summer.
Answer:
Lord Lawrence

Question 29.
Victorial Memorial is situated at ___________.
Answer:
Calcutta

Question 30.
The British occupied Odisha in ___________.
Answer:
1803

Question 31.
At Balasore, the Printing Press was established in ___________.
Answer:
1866

Question 32.
In ___________ year Madras Government declared Odia language to prevail in the Presidency.
Answer:
1890

Question 33.
___________ helped Nilamani Bidyaratna with the introduction of the Odia language in
Sambalpur.
Answer:
Gangadhar Meher

Question 34.
___________newspaper was published under the Patronage of Harihar Mardaraj.
Answer:
Prajabandhu

Question 35.
In ___________ year Utkal Sabha was formed at Cuttack.
Answer:
1882

Question 36.
Sir S. C. Bele was ___________ of Bengal.
Answer:
Prajabandhu

Question 37.
Sir Andrew Frazer was ___________ of Central Province.
Answer:
Chief Commission

Question 38.
In ___________ year Sambalpur was separated from Central Province.
Answer:
1905

Question 39.
A.C. Duff was a member of ___________.
Answer:
Philip Duff Committee

Question 40.
Hubback Committee was formed in ___________.
Answer:
1933

Question 41.
Committee gave a proposal for the creation of the Odisha High Court.
Answer:
Hubback Committee

Question 42.
___________ took oath as the first Governor of Odisha.
Answer:
Sir John Austin Hubback

Question 43.
Lord Linlithgo was the Chairman of ___________.
Ans.
Joint Parliamentary Committee

Question 44.
Madhusudan Das died in ___________.
Answer:
1934

Question 45.
___________ told that teaching should be imparted in Bengalee in Odisha Schools.
Answer:
Umacharan Haidar

Question 46.
___________ editorship Utkal Dipika was published.
Answer:
Gourishankar Ray

Question 47.
From ___________ place, the two newspapers named ‘Sambad Bahika’ and ‘Utkal Darsan’ were published.
Answer:
Balasore

Question 48.
___________ was the editor of ‘Sambalpur Hiteisini’.
Answer:
Nilamani Bidyaratna

Question 49.
___________ was the ruling region of Krushna Chandra Narayan Deo.
Answer:
Paralakhemundi

Question 50.
In ___________ year Simon Commission visited India.
Answer:
1928

Question 51.
__________ has been given the title the ‘Pride of Utkal’ (Utkal Gouraba).
Answer:
Madhusudan Das

Question 52.
___________is known as the ‘Grand old Man’ of Odisha.
Answer:
Madhu Babu

Question 53.
___________was elected as a member of Odisha and Chhotanagpur Municipality.
Answer:
Madhu Babu

Question 54.
___________had argued for the franchise of Odia women.
Answer:
Madhu Babu

Question 55.
___________had tried for the progress of filigree work at Cuttack.
Answer:
Madhu Babu.

Question 56.
Gopabandhu died in ___________.
Answer:
1928

Question 57.
___________ had started the Gandhian (Congress) movement in Odisha,
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das

Question 58.
___________ is the founder of the newspaper ‘Samaj’.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das

Question 59.
___________had participated in the First Round Table Conference.
Answer:
Krushna Chandra Gajapati

Question 60.
Alakashrama was established on the river bank of ___________.
Answer:
Alaska

Question 61.
___________Committee had finalized the administrative function and territorial arrangement of Odisha Province.
Answer:
Hubback Committee

Question 62.
Rama Devi Participated in the Salt Satyagraha at ___________ of the Balasore District.
Answer:
Inchudi

Question 63.
___________had pacified the student agitation at Ravenshaw College in 1964.
Answer:
1964

Question 64.
In the Salt Satyagraha in Ganjam, Women freedom fighters ___________played a vital role.
Answer:
Sarala Devi

Question 65.
___________ translated the book ‘History of Indian National Congress’ into Odia language.
Answer:
Sarala Devi

Question 66.
___________was the husband of Malati Choudhury.
Answer:
Nabakrushna Choudhury

Question 67.
___________had established Baji Rout Hostel at Angul.
Answer:
Malati Devi

Question 68.
___________had donated all her ornaments to the ‘Utkal Congress Socialist Workers Association’.
Answer:
Malati Devi

Question 69.
___________had played a vital role in the Garjat Movement.
Answer:
Malati Devi

Question 70.
Madhu Babu had accepted ___________religion.
Answer:
Christianity

Question 71.
In ___________village of Puri District Gopabandhu Das was born.
Answer:
Suando

Question 72.
After India became independent, in ___________ movement did Rama Devi join.
Answer:
Bhoodan Movement

Question 73.
In 1921, ___________session of the Indian Congress was attended by Sarala Devi.
Answer:
Nagpur

Question 74.
___________Magazine was edited by Malati Devi.
Answer:
Krusaka

Question 75.
___________, Women Freedom Fighter of Odisha had denied receiving the ‘ Jaimmalal Bajaj Foundation’Award.
Answer:
Malati Devi

Question 76.
The Magazine titled ‘Satyabadi’ was published at ___________.
Answer:
Sarshigopal

Question 77.
The present name of Victoria High School is ___________.
Answer:
Bhakta Madhu Vidyapitha

Question 78.
For restoring communal harmony, ___________ traveled with Mahatma Gandhi in the Noakhali area of Bengal.
Answer:
Malati Devi

Question 79.
___________was a member of the Odisha Provincial Council from 1937 to 1944.
Answer:
Sarala Devi

Question 80.
In the Prajamandal Movement of Odisha, ___________ played a vital role.
Answer:
Malati Devi

Question 81.
The Indian Constitution came into force from ___________.
Answer:
26 January 1950

Question 82.
___________was the Permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assem iy.
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 83.
___________is the father of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
B. R. Ambedkar

Question 84.
The Indian Constitution was adopted in ___________.
Answer:
26 November 1949

Question 85.
The idea of ___________ freedom struggle has been reflected in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
American War of Independence

Question 86.
The idea of ___________revolution created an idea in forming the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
French Revolution

Question 87.
India is a Union of ___________.
Answer:
States

Question 88.
By ___________, the Supreme Court of India protects the interest of the Citizens.
Answer:
Writ

Question 89.
The Indian Constitution contains ___________ fundamental duties.
Answer:
10

Question 90.
The fundamental rights are the conscience of the Indian Constitution was told by ___________.
Answer:
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 91.
The constitutional amendment procedure has been described in Article ___________.
Answer:
368

Question 92.
Article ___________ of the Indian Constitution empowers a citizen to profess and propagate religion as per one’s desire.
Answer:
Article 25

Question 93.
The Indian Judiciary works on ___________.
Answer:
Integrated Judicial System

Question 94.
___________was the advisor of the Constitutional Drafting Committee.
Answer:
B.N. Rao

Question 95.
___________ is the objective of the constitution.
Answer:
Preamble

Question 96.
___________one is called as the ‘Lawyers Paradise’.
Answer:
Indian Constitution

Question 97.
___________ Indian first thought about the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Manabendra Roy

Question 98.
___________is regarded as the conscience of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights

Question 99.
___________ Articles are there in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
395

Question 100.
___________ schedules are there in the Indian Constitution
Answer:
10

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 4 Process of Thinking Long Answer Questions Part 1.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 4 Process of Thinking Long Answer Questions Part-1

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define the meaning and definition of thinking.
Answer:
Thinking is a very often used psychological term in our daily life. The importance of thinking is evident not only for the wide use of the term but also because thinking helps in the solution of all our day-to-day problems. Thinking is the most complex of all psychological processes and it is thinking that normally differentiates man from lower animals.

The reasoning is different from mere thinking of something, as it involves a sequence of symbolic activities. Reasoning also differs from the free association of ideas as in reasoning recall and the sequence of associations is more or less controlled. Thinking helps in solving a problem, and in fulfilling a need or motivation.

Ruch (1970) observed that thinking is always directed toward preparation for action towards producing new meanings, towards producing beliefs, and towards attending enjoyment. The graphic and verbal symbols are mentally manipulated in order to solve a problem, plan a building a decorate a drawing room. Thinking is, therefore, called ‘mental trial and error’.

The motor activities are minimum in thinking. Thinking is also called a symbolic process. Earlier we have discussed how thinking has been described in different ways by different psychologists on the basis of its characteristics such as thinking as a mental exploration, symbolic process, cognitive activity, problem-solving, behavior, mental or implicit trial and error, subvocal talking, and so on.

However, Warren has attempted to give a more comprehensive definition of thinking which embraces most of its characteristics. According to him “thinking is an activity concerning in cell. It is symbolic in character initiated by a problem or task which the individual is facing involving some trial and error but under the directing influence of that problem and ultimately leading to a conclusion or solution of the problem.”

Thinking is possible without immediate stimulus, with the help of ideas. An idea or an image stands as a substitute for an object in its absence. This is called a symbol. A symbol is said to be anything that stands for something else. All thinking deals with substitutes for things. That is why thinking is called a symbolic behavior. Hence, symbolic representation, and manipulation are the most important characteristics of thinking.

Question 2.
Define the pre-operational period.
Answer:
The preoperational period extends from two to seven years. The first part of this stage is also known as the pre-conceptual period. It is characterized by the use of language and symbolic function. These two are built upon the systematic use of representation which begins in the last stage of sensory-motor operation.

Pre-conceptual refers to the beginning of symbolization in thinking. It is the period prior to the use of symbols in thinking or the preparatory stage for the same. Actually, the pre-operational stage extends from the end of the sixth stage of the sensory-motor period i.e., about 18 months to -1 year of age to 6 or 7 years.

The pre-operational period is sub-divided into

• Pre conceptual period roughly lasts for 2-4 years and
• Intuitive 4-7 years.

By the time the child reaches the pre-conceptual period he has mastered some language, constructs symbols, and is engaged in make-believe play like preparing food for mama in small covers of tins and bottles getting their dollars married, giving injections to their dollars, etc. It is the period when the child develops his symbolic function, imagery, and genuine representation.

He starts differentiating between words and images and perceptually absent events. The connection between these two is made by images that intervene in the development of imitation, play, and cognitive representation. Piaget thus states “Towards one half to two years, the symbolic function appears, language, symbolic play (the beginning of fictional invention) deferred imitation i.e., occurring sometime after the original event and that kind of internalized imitation which give rise to mental imagery occurs.

However the child cannot immediately construct such an operation, several years of preparation and organization are still required. In fact, it is much more difficult to reproduce and act correctly in thought than to carry it out on the behavioral level. The child of 2 years, for example, is able to coordinate his movements from place to place (when he walks about the room or in the garden) in a group, as well as his movements when he turns objects around.

But a lengthy period of time will elapse before he will be able to represent them precisely in thought in reproducing, for example, from memory with the help of objects, a plan of the room or garden, or in inverting the positions of objects in thought by turning the pan around.” Another important characteristic of the pre-operational stage is showing a response to a new stimulus considering it as if a previously known stimulus.

For instance, a two-year-old child may use a stick as a candle and try to light it putting it on the candle stand, or taking several matchboxes he may try to construct a two-story building. It is commonly seen that children consider their toys or dolls as brothers, sisters, and playmates and talk with the term, feed them, make them sleep on their laps sing a lorry, etc.

HoweverAnurag the two-year-old grandson of this author while playing with dolls “Anu and Sweta clearly express that they are not real Anu and Sweta. He says, “real Sweta is at Bangalore and real Anime. “These two are false ones.” However, pre-conceptual thinking at this stage is not of a high order compared to older children and adults. The child during the pre-operational stage only possesses preconceptions.

Question 3.
Define the sensory-motor period.
Answer:
Sensory-Motor Period:
The sensory-motor period is the period that starts before the language development of the child. Piaget distinguished between two major stages in cognitive development i.e., sensory-motor intelligence (0-2 years) and conceptual intelligence (0-to Maturity). During the sensory-motor period, the child’s adaptations and activities do not involve extensive use of symbols or language.

For example, the ability of a 9-month-old baby to search for a missing toy under the bed or to move a blanket towards him to get the toy that is kept on the other end of the blanket is an act of intelligence that does not require any language. In this manner through various sensory-motor acts, the baby solves and adapts to various demands of life.

These acts are considered pre-verbal. The sensory-motor period extends approximately from birth to -2 years of age approximately. It is divided into six phases. Through these six stages, a gradually complex pattern of intellectual behavior develops. The first four stages of the sensory-motor period are generally achieved during the first year.

Reflex – (0 – 1 month):
During this stage, innate and simple reflexes like sucking movements become more prominently seen, for the first month the infant only exercises the reflexes present at birth. This is the only mental organization at this age according to Piaget. Besides sucking (reflex) the nipple put inside the infant’s mouth, other reflexes are crying, grasping, movement of arms, trunks, and head, etc.

All stimuli the infant faces in the environment are reacted through these reflex activities present at birth. These unlearned inborn reflexes constitute the major adaptive behavior of the infant.

Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 months):
This stage extends roughly from the age of one month to 0-4 months after birth. During this period simple activities are characterized by repeated acts. The same activity or reaction like sucking, fingering the bed sheet, and opening and closing of the fists are done repeatedly. These activities the child does without any purpose or intention.

He also appears not to be interested in the effect that his behavior has on the environment around him. His activities lack purpose and he makes simple coordinated movements. Particularly thumb sucking becomes habitual. Thus the primary circular reaction stage involves the coordination of responses and reflexes. There is eye-hand coordination. When he hears something he looks in that direction which is called orienting reflex. He grasps objects and sucks them.

Secondary Circular Reaction (4 to 8 months):
This is the third stage of the sensory-motor period, which extends from four to eight months approximately. In contrast to the second stage in this phase, the child is able to anticipate the consequences of his actions. After about four months of postnatal age, the infant starts making purposeful movements and intentionally repeats responses to achieve some end.

For instance, grasping activities are extended to pulling and shaking, etc. He may kick his legs at a toy to make astringing movements hanging in front of him. The child repeats responses to get some meaningful and interesting results. Most of the movements of the hand-eye and mouth are coordinated. His interest and attention are now shifted to objects outside his body.

Intentionality is the main characteristic of this stage which differentiates it from the second stage of the sensory-motor period. He repeats various activities to produce changes in his environment. He looks for toys and Other objects in which he is interested in places where he has seen them being kept earlier.

For instance, if he is interested in a pen kept on the small table, he may try to reach for it there. In the second stage, the act was repeated for its own sake without any intent or purpose while here the aim is to produce an interesting stimulus effect. Piaget names this act as reproductive assimilation meaning the child tries to reproduce events with an intention.

Now he is more interested in the objective world around him of which he was not aware in the earlier stages. These are all signs of intellectual development. Actions of this stage are called secondary as they are an amalgamation of images previously developed. Reactions are called circular because they are repetitive and self-reinforcing (Philips -1969).

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (7-10 months):
In this stage, there is further development in the child’s mental activity. He starts solving simple problems and shows capability for the same. He uses already-learned responses to achieve a goal. A cigarette packet kept in daddy’s shirt’s front pocket earlier was hidden behind a pillow. Now when he does not sec it in daddy’s, he will try to search for it behind the pillow.

Here he uses his earlier learning of moving the pillow to get an object. The child understands that means are separate from ends and also forms a means-end relationship which is a sign of developed intellectual behavior, in this stage, he uses his learned response as a means to attain the desired goal (getting the toy) and not as an end in itself.

In this stage, he will with all seriousness do the job to achieve something in mind. He will try to overcome all obstacles to get the desired object. Thus his behavior shows greater intentionality. he shows the ability to anticipate. New objects are incorporated into the already existing schemata of the child. He shows lots of interest in different objects and play materials, and examines those in which he is interested.

He learns the shape, and size of the objects thus acquiring constancy of the shape and size of objects. He leams that an object exists in space even if it cannot be seen directly. This is a very important sign of improvement in the cognitive ability of the baby. This type of reaction indicates the rudiments of reasoning and anticipatory behavior.

Tertiary Circular Reactions (11-18 months):
This stage is characterized by active trial and error, experimentation like exploration, variation, and change of behavior. By the age of one year, the child seems to be really interested in new things and demonstrates a great deal of curiosity which indicate his operations at a higher level. He starts forming new schemata to solve new problems.

He will not play with the same toys again and again. In the earlier stages, he was repeatedly playing with the same toys. Now he wants new toys every day to play with and explore. He breaks toys to see what is inside. He would try to open toy cars, telephones, piano, etc, and then again would try to put them in order.

The child tries to experiment through trial and error methods to develop new means of reaching the end. Develops curiosity about different objects around him, and tries to know about them by asking questions like “what is this”, in the case of every object. He tries to solve various simple problems like opening a small pencil box, opening.

Question 4.
What is the period of institutional thought and concrete operative stage?
Answer:
Period of Intuitive Thought:
This stage lasts for 4 to 7 or 8 years, concepts develop more at his stage. He elaborates his concepts, thoughts, images and more complex representations are constructed. Now he is capable of grouping objects together into classes as per his own perception of similarity. Now he gathers some ideas about class membership and objects included in that particular class.

The child uses quantifiers such as some, all, more little, less, etc when Anurag who is now 26 months old eats a mixture, we put them one by one in his mouth, but he wants to eat more, says give me more or when a full spoon of rice is put inside his mouth, he says “give me less otherwise it will be stuck in my throat and I will have vomiting.”

Here he draws logical conclusions like if you give me more, it will stick inside my throat and I will vomit “If you go away I will cry”. However, in most children, this ability to draw logical conclusions at this stage is very very limited. His understanding is still comprehended objects or situations, from one angle only as discussed earlier.

A child of two years of age very well knows the existence of an object even if it is hidden from him. Even if the moon is not found in the sky in the daytime or during certain periods of the month, he knows that the moon stays in the sky because he asks his mama or grandma to show him the moon in the sky.

Irreversibility is the most important characteristic of the pre-operational stage according to Piaget. Reversibility refers to the ability of the child to main fair equivalence to perceive the object in a stereo-typed manner in spite of the change in the perceptual field. If papa is taller than Mama, then mama is shorter than Papa, and he is unable to accept, understand or conceive.

Thus during the age of 4 to 7 years, he does not develop the concept of invariance. Gradually his language develops and his thought processes become less entered. Conservation refers to the conceptualization that the quantity remains the same in spite of any change in the shape or position of the object.

Conservation of number appears around the age of 6-7 years. The conservation ability of the child can be increased through instruction and using various reinforcement techniques. But Piaget said that conservation comes mainly through experience, manipulation, and exposure, not by teaching the child how to conserve.

No difference is observed in the conservation ability of children of the same age who go to school and who remain at home. This happens for all cultures in the world. Further pre operational children are qualitatively different from sensory-motor children in thought.

Language helps tremendously in mental development at this stage. Piaget is of opinion that language serves three major purposes in mental development.

• It helps in the socialization process.
• The child thinks by using words and signs.
• Action is more internalized and symbolized rather than perceptual motor because of language development. Language facilitates logical thought.

Between the age of 2 to 4 years, the child’s speech is mostly egocentric. He speaks to himself even when no one is present. In all his talk he says “It is mine I have done this, where is my toy, my mama, my papa, my pencil, my rocket, etc? He is not concerned about others. His speech does not mention others. But between 4 to 7 years of age language becomes more communicative.

He talks with others and exchanges ideas. Instead of ‘I’, I mine more and more your, you, he, she, mama, papa, etc. are used in language and speech. Thus their speech becomes more and more socialized between the age of 4-7 years. Socialization starts speedily after language is developed. Through language, the child begins better communication with family members peers, and outsiders.

He is now able to express his thought and images through language. Bernstein’s observations on class differences in children’s language ability indicate that lower-class children perform relatively more poorly than their middle-class counterparts on tasks involving cognitive functioning i.e., thinkings, reasoning, conceptualization, and on standard intelligent tests which depend upon language skills.

This gap between the middle and lower classes becomes more significant with an increase in age. Culture has also a pronounced effect on intellectual development. Culturally deprived and disadvantaged environments produce and maintain progressive retardation in the area of intelligence, cognitive development, and school achievement.

Hers and Shipman (1965) conducted some very important research in America the results of which confirmed Bernstein’s findings. But certain studies show that with concentrated individual training, the effects of early deprivation can be overcome and market gain can be observed in intellectual functioning. (Blank and Soloman, 1968).

Concrete Operation Stage:
The concrete operation stage starts from 7 years and continues up to 11-12 years. Real symbolic activity emerges during this period. Improvement in language ability helps in mediation, concept formation, abstraction, and problem-solving, children at this age instruct and direct themselves through silent talking and covert speech.

During the concrete operation stage when the child reaches 7 years of age, he begins to relate different aspects of a situation to one another and at last arrives at a “notion of conservation”. Piaget calls this principle of invariance. Suppose the child is making different shapes of animals from a particular amount of clay which remains constant, say an elephant or a dog or a horse.

The child now understands that whatever may be the figure or shape the amount of clay remains constant, the figure may vary, but the clay is the same. He could not have had this idea in the earlier period. A five-year-old child believes that.

Question 5.
What is creative thinking and describe the stage and characteristics of creative thinking?
Answer:
Creative Thinking:
Creative thinking refers to the ability to explore the situation in a novel way to contribute something new to society and mankind. It becomes explosive in the performance of a person. A creative person tries to achieve something new, to produce something original, something unique.

Creative thinkers are great boons to society. Creative thinking is a must for the progress and prosperity of any country. The advancement of science and technology in any country is the outcome of creative thinking. On the whole, creativity is a characteristic of thought and of problem-solving, generally considered to include originality, novelty, and appropriateness.

It is the process of developing original level and yet appropriate responses to a problem. However, unless an original and novel solution is appropriate, it can not be termed creative. An appropriate response is one that is deemed reasonable in terms of the situation.

Stages in Creativity:
Morris Stein (1974) has defined creativity as a process involving three stages:

• hypothesis formation
• hypothesis testing and
• communication of results.

In hypothesis formation, people try to formulate a new response to the problem. However, finding a new response to a problem is not an easy affair. Individuals have to confront situations and try to think in non-stereotyped ways. They have to explore paths that have not been explored before and think in new ways. Creative persons sometimes experience a sudden brilliant illumination.

The creative person may be a scientist, an artist, or an artisan. But new ideas (or hypotheses) have to be tested against reality. At this stage, applying the criterion of appropriateness is crucial. If the result is novel, original, and appropriate, the individual can move towards the third stage i.e., communication of results. Communicating the idea is sometimes straightforward.

Very often, the process requires extensive explanation. Characteristics vary with creative people. Understanding the thought processes of creative individuals may allow psychologists to help others to become creative. Further, identifying the characteristics of creative individuals may allow psychologists and educators to spot these gifted persons early in life and facilitate the development of their creative abilities.

Research works of psychologists reveal that creative people are flexible in their approach to a problem. They do not use preconceived solutions. These people always desire a complex array of thoughts, ideas, and data (Dallas & Gaier, 1970). Moreover, creative people approach problem-solving in unique ways.

Guilford (1967) has defined creative thinking as a form of thought that is divergent. Guilford reveals that divergent thinking is the production of new information from known information or the generation of logical possibilities which serve as the basis of creativity. Emphatically he told that divergent thinking occurs in response to a problem that as yet is not defined.

The divergent mode of thinking is the essence of creative performance. From different studies, it was found that there is no significant difference between normal and creative people so far as brain-wave patterns are concerned. There is no firm evidence that creative people are either more or less intelligent than other people.

The data relating to IQ scores and creativity are inconclusive. Some studies have found a distinction between creativity and intelligence test scores others have shown a positive correlation. Creative people tend to be independent non-conformists, experiencing great tension and strong opposite drives.

Henry Poincare, the great French Mathematician experienced the following stages of creative thinking. These stages have been obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and the introspection of creative thinkers. Though these stages of creative thinking vary from individual to individual and problem to problem, still there are some common stages of creative thinking.
These stages are:

• Preparation
• Incubation
• Inspiration or Illumination
• Evaluation
• Verification or Revision.

Preparation:
The first step of creative thinking is preparation. Education prepares an individual for creative work. The training that a doctor, an engineer, and a scientist gets through education, takes them in a new direction and opens new vistas for them. Moreover, formulation of a problem, collection of information, a survey of relevant work in the concerned field, preliminary knowledge of the subject, and trial and error method are all essential for creative thinking. According to Edison, preparation provides much inspiration for creative work. It is the foundation for creative thinking.

Incubation:
This is the second stage of creative thinking. In this stage, there is an almost complete absence of overt activity. Conscious thought about the problem is totally absent. This is said to be a period of no progress. But the thinker is not aware of the progress. Some experts opine that though the creative thinker does not think consciously about his creation, the problem is solved without his awareness. This is how many problems are solved while we are asleep. In this span of time, the ideas which were interfering with the solution to the problem tend to fade.

Inspiration or Illumination:
In a sudden flash, creative ideas come to mind after the period of incubation. If you were unable to solve a mathematical problem yesterday, now all of a sudden the solution comes to your mind abruptly. Very often, new ideas come in the dream, when the person is in the subconscious stage. For creative people, these sudden ideas are very crucial. The period of inspiration is often proceeded by a certain amount of trial and error. Some experts view that trial and error activity does not, anyway, supplement creative thinking. However, inspiration provides a specific direction toward the goal and it makes the person think in that direction.

Evaluation:
This is the fourth stage of thinking. Here the thinker tries to find out whether the solution which comes to his mind is correct or not. Very often, the apparent solution proves to be wrong. When the thinker feels that it is wrong, then he goes back to the first stage of creative thinking i.e., the preparatory stage.

Verification:
It is the individual finds that the solution is correct, then it is accepted. If it is proven wrong, then he thinks that it does not suit the assumption. As a result, he has to start again from the beginning. In certain cases, he may invite some modifications or revisions. Some observations indicate that ‘inspiration’ comes as the last stage of creative thinking instead of ‘verification’. But studies reveal that it becomes necessary to evaluate the process of creative thinking in most cases.

Characteristics of Creative Thinkers:
Generally, creative people are high in intellectual ability, but they are not necessarily in the highest brackets measured by these tests. Many creative people are talented in some special way – in music or in literature. In other words, they have certain specific abilities that they can use in their search for new ideas.

No doubt, many creative thoughts come as sudden insights. But such ‘ flashes’ are more likely after hard thinking about a problem. So in one way, diligence and strong motivation to work at solving problems are characteristics of creative thinkers. Further, creative thinkers have some personality features in common. Evidence from personality tests indicates that these people have the following traits:

• They prefer complexity.
• They are more complex psychodynamically and have greater personal scope.
• They are more independent in their judgments.
• They are more self-assertive and dominant.
• They reject suppression as a mechanism for the control of impulses. (Barron, 1963).

In 1975, Welsh revealed that a personality dimension “origins” is related to creativity. An individual high on this dimension resists conventional approaches which have been determined by others. Such a person is more interested in artistic, literary, and aesthetic matters.

Question 6.
Describe the stages of cognitive development by Piaget.
Answer:
Piaget is a development theorist who believes that cognitive development occurs gradually phase by phase.
Piaget has divided the entire period of cognitive development into four basic stages.

1. The sensory-motor period is 0-2 years approximately.
2. Preoperational period 2-7years approximately.
3. Concrete operational period 7-12 years approximately
4. The formal operational period is 12 years above approximately.

Sensory motor period:
The sensory-motor period is the period that starts before the language development of the child. Piaget distinguished between 2 major stages in cognitive development that is sensory-motor intelligence (0-2 years) and conceptual intelligence (0-10 maturity). During the sensory-motor period, the child’s adaptions and activities don’t involve extensive use of symbols or language.

It is divided into six phases:
Reflex (0-1) month:
During this stage, innate and simple reflexes of live sucking movements become more prominently seen.

Primary circulation reaction (1-4) months:
This stage extends roughly from the age of one month to 0-1 month after birth.

Secondary circular reaction (4 to 8 months):
This is the 3rd. stage of the sensory-motor period who extends from four to eight months approximately.

Coordination of secondary circular reactions (7-10 months):
In this stage, there is further development in the child’s mental activity.

Tertiary circular reactions (11-18 months):
This stage is characterized by active trial and error, experimentation like exploration, variation, and change of behavior.

Internal mental combination (18-24 months):
This is the final and most advanced stage.

Pre-operational period:
The preoperational period extends from two to seven years. The first part of this stage is also known as the pre-conceptual period. It is characterized by the use of language and symbolic function. These two are built upon the systematic use of representation which begins in the last stage of sensory-motor operation.

Pre-conceptual refers to the beginning of symbolization in thinking. It is the period of the use of symbols in thinking or the preparatory stage for the same. Actually, the pre-operational stage extends from the end of the sixth stage of the sensory-motor period which is about 18 months to 1 year of age to 6 or 7 years.

The pre-operational period is subdivided into

• The pre-conceptual period roughly lasts 2-4 years.
• Initiative 4-7 years.

By the time the child reaches the pre-conceptual period he has mastered some language that he uses in his thinking process as a symbolic unit.

Period of intuitive Thought:
This stage lasts for 4 to 7 or 8 years. Concepts develop more at this stage. He elaborates his concepts, thoughts images, and more complex representations are constructed. Now he is capable of grouping objects together into classes as per his own perception of similarity. Now he gathers some ideas about class membership and objects included in that particular class.

The chi Id uses quantifiers such as some, all, more little, less, etc. when Anurag who is now 26 months, old cats mixture we put one by one in his mouth, but he wants to eat more sayS, give me more or when a full spoon of rice is put inside his mouth, he says, “give me less. Otherwise, it will stuck in my throat and I will have to vomit.”

Concrete operation Stage:
The concrete operation stage starts from 7 years and continues up to 11-12 years. Real symbolic activity emerges during this period. Improvement in language ability helps in mediation, concept formation, abstraction, and problem-solving, children at this age instruct and direct them through silent talking and covert speech. During the concrete operation stage when the child reaches 7 years of age, he begins to relate different aspects of a situation to one another and at last arrives at a “notion of conservation” Piaget catches this principle in this stage.

Formal operation stage (11 years and above):
After the age of 11, the child is capable of abstract thinking and reasoning. In the concrete operations stage, he uses logic and reasoning in an elementary way, applying them in the manipulation of concrete objects.

Question 7:
Define thinking as a problem-solving behavior and its steps involved in problem-solving.
Answer:
The problem means any conflict or difference between one situation and the goal is a problem. T}ie thinking that we do in problem-solving is goal-directed. For solving problems, we use some rules. But two rules are important algorithms and heuristics. An algorithm is a set of rules which if followed correctly will guarantee a solution to a problem.

Thinking is initiated by a problem and ends with a solution. The individual while interacting with the environment needs to solve several problems and fulfill goals and motives. But the satisfaction of various needs and desires is not so easily done. Sometimes using a face barrier to the goal blocks the satisfaction of a motive.

There is no readymade or immediate means to cross the barrier and reach the goal. Thus, the individual is faced with a problem. The problem is how to cross the barrier. For the solution to this problem, the person has to take recourse to some psychological process which helps in removing the obstacle from the way to the goal. This very psychological process is called thinking or problem-solving behavior.

Steps involved in problem-solving
Problem:
To start thinking the basic requirement is the perception of a problem. The ‘ S ’ or the individual must be interested to solve the problem. He must understand the importance of the problem.

Formulation of a Hypothesis:
The ‘S’ must analyze and review the problem from various angles and standpoints. Certain assumptions are made regarding the final outcome. These assumptions are called hypotheses.

Preparation:
Preparation includes assembling the tools or materials required to solve the problem. New ideas crystalize at this stage.

Possible solutions:
In this stage, this subject is engaged in finding out the solution. A variety of solutions may come to his mind.

Evaluation:
This stage includes checking the hypothesis against the obtained solution.

Testing and Revision of the solution:
Tentative solutions are carefully tested before they are accepted for practical use. All these steps are blended and interwoven in most problem-solving behaviors.

Question 8.
Define strategies in problem-solving and describe the different factors in helping problem-solving.
Answer:
While trying to solve a problem, the person seeks a strategy or systematic mode of attacking the problem:
Problem-solving as Gap Filling:
Bart left on the basis of his research on the thinking process has concluded that all problem-solving appears to illustrate one or more of B kinds of gap-filling processes.

Structures in problem-solving:
Problem-solving has been regarded as essentially a process of thinking in Structure.

Problem-solving involves trial and error:
When a problem becomes quite difficult for the S to solve only by thinking, the S may be engaged in random. Trial and error, the case of Thorndike’s cat in the puzzle box serves as an example of physical trial and error.

Problem-solving and insight:
In many problem-solving experiments, it has been found the solution to the problem comes suddenly without any observable trial and error.

Problem-solving involves concepts:
By manipulating concepts, problems are solved easily. According to Crovitz, “practice with the method of manipulating, concepts increases the ability to solve problems easily.

Factors in helping problem-solving behavior:
Every person’s thinking takes place in his own unique, background and psychological setup like the attitude, belief, motive, past experience, and mental set of the thinker.

Motivation:
Like learning motivation is one of the most important factors which make problem-solving easy by giving it direction. It directs behavior toward the goal. Tinking is always motivated by some problems.

Past Experience:
The positive transfer effect facilitates problem-solving a great deal. Acquisitions of the past in similar situations are generalized in the present situation. This makes it easier to solve the problem.

Personal Context:
Milton (1959) conducted a study to compare the responses of men and women to problems appropriate to masculine and feminine roles. Results show the influence of an individual’s personal context on his problem-solving behavior.

Mental Set:
The importance of a set as a preparatory adjustment for performing a task has been shown in diverse fields of different psychological experiments. Set because of its facilitatory or inhibitory effect has occupied an outstanding position in the psychology of thinking.

Question 9.
Define psychological or personal motive.
Answer:
Curiosity:
Curiosity is a psychological motive. It is a motivational tendency to act which does not have specific and indefinable goals. Behind any act of exploration, investigation, and research, there is a desire to know any curiosity. Research findings of Dember (1956) and Fowler (1958) revealed that rats preferred novelty, change, and complexity in Y and T mazes. It is not an exclusively human trait.

Animal experiments proved that curiosity behavior is also found in many animals (Buttler, 1954). Curiosity motives for sensory stimulation are also conducive to the motive for exploration. Evidence indicated that the curiosity motive can be unlearned. The need for changing sensory stimulation is closely related to curiosity. It is the basic motive. Exploration and curiosity are just two expressions of it. Very often, we are motivated to master challenges in the environment. This is called “Competence Motivation”.

Achievement Motivation:
The need for achievement causes individuals to strive for bigger and better accomplishments. It is a personal need that directs a person to strive constantly for excellence and success. It is a personality variable that appears to differ from one individual to another. Some people are highly achievement-oriented and competence-oriented and others are not so.

Need for Achievement:
It is a personal need that directs a person to strive constantly for excellence and success. This motive has been subjected to intensive study by a group of Harvard psychologists like David Me Cleveland and John Atkinson. They used projective tests to asses achievement motivation. Many studies have been done to find out the relationship between achievement motivation and performance.

Generally, people with a need for achievement seek to accomplish things and improve performance. The results of these studies revealed that people who are high in achievement motivation generally do better on tasks than those who are low. Further studies also revealed that people high in need for achievement are motivated to succeed.

Research works also indicated that the need for achievement is increased by independence, training, and self-dependent attitudes. Me Cleveland has found that the need for achievement is also related positively to the higher economic status of the society. Experts also revealed that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are closely related to achievement motivation.

Self-actualization:
A humanistic approach to motive was developed by Maslow (1954). It is very important for its practical value. His humanistic model is popularly known as the theory of ‘self-actualization’. Maslow’s approach was unique. He attempted to portray a total picture of human behavior.

Maslow tried to explain human motives or needs by arranging them in a hierarchy. His arrangement was made in the order of potency and priority of unsatisfied human needs. The most basic aspects of human motivation are physiological needs and at the highest level, the desire to utilize one’s personal capacities is found.

Here the individual develops his potentialities to the fullest and engages in activities for which he is well-studied.’ This level is called ‘self-actualization’. Maslow’s approach reveals that every category of need has a limited capacity to motivate behavior. Beyond this point of limitation, it is necessary to involve a higher category of need.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 4 Process of Thinking Long Answer Questions Part 2.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 4 Process of Thinking Long Answer Questions Part-2

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define meaning, the definition of motivation, and the goals of motivation.
Answer:
All these motivational terms regulate the behavior of a person. When we say one is motivated, we mean to say that he is driven or moved to an act by an inner control urge or force as in the case of the writer just discussed. In any action, except a simple reflex, the ‘O’ is guided by certain underlying internal conditions.

They direct the ‘O’ toward specific goals. In the opinion of Bunch (1958) a drive or a motive is a “persistent behavior which appears to be dominated by the time being by a relatively limited group of stimuli acting on the organism.” Motivation is derived from the Latin word “Movere” which means to move.

In the literal sense, it is a process that arouses the energy or drives in the individual to proceed in an activity. The activity aroused, fulfills the need, and reduces the drive or tension. Until it has not fulfilled the need, the drive is not reduced. P.T. Young has defined motivation as the process of arousing an action, sustaining the activity in progress, and regulating the pattern of activity.

Let us take the case of hunger which is a common biological motive. When one is hungry, the need is food. This need creates internal physiological changes in the ‘ O’ which induces a drive. This drive goal or directs the ‘O’ to search for food: When the food is available, the hunger needs is fulfilled and the drive is reduced and the activity ceases then and there.

A motivated act is completed When the goal is reached. Take the case of Thomdike’s eats. Only when the cat is hungry or has the need to escape out ofthe problem box, it tries to open the door. Otherwise, the cat may simply sleep inside the problem box very peacefully. Lashley (1938). He indicated that motivated behavior does not consist simply of chains of stimulus-response sequences.

Conditions within ‘O’ change his response to a particular stimulus at a particular moment. That is why the same person may show different types of responses to the same stimulus on different occasions. Motivation also varies from person to person. Freud, Young, Woodworth, and McDougall, all are of opinion that every action has an underlying cause behind it.

Every learning goal-oriented. Motivation is the superhighway to learning. So Thompson remarked, “All our behaviors are controlled from within the organism by primary motives and the secondary motives are determined by external stimuli.” McDougall and Freud both treated motivation in terms of energy, a conception That has persisted in the psychology of motivation down to the present time.

Freud stated that this energy is derived from a general reservoir of sexual motivation, the libido which is further supplied to all other behavior. McDougall said that all motives are purposive and directed towards a goal. “He led the foundation stone to the idea of motivational energy, the varieties of its expression, and the physiological mechanisms through which it operates.” (Kimbel and Germany 1980).

According to Atkinson (1958), the term motivation refers to the arousal ofthe tendency to act to produce one or more effects. Murphy considered motivation as the general name for the fact that an organism’s act is partly determined by its own nature and internal structure. N.R.F. Maier says that motivation is the process by which the expression of behavior is determined or future expression is influenced by consequences to which such behavior leads.

According to Guilford (1960), all the internal conditions that stir up activity and sustain activity come under motivation. Internal stimulation for motivation is essential while external stimulus may be of secondary importance. Like, if you are hungry, you will definitely search for food. Otherwise, food in the external environment will not motivate you.

Underwood (1968) gives the following operational definition of motivation. The classes of operations used to produce and measure changes in performance and changes in energy output. Maslow held that motivated behavior is need-related and need-based. I Ic also talked about the hierarchy of motives.

Maier defined motivation as a goal-directed activity. Young tried to define motive in a wider sense. He believed that “motivation is the process of arousing the action, sustaining the activity in progress, and regulating the pattern of activity”. New Comb has defined motive as “a state of the ‘O’ in which bodily energy is mobilized and selectively directed towards parts of the environment”.

According to Morgan and King (1975), “Motivation refers to states within a person or animal that drives behavior towards some goal”.
Thus, in the process of motivation, the following stages have involved

• a state that drives behavior or drives
• arousal of behavior by this physiological state, and
• the direction of the behavior toward a specific or selective goal is found. This definition more or less deals with the aspects of the motivational process.

Drive:
Drive is a psychological state, a tateWhjph leads one to activity. This State of the body leads the ‘O’ to a certain specific and selective activity that produces tension. When one is thirsty, if he is given food instead of water, it may not reduce his driving state. His activity is specifically directed towards getting a glass of water for the reduction of thirst drive. Drive is pure energy that is mobilized and made available for activity. Drive is further a consequence of unsatisfied needs. Only art unsatisfied need generates a drive.

Goal Or Incentive:
According to Ruch (1970), “A goal refers to some substance, objects or environmental initiated action. “Skinner and Bugelski have shown symbolic incentives in rats temporarily eliminating the complexity of internal conditions which initiated action, “Briefly, a goal is a reward, an incentive, or a motivation towards which behavior is directed.

The term incentive refers demotivational value of reinforcer. Without an incentive or reinforcer, motivation cannot be fulfilled, the incentive may be positive or negative, like food and electric shock or reward and punishment. It may be material, semi-material or non-material. It may also be verbal, non-verbal, biological, or social.

The incentive may be symbolic also when it does not have direct reinforcing power. Token experiments by Wulfe (1936) and Cowles (1937) have proved this, By achieving the goal through I the incentive satisfaction of the motive takes place. The goal or incentive varies with die nature of the drive. For hunger, food is the goal, for thirst water, sex mate and maternal-drive children, etc. are considered as goals.

A goal may be distant or near. It may be a long-range behavior sequence or a short-range behavior sequence or a short-range behavior sequence. Usually, near goals act as a better motivating factor than distant goals. In any process of motivation, we find this need, drive, and incentive (goal) sequence.

These three are indispensable for the process of motivation to operate and to be completed. Without a need, there cannot be a drive and without a drive, the behavior cannot be goal-oriented. Finally, without a goal or incentive, a motive cannot function successfully. Thus, it is aided by Hull that all learnings are purposive.

Question 2.
Define the meaning and definition of emotion and describe the nature or characteristics of emotion.
Answer:
Emotion:
Meaning, operational definition, and nature of emotion:
The only child of a woman dies in a road accident. She is so disturbed by this, pathetic incident that she sits like a statue for days together, completely motionless. Then one day her dead body is found inside a well. An old man, at last, is ruined by his long-lost son. He just cries and cries, not out of misery but in happiness.

The first incident indicates emotions of sorrow, distress, and unhappiness, and the second one of happiness, joy, and pleasure. Thus, emotions take life interesting as well as distressing pleasant as well as unpleasant, and happy as well as unhappy, sometimes emotions bring distress and disaster in human life, disorganize, and disturb the entire life pattern.

At other times, it rebuilds functions and organizes activities. The emotion of love, happiness, and joy help in uniting and reuniting many friends, relations, couples, and marriage patterns. Without emotions, life would have been dull and colorless, devoid of charm. Emotions are also responsible for the finest human characteristics as well as for the most horrible and mean things in life. Emotion makes life pleasurable as well as miserable.

According, to Ruch (1970), “Emotions play a vital part in our motivational patterns. Life without emotion would be virtually a life without motion. Emotion has also organized and motivational values. When strong emotions arise strong motives are satisfied.” Emotion, a very complex and intricate psychological process has been a matter of discussion by, physiologists and psychologists for the last 100 years or more.

Emotion Defined:
It is quite difficult to give a comprehensive definition of emotion, which is a very complex and intricate psychological process. Different psychologists have defined emotion in several different ways. But the most appropriate definition of emotion so far is given by P.T. Young. According to him, “Emotion is an acute disturbance ofthe organism, as a whole, psychological in origin involving behavior, conscious experience, and visceral functioning.

An analysis of this definition points out four important characteristics of emotion:
Emotion is acute or strong in the body, unlike feelings in which the disturbance is mild. The whole body is strongly disturbed and agitated.
The disturbance due to emotion has always had a psychological origin. That is, a stimulus either external or internal always produces an emotional reaction.

Suppose the person saw a tiger in the forest and became afraid. This very fear is psychological in nature, and it introduces a stirred-up state. Thirdly, the disturbed state produced by an emotional experience creates bodily l changes which are physiological in nature. Physiological changes take place in the entire body system.

Finally, emotion is a conscious experience. The person facing the emotion-provoking situation must perceive it as significant. Then only emotion can be produced. The individual must be aware that the situation is such and such, that it is dangerous for him and hence should be avoided, and so on.

Nature And Characteristics of emotion:
The term emotion has been derived from the Latin word E-mover, which means to move to stir up, to agitate, to excite, and to arouse oneself. This arousal of self creates an art urge towards action. It is a very complex, disturbed state of the organism. That is why emotion has been defined as a stirred-up state of the organism.

The entire organism is disturbed both physiologically and psychologically, activated, and excited. Titchener defined emotion as an affected state of the organism. By affective state, he meant to say joy, sorrow, love, hatred, etc. Emotion has got both integrating and disintegrating roles in life.

According to Carr (1925) emotion is a form of energy mobilization. On a Scale of one end, there is a strong emotion and at the other end, no emotion or sleep will be there. This mobilization of energy helps the individual overcome an obstacle at the time of emergency situation like fear or anger.

The person sees a shake, immediately he is activated by tonnes of energy to run away from that place. Emotion is very brief. It starts very abruptly and ends soon after the incident is over Since emotion involves physiological changes, it disappears after the emotional outburst is over. Emotion deals with both physiological and psychological changes, both Objective and subjective aspects.

It has got feeling or covert aspects as well as overt or behavioral aspects. Some psychologists like McDougall have considered emotions as instincts. But this is only a historical and Controversial issue. Emotions occur as a reaction to some basic biological drives. When the basic needs are not satisfied, the person is frustrated.

For example, fear is associated with danger. Similarly, joy is felt when a long-cherished need is satisfied. Certain emotional experiences also help in the satisfaction of some biological needs. During anger, we are able to make use Of more energy in fighting the obstructing situation. Thus, emotions have biological values. Strong emotions help the individual tO be less sensitive to pain.

Question 3.
Discuss the common emotional patterns and describe the cause of fear. Prevention and Elimination.
Answer:
Common Emotional Patterns:
Fear:
As Bridges (1932) says, at first fear is generated more like a state of panic, and excitement than of any specific form. Gradually with the development of language, fear increases and is expressed in many other linguistic expressions than by crying alone. Fear appears clearly at the age of six months.

It is supposed to be a very early emotion and in most cases very dangerous for normal personality development. The arousal of fear depends upon different situations. Loss of support, the sudden approach of anything, or loud noise lead to inherent fears. A five-year-old child has a fear of dogs, doctors, machines, etc. death, fainting persons, dead bodies, being left alone, deep water, etc.

All these are not natural but acquired fears. Fear for animals and fire etc. occurs because of conditioning and habit, says Watson, children also may develop certain imaginative fears or symbolic fears like fear for rats, and spiders. Fear for the parents may be expressed in fear for the teacher who resembles a parent.

However, before the age of 5, symbolic fear does not arise. Fear for animals is more found in childhood, but for non-animals, it increases with age such as fear of disease, illness, dentists, and doctors. Boys usually show more fear towards school work and girls towards illness, disease, darkness, and night. The stimulus itself does not create fear, the way it is presented determines a fear, response.

Causes Of Fear:
Suggestion and imitation:
Dreadful stories narrated by the parents or grandparents, particularly at night cause dangerous fear in them. Mother suggests the baby certain feared objects like Ghost, Tiger, and Demon, and sleeps peacefully, while the baby spends the night with horrible experiences and nightmares without being able to sleep.

In a particular case, whenever the mother sees a rat she screams in fear as if she is facing a lion. The child at the early stage had no such fear of rats. But when he saw several times his mother screaming, at the sight of a rat, he also gradually developed this fear of rats. Most of our childhood fears are partly due to imitation and partly due to suggestion.

For Getting Attention:
One shows fear of getting attention also. In order to escape an unpleasant task or experience one develops a fear response.

Poor Training:
Overprotected and sheltered home life prevents emotional maturity. Wien the mother or other family members make it a point to accompany the child whenever he goes, wherever he goes, to protect him, in future he cannot go anywhere alone, let it be the latrine or bathroom. If we say, don’t go in the dark, you will fall down, don’t go alone, somebody will kidnap you. Don’t touch the switch, you will get shocked, don’t go to high places, you will fall down, and the child will be afraid of everything and every place.

Symbolic and Imaginary fears:
Phobias are of this type. To repress fear for one tiling, they show fear for other things, such fear for spiders, a bunch of hair, and small rats, which are mostly symbolic fears. Since these are harmless stimuli, one should not normally show fear of these stimuli. But when these objects stand for some other feared objects because of repression, such fears become unhealthy for normal personality development.

Unpleasant Dreams:
Dreams about ghosts, demons; dangerous animals give rise to various fears.

Prevention and Elimination of Fear:
Jones found two broad techniques for preventing fear.

• social Imitation
• Direct Conditioning

Social Imitation:
Just as fear develops by imitation, it can also be eliminated by imitation. Suppose the child is afraid of a cat. The mother or somebody whom the child loves, respects, and obeys, should bring the cat, hold it, and show the child in a gradual process that the cat is not harmful. Similarly, fear of different domestic animals, dark places, open places, high places, rivers, water, and crowdy places can be removed by imitation. Thus far can be removed by allowing the child to learn from others.

Direct Conditioning:
By associating the feared object with a stimulus that the child wants or desires to get, fear can be eliminated. By associating with a stimulus that the child likes or wants to get, say with a chocolate or ice cream or with the mother or some near and dear one the child’s fear can be eliminated. However, the prevention of fear by the conditioning method cannot be done in a day or two. It is a gradual and slow process, which requires patience, time, and understanding of the child, his current needs, and desires.

Fear can also be prevented by other techniques :
Prevention of useless and needless fear like goats or big fish. Many persons develop an aversion to fish or meat by visualizing the killing of these stimuli. This should be discouraged. The child must not be told or allowed to hear horrible and dreadful stories as they imagine these stories in reality and develop tremendous fears. Stories of ghosts and witches should be avoided completely.

Reconditioning of fear by gradually familiarising the child with the fearful object, say water or any animal. This has been discussed earlier. By having someone with whom he has got confidence. Fear of a dog increases when the child is taken to the dog by a stranger. But when he approaches the dog with his mother or father, the fear gradually subsides.

By introducing counter motives by presenting the feared stimulus with attraction and pleasant ones. Curiosity and heroism should be developed to avoid fear. A sense of curiosity is required to avoid symbolic fear. Security in the family decreases fear response (Jersild and Homes).

Verbal appeal and reassurance combined with practical demonstration reduce fear. By developing good health. Self-expression and self-criticism also reduce fear (Conn). Acquaintance with the environment. According to Slater, Beekwitn, and Behnke fear of the unfamiliar disappears as the child becomes acquainted with his environment.

Question 4.
Define Anger and discuss the causes of treatment and jealousy.
Answer:
Anger:
Anger is said to be a negative emotion like fear. In the beginning, generalized undifferentiated and mass anger response is found. But gradually it is distinguished and differentiated. Anger is a more frequent emotional response in children than fear, as anger-provoking stimuli are more than fear-provoking stimuli in the child’s environment. When the natural desires and motives are not freely satisfied, but obstructed, anger is shown.

Causes of Anger:
The cause of anger is interference or restriction of any type or it may be due to frustration. This frustration may be due to personal, physical, or social causes. Ricketts has pointed out certain other causes of anger like conflict over playthings, conflict over toilet and dressing, interruption of interesting activities like pressurizing the child to leave play and study, etc.

Jones has found that in 3-5 years children’s anger is created over their daily toilet, habits, dressing, going to school, etc. But by and large, the main cause of anger both in children and adults is interference in the fulfillment of wishes and desires.

Treatment or Anger:
Checking or repression of anger is undesirable. Anger should be channelized in socially acceptable Ways rather than being suppressed, repressed, or restricted. In general, anger can be treated by obtaining a clear picture of all factors, removing the irritating factors which annoy the child, substituting a different goal, and redirecting its motives.

Jealousy:
Jealousy is an outgrowth of anger. It is an attitude of resentment directed towards other people only while anger can be directed towards people, self, and others. It is a negative emotion. The arousal of jealousy depends upon training and the treatment that one gets from others. Child-rearing practices have got a lot to do with the development of jealousy.

Clinical studies of jealousy in young children show that it is a common emotional experience, originating with the birth of younger siblings. Children also show jealousy towards parents, especially towards the father when they see him showing affection towards their mother. The characteristic expression of jealousy includes hurting others, reverting to infantile behavior like bed wetting, thumb sucking, and attention-catching.

In older people jealousy is directly expressed in verbal quarrels, gossiping, name-calling, and making sarcastic and taunting jokes. Jealousy is indirectly expressed in daydreams. Girls are found to be more jealous than boys as found by Foster. More Jealousy is found in children of higher intellectual levels.

Question 5.
Define the bodily changes and eternal expressions of emotion.
Answer:
Bodily changes from individual to individual. In spite of these variations, there are some common bodily changes, which can be divided into overt and covert, as external and internal bodily changes.

External Expressions of :
Facial Expression:
The face is the most expressive organ of the human body. It is thus said to be the barometer of emotion. The muscles in the forehead, head, around the eyes, nose, and mouth are used differently with each emotion. Facial expressions vary from emotion to In anger the facial expression is different than when one is happy or afraid or sony. But it is not always easy to judge accurately one’s emotions from these facial expressions, particularly of adults.

Besides, some do not show any definite pattern of facial expression for a particular emotion. Munn states that it is much easier to differentiate facial expressions of pleasant and unpleasant emotions than it is to differentiate expressions of specific emotions, say joy versus love or sorrow versus fear. In a study to relate the different facial expressions of emotion. Schlosberg (1952) obtained certain pictures of the same face posed to express different emotions.

These pictures were given to observe to sort out into one of the following six categories:

• Love, happiness, mirth
• Surprise
• Fear, suffering
• Anger, determination
• Disgust
• Contempt

Schlosberg found a high correlation in the judgments of different observers but found that in several cases pictures posed to express love were confused with those posed to express contempt. Nevertheless, looking at someone’s face we can say whether he is happy, angry, or afraid. The many parts of the face like eyes, nose, lips, cheeks, forehead, etc. reflect the emotional pattern of anger.

In joy, the eyes may shine. In grief, they get dimmed. In anger the face becomes red, and the nostrils may expand or contract, in happiness the bps may smile. The cheeks may be red in anger or when one blushes because of shyness. In fear, the mouth gets dry, the face is full of sweets, the body shakes and the hair stands.

Postural Reaction:
Different emotions arouse different postures. Fear involves flight violent anger involves not flight but aggressive movements, which may either be abusive or involve an actual attack. In grief we bow, we stiffen in anger, and we lean forward when we are anxious and expect something.

In the emotion of love, there is movement in the direction of the beloved. In sorrow, there is a general slumping posture while in joy the opposite is involved, i.e. the head is he Id high and chest out, and there is the movement of hands. Gestures as expressions of bodily changes are to what extent influenced by culture is not known.

The importance of postural reaction in emotional experience has been emphasized by James Lange’s theory. It holds that stimulations produced by assuming different postures contribute to the feeling aspect of emotion. For instance, it holds that if we put our hands on our cheeks and sit lowering our faces, we will feel sorry.

Vocal Expression:
Voice is a powerful organ for indicating different types of emotional experiences. The modulation of voice, change in loudness, and pitch may represent different types of emotion. A loud sound with enough variation in pitch indicates excitement, a rising inflection usually indicates a feeling of surprised doubt, and loud laughter indicates joy and happiness. A slow monotonous voice expresses defeat and dejection.

A higher pitch indicates anger. In anger the increase in body tension leads to more tension in the vocal cords which leads to a rise in voice, similarly, in fear there is suffering. Though the high pitch associated with anger is inborn these vocal expressions in most cases are also colored by cultural training. The word can be uttered differently to express different emotions. Say “COME” C…O…M…E‘come’.

Therefore from the verbal expression of a person, his emotional state can be easily detected in addition to his facial expression, postural and other reactions. Merry by recording the speaking and singing voices of actors and singers has shown how different emotions are expressed through them. In addition to these bodily expressions of emotion Ruch(1970) has stated four other emotional behavior patterns.

Destruction:
Destruction is found mostly in anger reactions. In anger, the most typical physical reaction is overt aggression or attack. The type of attack varies from culture to culture. In the case of uncivilized people, the attack is more of biting, hitting, shooting, and piercing with a knife. In the case of civilized people, the attack is more symbolic. This implies that in place of physical injury attack is made through language, i.e., sarcastic remarks, taunting words, abuses, etc.

Approach:
In happiness, joy, delight, pleasure, and love, the response made by the experiencing person can be said to be one of the approaches. The approach leads to further stimulation. Success in life produces elation. This is also an approach reaction. Even anticipation of success brings some pleasant emotion and ultimately an approach response.

Retreat or Flight:
The emotion erf fear, the typical bodily response observed universally is the flight from the emotion-provoking stimulus or retreat. By withdrawing from the fearful or dangerous situation the person saves himself. Flight is said to be the best medium of adjustment in dangerous situations.

In civilized people, the retreat may also be through symbols and withdrawal reactions like daydreaming. Ruch remarks “In civilized life, however, we often retreat symbolically through words, apologies, compromises, discussions, and various psychological mechanisms of withdrawal”.

Stopping of Response:
In sorrow, gloom, and depression, there is no destruction, no approach, no flight, but by and large a stop of unusual response. The person in such emotional experiences never shows any behavior. Even a strong stimulus does not bring any response in him.

Question 6.
Discuss bodily or organic Or physiological changes in emotion.
Answer:
Bodily changes mean physiological changes. Because of the excessive activation of different organs during emotional states, physiological changes occur.
They are discussed below:

• External expressions of emotion.
• Physiological changes.
• Glandular responses
• The Galvanic skin responses
• Pupillometrics
• Gastro-Intestinal functions

External Expressions of Emotion:
Facial expression:
The face is the most expressive organ of the human body.

Postural Reaction:
Different emotions arouse different postures, fear involves a flight. Violent anger involves not flight but aggressive movements.

Vocal Expression:
Voice is a powerful organ for indicating different types of emotional experiences.

Physiological Changes:
In our day-to-day experience of emotion, we find the body undergoing various physiological changes like the rate of breathing increases, the rise of heart palpitation, sinking feeling in the stomach, general feeling of weakness, sweating, trembling, rise in blood pressure, and similar physiological changes.

The symptoms of fear reported by thousands of soldiers during the second world war are given below:

A large number of researches have been undertaken to objectively measure the physiological concomitants of emotion to discover how the different physiological processes change during emotion and whether there are different patterns of physiological change underlying specific emotions like fear, rage, and disgust.

In such studies changes in blood pressure, heart-best, and respiration are recorded during emotional states by different instruments. The activity of the heart during an emotional state is studied by examining the shape of the curve recorded by an electrocardiograph.

Glandular Responses:
Glands play an important role during different emotional states. In anger, the module of the adrenal gland secrets excessive amount of adrenaline and non-adrenaline and pours them into the bloodstream. Adrenaline is responsible for many characteristics of strong emotional experiences. The level of sugar in the blood rises because of excessive secretion of this hormone.

This increases heartbeat, and blood pressure increases due to the release of glycogen from the lever. The pulse rate also rises. Blood clots more quickly, more air enters the lungs, pupils enlarge and the body sweats profusely. The skin temperature also rises. Non-adrenaline constricts the blood vessels at the surface of the body as a result of which more blood is sent to other parts of the body.

Evidence also indicates the role of the thyroid and pituitary gland in emotional response. Research shows that adrenaline by itself may not necessarily arouse emotional experience or behavior. In a study done jointly by Cantril and Hunt (1932), 22 normal subjects were injected with adrenaline, 3 out of 22 reported unpleasant experiences, one pleasant experience, and ten no emotional experience, and the rest had different kinds of emotions.

Though subjects injected with adrenaline report that they feel as if they are going to have an emotional experience, they do not experience it. This suggests that in addition to adrenaline, probably emotion-provoking situations arid-related postural activities are necessary to produce emotional states.

The Galvanic Skin Response:
The galvanic skin response is measured with an apparatus called a psycho-galvanometer. It measures the electrical resistance in the skin; technically called electrodermal changes. These changes result from the activity of the sweat glands. The galvanic skin response associated with blood pressure and respiration is a highly sensitive objective indication that an emotional experience is taking place.

In addition to its presence in manual and mental work, its presence is evident in upsetting emotional conditions. According to Munn (1953), changes in the galvanometer following emotional stimulations are due to the lowering of electrical resistance between the two electrodes on the skin. Munn further adds that the GSR may be studied in terms of its latency, its amplitude, its duration, and some derivative of such indices.

Pupillometrics:
Pupillometry is a novel technique for measuring physiological changes during emotional studies. The pupil of the eye during emotional states dilates in response to stimuli that arouse a favorable reaction and contracts in response to unpalatable and disliked stimuli. Thus pupillometry is based on Darwin’s view of the eyes widening and narrowing during emotion.

In 1960, Eckhard Hess rediscovered this fact in an incidental observation. Hess made further laboratory study on this and found the size of the pupil changes with die favorable or unfavorable nature of the stimulus, which may be taste, sound, or sight. It is assumed that pupillometrices are of immense value in psychotherapy as a diagnostic tool, in particular.

By looking at pictures loaded with emotional complexes the patient can without his knowledge hint at the stresses in his personality. Precisely, the reactions of his eyes will reveal this. Pupillometrics can also be used in lie detection, as pupil contracts only to unpleasant stimuli.

Gastro-Intestinal Functions:
There is also a change in gastrointestinal functions during emotional behavior. Gastro¬intestinal functions are usually measured with the help of balloons inserted into the stomach or intestines. By observing the stomach directly gastric functions can also be measured. Munn (1953) has given an example of this connection.

The patient suddenly experienced fear one morning amid a phase of accelerated gastric function. An errata doctor entered the room muttering imprecations about an important protocol that had been lost. The patient had misled it and feared that he had lost the record and his job. He lay motionless on the table and his face became pale.

Prompt and decided pallor occurred also in his gastric mucosa, and associated with it there occurred a fall in the rate of acid production. A minute later the doctor found his paper and left the room. Forthwith the face and the gastric mucosa of the patient regained their former color”.

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Question 7.
What is the motive? Describe biological motive.
Answer:
Motivational terms like line desire, wish aim, drive, purpose, goal-oriented activity, urge, incentive and so on which go to mean motive. All these motivational terms regulate the behavior of a person. Motivation is derived from the Latin word “movere” which means to move.

Types of motive:
Motivation has been classified by psychologists into some categories. These are:

• Biological motives
• Social motives
• Psychological motives

We discussed the
Biological Motives:
The biological motives are rooted in the physiological state of the body, hunger, thirst, sex is the most obvious biological or physiological motives. They are physiological because they are associated directly with physiological systems. Other physiological motives include temperature regulation, sleep, pain avoidance, and a need for oxygen.

Hunger:
Earlier Experimental literature on hunger reveals that the source of hunger drive is stomach contractions. The experiments were simple. The observers used subjects who were trained to swallow small balloons with rubber tubes attached. The balloons were inflated in the stomach and the rubber tubes were connected to kymographs recording mechanisms.

Here each spasm of the stomach muscles could cause a mark on the smoked drum. On different occasions, the subjects were also asked to press the key when they felt hunger pangs. As a result, a mark was made on the drum just below the record of stomach activities. Further, the abnormal breathing of subjects was also recorded.

The investigator, here, could decide very well whether the spasms represented in the record were due to the stomach or abdominal movements. It was observed that the hunger pangs coincided with stomach contractions, but these pangs were not related to movements of the abdominal muscles. But the recent works on hunger reveal a different story.

The conclusions depict that the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger is weak. A joint venture of both psychologists and physiologists tried to find out some other conditions of the body which trigger hunger. Recent research also has shown that people report normal feelings of hunger even when the nerves from the stomach have been cut or the stomach has been entirely removed.

Physiologists believe that changes in the metabolic functions of the liver when fuel supplies are low provide the body’s stimulus for hunger. The liver can give a signal to the hypothalamus that more fuel is needed which triggers the hunger drive. Further experiments on the functions of the hypothalamus revealed that two regions of the hypothalamus are involved in the hunger drive-lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial area.

The lateral hypothalamus is the excitatory area. Animals eat when this area is stimulated. When this area is damaged, animals stop eating and die of starvation. On the other hand, the ventromedial area is located in the middle of the hypothalamus, which is otherwise known as the ‘ hunger-controlling area’. Experts consider this area as the inhibited region of the hunger drive.

Studies revealed that when this ventromedial area is dangered, animals develop voracious appetites. They went to take a huge amount of food and they also overeat. Experimental literature also reveals that cessation of eating or satiety is controlled by a hormone called Cholecystokinin (cck), which is released into the bloodstream when food reaches the intestine (Gibbs Smith, 1973).

Injections of cck into food-deprived rats who are eating causes them to stop eating and start grooming and other behaviors which are part of satiety in animals (Smith & Gibbs, 1976). But the role of ‘cck’ as a satiety hormone has been questioned. Both the hypothalamus and blood chemistry are, no doubt, responsible for hunger.

Thirst:
Thirst serves as a strong drive mechanism in both animals and humans. Humans can live for weeks without eating, but they can not live only for a few days without replenishing their supply of fluid. When human beings experience fluid deprivation, their mouths and throats become dry, cooling them to drink.

Previously it was believed that drinking is triggered by a dry mouth. But physiologists revealed that dry mouth does not result in enough drinking to regulate the water balance of the body. Thirst and drinking are controlled by processes within the body itself. Since maintaining the water level is essential for life itself.

The body has a set of complicated internal homeostatic processes to regulate its fluid level and drinking behavior. Our body’s water level is maintained by physiological events in which several hormones play a vital role. One of these hormones is the antidiuretic hormone (ADII). It regulates the loss of water through the kidneys.

Experts feel that thirst drive and drinking of water are mainly triggered by two mechanisms. The first one is that when the water level of the body goes down, certain neurons located within the hypothalamus begin to give out water. The thirst which results from this mechanism is known as “cellular dehydration thirst.”

Some experimental results also revealed that the loss of water from the cells in a particular region of the hypothalamus might initiate the drinking behavior. The experiments view that the neurons in the preoptic regions of the hypothalamus (Known as osmoreceptors) are responsible for controlling the drinking behavior of the organism.

Thirst triggered by the loss of water from the osmoreceptors is called “cellular-dehydration thirst”. The second mechanism which is responsible for triggering drinking behavior is known as t ‘hypovolemia’ or the condition of low blood plasma volume. Loss of water in the body results in hypovolemia or a decrease in the volume of the blood.

When blood volume goes down, so does blood pressure. The drop in blood pressure stimulates the kidney to release an enzyme called ‘renin’. This enzyme is involved in the formation of a substance known as ‘angiotensin’ which circulates the blood and may trigger drinking.

Sex Drive:
Partially sexual behavior depends on physiological conditions. So it may be considered a biological motive. But sexual motivation is far more than a biological drive. Sexual motivation is social because it involves other people and provides the basis for social grouping in higher animals.

Sexual behavior is powerfully regulated by social pressures and religious beliefs. Sex is psychological because it is an important part of our emotional lives. It can provide intense pleasure, but it can also give us agony and involve us in many difficult decisions. Till now, physiologists are trying to find out the exact location of the internal control of the sexual drive.

No doubt, the intensity of sexual urges is dependent upon chemical substances circulating in the blood known as sex hormones. Studies confirmed that this urge is profoundly influenced by the presence of hormones produced by tests in males and ovary cases of human beings, socio-cultural and emotional factors seem to play pivotal roles.

Sleep:
Sleep is a basic necessity of life. About one-third of our life is spent sleeping. It is a dramatic alteration of consciousness and it also happens spontaneously. The ordinary fluctuations in consciousness are part of the rhythmic. All creatures in this world are influenced by nature’s rhythms.

Human beings are at least a time cycle known as circadian rhythms. These rhythms are bodily patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours. About one-third of the circadian rhythm is devoted to the period of energy-restoring rest called sleep. The most significant discovery after EEG technology in sleep research was that of rapid eye movement (REM).

These are the bursts of quick eye movements under closed eyelids, occurring at periodic intervals during sleep. The time when a sleeper is not showing REM is known as non-REM or NREM sleep (NREM). Dreams are possible during REM sleep. But NREM reports were filled with brief descriptions of ordinary daily activities, similar to waking thoughts.

Research evidence indicated that over the course of the night, our sleep cycle crosses several stages, each of which shows a distinct EEG pattern. It takes about 90 minutes to progress through the first four stages of sleep (NREM sleep). The first period of REM sleep last for about 10 minutes. In a night’s sleep, an individual passes through this 100-minute cycle four.

Question 8.
What are social motives?
Answer:
Social motives are otherwise known as secondary motives. These are also known as acquired learned motives. These motives are complex in nature. Social motives are called secondary because they involve interaction with others and are learned due to social conditioning in a social context.

Need for affiliation:
Seeking other human beings and waiting to be close to them both physically and psychologically is called affiliation. It refers to keeping contact with other people, in other words, affiliation refers to the need that people have to be with others. This motive is aroused when individuals feel helpless or threatened and also when they are happy.

Research findings indicate that fear and anxiety are closely related to affiliation motives. Where the degree of anxiety and threat is very high, such affiliation behavior is often absent. Studies also revealed that early learning experiences influence this motive. The first-born or the only child in the family had stronger affiliation motives than those bom later.

Studies have also shown that children who are brought up to be dependent or raised with closed family ties show a stronger affiliation motive than those coming from more closely-knit families which encourages early independence. Cultural differences were also found. Affiliation needs are stronger in some cultures than in others.

Need for Power:
The need for power is an independent motive. It expresses itself in behaviors, which tend to control and influence the course of events including the behaviors of others. History reveals that mankind has always struggled for power. Power was desired by the individuals as an instrument to satisfy other motives like aggression, greed, affiliation, etc. But in recent years, emphasis has been placed on the power motive as independent in itself. This view was emphasized by McClelland.

In his theory, David Me Clelland (1975) has expressed that power motivation can be revealed in four general ways:

People do things to gain feelings of power and strength from sources outside themselves. For example, children express power motivation by reading stories. Individuals gain strength fry reading the activities of past leaders. People do things to gain feelings of power and strength from sources within themselves.

For example, a college student may express power motivation by building up the body and by mastering urges and impulses. People do things to have an impact on others. For example, an individual may argue with another individual or may have a competitive attitude in order to influence that person. People do things as members of organizations to have an impact on others.

For example, the leader of a political party may use the principles of his party or an army officer may express the need for power through the chain of command to influence others. Studies reveal that for any individual, one of these ways of expressing power motivation may dominate. But a combination of power motives can not be ruled out.

With age and life experiences, the dominant mode of expression often changes. Studies have also shown that women seem to have less strong needs for power than men. They choose indirect ways to impact and influence. For example, women prefer to express their power motivation by being counselors, advisors, and resource persons for other people.

Depending on motive:
Shortly speaking dependency refers to interpersonal relationships where an individual behaves in a way in order to gain attention, assistance, comfort, and support from fellow men. For example, children use to spend more time with parents or intimate friends in difficult situations. People appear to be more dependent on social interactions and approval. Studies reveal that girls and women tend to be more dependent and affiliative than boys. In stress, people want to resort to dependency.

Co-operation motive:
Co-operation is an acquired motive. Moreover, it is a condition manifested when two or more individuals or groups work together to achieve a common goal. It signifies a lack of mutual disagreement and opposition among fellow group members and the absence of rivalry. Research evidence indicates that the citizens of Zuni of New Mexico are found to be extremely cooperative.

Being wealthy in Zuni brings no status. Status is derived not from power, but from friendship. A happy and successful Zuni has many friends. Different studies on altruism among children provide evidence that helping behavior can be fostered through the use of models (Paulson, 1974).

Conformity motive:
Conformity refers to the tendency to allow one’s opinions, attitudes, actions, and even perceptions to be affected by prevailing opinions, attitudes, actions, and perceptions. Very often people act in ways consistent with the majority. This tendency to ‘go along with the group is popularly known as behavioral conformity.

Changes in attitude and belief also take place due to pressures from others. It is known as ‘ attitudinal conformity’. There is also conformity of personality traits i.e. underlying characteristics of a person changes according to the norms of society. With the help of a conformity curve, F.H. Allport (1935) described the conformity motive phenomena.

He related that most people exhibit complete conformity to social norms with fewer and fewer people having deviations. Our submissiveness to social influences is due to conformity motives to the norms of the society in which we live. Norms refer to behavior that is usual or expected, acceptable, and socially prescribed.

Points to remember:

Question 1.
Define the meaning and definition of thinking.
Answer:
Thinking is a very often used psychological term in our daily life. The importance of thinking is evident not only for the wide use of the term but also because thinking helps in the solution of all our day-to-day problems. Thinking is the most complex of all psychological processes and it is thinking that normally differentiates man from lower animals.

Question 2.
Define the sensory-motor period.
Answer:
Sensory-Motor Period.
The sensory-motor period is the period that starts before the language development of the child. Piaget distinguished between two major stages in cognitive development i.e. sensory-motor intelligence (0-2 years) and conceptual intelligence (0-to Maturity). During the sensory-motor period, the child’s adaptations and activities do not involve extensive use of symbols or language.

Question 3.
Describe the stages of cognitive development by Piaget.
Answer:
Piaget is a development theorist who believes that cognitive development occurs gradually phase by phase.
Piaget has divided the entire period of cognitive development into four basic stages.

• A sensorimotor period is 0-2 years approximately.
• Preoperalionalperiod 2-7years approximately.
• The concrete operational period is 7-12 years approximately.
• The formal operational period is 12 years above approximately.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write short note on the etymological meaning of sociology.
Answer:
The term sociology has been desired from the Latin word Socius me Answer companion and the Greek word ‘Logos’ me Answer study or science. Etymologically sociology me Answer science which is concerned with the association of human beings. In other words it is a science of human society.

Question 2.
Define or explain Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology is a science of society According to Morris Ginsberg “Sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations their conditions and consequences”.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Some sociologist opines that sociology is a science some other deny it. But sociology is-a social science not a physical science. It. is a pure science not an applied science. It is an abstract science.

It is a general science not a special social science. But science is a matter of degree. Sociology is not a science in terms of yes or no but it has attained scientific character in some degree.

Question 4.
Write short note on George Simmers view.
Answer:
German sociologist George Simmel led formalistic school of thought of scope of sociology He opines that the scope of sociology is very limited. Because sociology confines itself to describe classify, analyse and explain tire several forms of social relationships.

It should not be concerned with their contents He makes distinction between the forms of social relationships and their contents Hence, according to Sirhmel, sociology is the science of the forms of social relationship.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Weber’s view on scope of sociology.
Answer:
Max-Weber is another supporter of formalistic school of thought of scope of sociology. He opines the scope of sociology is limited. Because it confines itself to interpret and understand social behaviour social behaviour is related to behaviour of others.

Question 6.
Write short note on Veirkandt’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer:
Veirkandt is the supporter of formalistic school of thought of the scope of sociology. He opines that the scope of sociology is limited because it studies only the ultimate from, of mental or psychic relationship which links people to one another in society. These relationships include love, hate, cooperation, competition etc.

Question 7.
Write short note on Vonwiese’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer:
As a supporter of formalistic school of thought Vonwiese tries to establish sociology as an independent science. He opines that the scope of sociology is very limited because it studies different kinds of social processes in human society. There are two kinds of social processes such as associative like co-operation and dissociative like competition and conflict. Again these process are subdivided in different sub-processes.

Question 8.
Write short note on Durkhcim’s view on scope of sociology.
Answer:
Emile Durkheim is one of the chief exponent of synthetic school of thought of scope of sociology. He opines that the scope of sociology is very wide because it is a synthesis of social sciences.

He opines that sociology has three main divisions such as social morphology, social physiology and general sociology. All these branches are regarded as special sociologies which study all aspects of social life.

Question 9.
Write short note on Morris Ginsberg’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer:
Morris Ginsberg was another supporter of synthetic school of thought of scope of sociology. He opines that the scope of sociology is very wide and the comprehensive, because it studies all forms of relationships between individual and society. It also studies different problems under social morphology, social process and social pathology.

Question 10.
Write short note on Ilobhouse’s view on scope of sociology.
Answer:
L.T. Hobhouse is another supporter of synthetic school of thought who holds that the scope of sociology is very wide. He opines that sociology is a science which has the whole social life of man as its sphere. Sociology studies social life as a whole. Hence general sociology is a synthesis of different social sciences.

Question 11.
Write short note on Sorokin’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer :
P.A. Sorokin as a supporter of synthetic school of thought opines that the scope of sociology is very wide. It studies different aspects of social relationships such as economic, political or Sociology studies these general phenomena which are common to different aspects of our life.

Question 12.
Mention different characteristics of Science.
Answer:
(1) Science makes accurate observation.
(2) Science makes experimentation in the laboratory.
(3) Science makes accurate prediction.
(4) Objectivity science possesses the capacity to examine evidences without any prejudice and bias.

Question 13.
Distinguish between formalistic and synthetic schools of thought.
Answer:
(1) George Simmel, Vierkandt, Von Wiese, Weber, Small and Tonnies are the supporters of formalistic school of thought whereas of Emile Durkheim, L.T. Hobhouse, P.A. Sorokin and Morris Ginsberg are the supporters of synthetic school.
(2) Formalistic school opines that scope of sociology is limited whereas synthetic school of thought opines that scope of sociology is very wide.
(3) Formalistic school opines subject matter of sociology consists of forms of social relationships. On the other hand synthetic school of thought opines that sociology is a general science.

Question 14.
Distinguish between Sociology and History.
Answer :
Sociology is a science of society whereas history is a science which studies past events. The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of history is limited. Sociology is an abstract science whereas history is concrete on nature. Sociology is the youngest science but history is older than sociology.

Question 15.
Mention four objections or arguments against Sociology as a Science.
Answer:
(1) Sociology lacks objectivity.
(2) Sociology lacks universal theory
(3) Sociology lacks laboratory experimentation.
(4) Sociology lacks accurate prediction

Question 16.
What is the etymological meaning of Anthropology?
Answer:
The term Anthropology is derived from two Greek wordsArithropos means man and Logosmeans study. Accordingly the etymological meaning of anthropology is the study of man.

Question 17.
What is Social Anthropology
Answer:
Social anthropology is similar with sociology. It is concerned with social institutions. Patterns of social organization and other aspects of society.

Question 18.
What is Physical Anthropology?
Answer :
Physical anthropology tries to study both primitive and modem cultures by studying physical traits like shape and size of skills and artifacts like pottery etc.

Question 19.
What is Archaeology?
Answer:
It is concerned with the early periods of human existence prior. to the written records. It is also called as pre-history.

Question 20.
What is Formalistic or Specialists School of thought?
Answer:
There is no unanimity among sociologist, regarding the exact scope of sociology. As a result there are two main schools of thought about the scope of sociology such as Formalistic or Specialists School of thought and synthetic school of thought. The Formalistic School or thought is led by the German Sociologist George Simmel and others like Alfred, Vierkandt, Leopold, Vonwiese, Max-Weber, Small and F. Tonnies.

According to this school and its supporters the subject matter of sociology consists of forms of social relationships. Besides it regard sociology as a pure and independent science which has a limited scope.

Question 21
What is Synthetic School of thought?
Answer:
There is one unanimity among sociologists regarding the scope of sociology. As a result two main school of thought about the scope of sociology come to exist one is formalistic and the other is synthetic school of thought.

The synthetic school of thought arises in reaction to die formalistic school of thought. The main supporters of this school of thought are Emile Durkhehji, L.T. Hobhouse, P.A. Sorokin and Morris Gipsberg. They believe that sociology is a synthesis of the social sciences. They opine sociology is a general science and not a pure science.

Question 22
Answer:
The Formalistic School of thought consider sociology as a pure and independent science which has limited scope. Though this school of thought has been advocated by many sociologists still it has been criticised by many on the following grounds.

(1) The formalistic school of thought has narrowed down the scope of sociology. It makes it scope very limited.
(2) Sociology alone does not study of forms of social relationships other. Social sciences like Pol. Science and Economics also study it. Besides the distinction between the fonts of social relations the theory contents is not practicable as designed by this school of thought.

Question 23.
Sociology is a Science. Give your arguments in its favour.
Answer:
Sociologists are not unanimous in their opinion about the exact nature of sociology. Some say it is a science whereas some others deny it. But the founding father of sociology took it for granted that sociology is a science. They opine the scientific nature of a subject can be assessed by the scientific method it adopts. However, sociology is a science because of the following reasons:

(1) Observation is possible in sociology. In most of the cases sociology make accurate observation like natural sciences.
(2) Experimentation is also possible in sociology. Sociology possesses laboratory like natural sciences. The whole social world is the laboratory of sociology.

Question 24.
‘Sociology is not a Science’. Justify your arguments.
Answer:
During recent years every subject claims the status of science. So also sociology. But there is no unanimity among sociologists regarding the exact nature of sociology. Some say sociology is a science but some other say that sociology is not a science. Those who deny sociology the status of science they put forth the following arguments:

(i) Sociology lacks objectivity hence can’t be a science.
(ii) Sociology lacks experimentation.
(iii) Sociology lacks a general or universal theory.

Question 25.
Discuss about the nature or characteristics of Sociology.
Answer:
(1) Sociology is a social science and not a physical science.
(2) Sociology is a categorical science and not a normative science.
(3) Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science.
(4) Sociology is an abstract science and not a concrete science.
(5) Sociology is a general science and not a particular science.
(6) Sociology is a general science and not a special social science.
(7) Sociology is both a rational and an empirical science.

Question 26.
Discuss in brief about the relationship between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer :
The relationship between Sociology and Political Science is very close, intimate and personal. As both are considered as social sciences, hence there exists a great deal of relationship between the two. As sociology studies man’s social life as a whole hence the subject matter of political science comes within the field of sociology.

Similarly, political science is concerned with the political life of man which is a part and parcel of man’s social life. Political science studies state, government, politics and power. But its main subject of study is state. Similarly, sociology and every political problem has social aspects so also each and every social problem has political aspects.

Question 27.
Distinguishes between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer:
Inspite of close relationship between sociology and political science both the sciences are different from each other in the following way:
(1) Sociology studies the whole society and all aspects of human life. But political science studies only the political aspects of society.
(2) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of political science is very limited.
(3) Sociology studies both organized and disorganized societies whereas political science studies only politically organized.

Question 28.
Discuss about the relationship between Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
As mother of all social sciences sociology has-close relationships with all other social sciences so also with economics. Both influences each other Economics is considered as a branch of sociology.

As a social science Economics studies human behaviour in relation to unlimited ends and scarce means Economics activities to a great extent are social activities. The study of Economics would be incomplete without an understanding of society. Each and every social problem has economic causes so also every economic problem has same social causes.

Question 29.
Discuss in brief the close relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer :
As the mother of all social sciences, sociology has close relationship with psychology. Both are mutually dependent on each other. Both studies human behaviour. In many occasions sociology resembles psychology. Psychology depends on sociology for understanding of human nature properly. Sociological researches have contributed a lot to psychology.

Similarly psychologists analyse the role of society to the development of social behaviour. Sociologists take the psychological factors into consideration while standing changes in social structure psychological theories have explained the origin of social institutions. Almost all social problems have psychological causes. Similarly-every psychological problem has social causes.

Question 30.
Discuss the differences between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Inspite of some close and intimate relationships are find the following differences between sociology and psychology.
(1) Sociology studies society as a whole whereas psychology studies human mind.
(2) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of psychology is very limited
(3) Sociology is a much younger science whereas psychology is a older science.
(4) Sociology studies different social processes whereas psychology studies different mental processes.

Question 31.
Discuss in brief the close relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Sociology is a science of society. But Anthropology is a science of man and his work. The relationship between these two sciences are very close, intimate and personal. Both study human society and are concerned with all kinds of social groups, like families, tribes and nations etc. Social Anthropology a branch of sociology is almost similar with that of sociology many ideas and concepts in one discipline are used in the other.

Question 32.
Point out some differences between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Though there exists a great deal of relationship between Sociology and Anthropology still both sciences differ from each other in the following ways :
(1) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of Anthropology is very limited.
(2) Sociology studies modem, civilized and complex societies whereas Anthropology studies pre-literate aboriginal and primitive people only.
(3) Sociology is the science of society whereas Anthropology is the science of man and his work.

Question 33.
Discuss the relationship which exists between Sociology and History.
Answer:
Sociology is considered the mother of all social sciences. As a mother of all social sciences, it has a close relationship with history as well. The relationship between the two is very close intimate and personal because both sociologists and historians study human society. History studies the past, political, social, and economic aspects of society.

Sociology also teaches in these areas. Both sciences have many things in common. History provides materials that are used by sociologists. Similarlysociology provides facts that the modem historians relied on. History contains records of the society.

Question 34.
Discuss the differences between History and Sociology.
Answer:
Inspite of the close and intimate relationship between history and sociology, both the sciences differ from each other in the following way:
(1) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of history is very limited.
(2) Sociology studies the present society whereas history studies the past events of society.
(3) Sociology is an abstract science but history is a concrete science.
(4) Sociology is an analytical science whereas history is a descriptive science.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Briefly discuss about the emerge and development of Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology is the study of the ways in which social experience function in developing maturing and repressing human beings through their interpersonal stimulation. It is the study of social relationship and the various forms which affect them and whatever they affect.

It is a systematic study of society and social institution. Its study started as early as in the 5th Century B.C. more systematic study of the subject has however only recently started.

Science of sociology as we understand it today emerged very late. Attempts to understand social phenomena have been made since earliest times. The Greek Philosopher Plato and Aristotle attempted an analysis of the only community of those days. Their investigation resulted in deflecting the character of an-ideal social order.

However, they were prejudiced to defined their own social system and found fault with their systems. They did not favour a change though social life is never static, it is definitely dynamic.

It is hue that old order change yielding place to new Among the Roman the most outstanding thinker is cicero. He gave the tributes to Greek learning in philosophy politics law and sociology to the western world. The Roman were however more concerned with law.

In India too, the society has always remained the most important subject of study Hindu Shastras discuss at large about the way one should behave individually and in society Upanishads Sutras and Puranas, Manu Smruti discuss in detail about the observance of moral laws and duties which is the highest Dharma.

There is a clear mention of the four ashrams and the clear instructions to be followed by an individual for the well-being of the society. Our sages and Roishis have discussed at length the duties and responsibilities of each and every man in society Kautilya’s Arthshastra lays down the duties of the ruler and the people to make an ideal society. He has discussed as length the economic social and political life of man in society.

In the Mughal period the celebrated scholar Abul Fazal of Akbar ‘s court has discussed at length in Ain-i-Akbari about the social institutions of those day, one can get a fairly good idea of state and society in those days.

It was until the 16th Century that clear cut distinction was made between state and society and there were writers who treated life’s problems on a more realistic plan. Hobbes and Machiavelli were the most distinguished one among those thinkers who studied state and statecraft and discovered the principles which go to make an ideal state and society.

The ‘Prince’ of Machiavelli is devoted chiefly to an exposition of the principles governing the successful state. Another scholar Sir Thomas more in this Itopia published in 1515 tried to deal with everyday social problems thereby depicting on an ideal social order which was meant to serve as an example to others to be emulated.

He presented a picture of ideal life as a way of painting out what real life of an individual should be on real life. Other thinkers who made rich contribution in the exposition of social life and institutions were Sir Frances, Bacoft and James Harrington in their works New Atlarris and The Common Wealth of Nations respectively.

Development of Sociology:
In Italy Vico and in. France Montesquieu made notable contribution in the development of sociology as a science of social relationship. They studied social life and human behaviour in all its aspects. Vico in his great work.

The New Science contended that society was subject to definite laws which can be observed through objective observation and study. Montesquieu in his book, “The Spirit of laws analysed the role of external factors like climate etc. on human societies.

The laws determining national character were to be explained in the light of social and geographical conditions under which man loved. Credit goes to Auguste Comte who is rightly the fathers of sociology who sought to establish a science embracing the totally of human life and activities.

In the evolution of society it has to traverse through three stages of social development theological stage metaphysical stage and scientific stage.

Man has now reached the scientific stage so far his thinking about natural phenomenon is concerned but his thinking about society was still in the metaphysical stage with the publication of origin of species by Darwin it was made clear that all complete forms of life gave evolved from the simple process of survival of the fittest and natural selection.

Herbert Spencer attempted to integrate all the sciences into one system and to find one fundamental law that would explain all phenomena physical and social.

He pointed out that the social phenomena like the organic undergo an evolutionary process of growth from the simple and homogenous to the complex and heterogeneous. The primitive man represented the sample human type from which civilised man evolved. Spencer occupies the foremost place in the biological school of sociology”

Psychological Approach:
Herbert Spencer’s theory of organic evolution of society was displaced by psychological interpretation of social life. By the beginning of 20th Century Mac Dongal G Wallace and Hobhouse in England and Ward.

Giddings and Dewey on America tried to interpret social evolution in psychological terms Durkheim was the first modem thinker who emphasized on social facts and provided a separate ground to sociology from that of psychology.

According to him social facts and provided a separate ground to sociology from that of psychology. According to him social facts are extreme and exercise constraints our individuals. He gave a new direction to the study of sociology.

Study of sociology in India started in 1919 at the university of Bombay, but it was in 1930 that its study as a separate discipline was started. Thus it is clear that many individuals and thinkers on their own way and in their Own times tried to discuss social institution and systems.

Question 2.
How did Sociology Emerge?
Answer:
Sociology is the science of society and its institutions. It is considered as one of the youngest social sciences. There has been numerous factors that can be attributed to the development of the subject in the historical perspective, specially in the Nineteenth Century.

It is true that we can find in the writings of philosophers religions and legislatures of all civilizations and epochs observations and ideas which are relevant to modem sociology.

Kautilya’s Arthashashtra and Aristotle’s politics analyse political systems in ways which are still of interest to the sociologist. Nevertheless there is a real sense in which a new science of society and lot merely a new name was created in the Nineteenth Century.

It is worthwhile to consider the circumstances in which this happened and examine the characteristics which distinguish sociology from earlier social thought.

The conditions which gave use to sociology were both intellectual and social. Naturally these were inter-woven and an adequate sociological history of sociology which has not yet been attempted would have to take account of these inter-connections.

In fact, literature concerning the subject matter of sociology is not of recent origin.

But the name to this subject matter was not given before Auguste Comte who in his work course i.e. philosophic (Positive Philosophy) clearly emphasized the need for a distinct subject for studying the society and in his endeavour he first named it as social physics but later remained it sociology which is universally accepted as proper title, and by virtue of this Auguste Comte is called the father of sociology.

Question 3.
Describe the scope of Sociology.
Or
Define Sociology and discuss its scope.
Answer:
(1) Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology, defines sociology as the science of social phenomena “subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation”.
(2) Morris Ginsberg defines sociology in the following way: “In the broadest sense, sociology is the study of human interactions and interrelations, their conditions and consequences”.

There are wide differences of opinion about the scope of sociology. It is maintained by some that sociology studies everything and anything under the sun. This is rather too vague and vast a view about the scope of sociology. As a matter of fact sociology has a limited field of enquiry and deals with those problems which are not dealt with by other social sciences.

Sociology is the study of human inter-relations, interactions their conditions and consequences sociology has for its field the whole life of man in society, all the activities whereby men “maintain themselves in the struggle for existence, the rules and regulations which define their relations to each other, the systems of knowledge and belief, art and morals and any other capacities and habits acquired and developed in the course of their activities as members of society.

There are two views about the scope of sociology:
(1) Specialistic or Formalistic School; and
(2) Synthetic school.

(1) The Specialistic or Formalistic School: This school of thought is led by the GermAnswerociologist George Simmel. The other main advocates of this school are Vierkandt, Max Weber, Small, Von Wise and Tonnies. Simmel and others are of the opinion that sociology is a pure and an independent science.

As a pure science it has a limited scope. Sociology should confine itself to the study of certain aspects of human relationships only. Further, it should study only the forms of social relationships but not their contents.

Social relationships such as competition, subordination, division of labour etc. are expressed’ in different fields of social life such as economic, political, religious, moral, artistic etc.

Sociology should disentangle the forms of social relationships and study them in abstraction. Sociology as a specific social science describes, classifies and analyses the forms of social relationships.

Vierkandt says that sociology concerns itself with the ultimate form of mental or psychic relationship which links men to one another in society.

He maintains that in dealing with culture, sociology should not concern itself with the actual contents of cultural evolution but it should confine itself to only the discovery of the fundamental forces of change and persistence. It should refrain itself from making a historical study of concrete societies,

Max Weber opines that the aim of sociology, is to interpret or understand social behaviour. But social, behaviour does not cover the whole field of human relations.

He further says that sociology should make an analysis and classification of types of social relationship.
Small insisted that sociology has only a limited field. Von Wiese and Tonnies expressed more and less the same opinion.

1. It narrows the scope of sociology to merely abstract forms.

2. Abstract forms separated from concrete relations can not be studied. Study of social relationships remains barren if it is conducted in the abstract without full knowledge of the terms to which in concrete life they relate.

3. The conception of pure sociology is impractical. No social science can be studied in isolation from other social sciences.

4. Sociology alone does not study social relationships. Political science. Economics and International law also study social relationships.
Thus the formalistic school extremely narrows and confines the fields of sociology.

(2) Synthetic School: In reaction to the formalistic school of thought there arose the synthetic school. This school hold the view that sociology is a synthesis of all social science. The main exponents of the synthetic school of thought are, Emile Durkheim, Hobhouse, P. Sorokin and others. According to Durkheim sociology has three principal division, viz.,
(i) Social morphology,
(ii) Social physiology and
(iii) General sociology.

Social morphology covers the geographical settings, the density of population, etc., social physiology deals with such dynamic processes as religion morals, law, economic life, etc. Each of these becomes the subject matter of a special discipline like sociology of religion sociology of morals, sociology of law and so on.

General sociology is an attempt to discover the general social laws manifest in the specialized social processes to this he regards as the philosophical part of sociology. Hobhouse also holds a view similar to that of Durkheim regarding the functions of sociology. According to him sociology should be a synthesis of numbers social sciences. It should include other science in its scope.

According to Sorokin, the subject- matter of sociology includes.
(i) The study of relationship between the different aspects of social phenomena.
(ii) The study of relationship between the social and non-social.
(iii) The study of general features of social phenomena.
From the foregoing discussions on the scope of sociology it can be conveniently concluded that the range of this science is very wide. Sociology is regarded as a general. Science as well as a special science like all other sciences, the subject matter of sociology is society.

Question 4.
Explain the nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Certain elements are essential before any study can be regarded as science. The essential characteristics of science are the following:
(1) The scientific method consists of minute and careful observation, recording, classification, generalisation and verification. A science is so called not because of its subject matter but because it employs the scientific method.
(2) Science is the study of facts. Its subject matter is facts not ideals.
(3) Scientific principles are universal. They hold true irrespective of the temporal and spatial order.
(4) Scientific law is vertical. Its validity can be examined at any time and tested any number of times. It will prove true in every case.
(5) Science searches for the cause and effect relationship in its subject matter and in this connection provides universal and valid laws.
(6) Science can also make predictions on the basis of universal and valid laws relating ‘ to the cause effect relationships in any subject. The foundation of science is based upon a faith in causality. What will happen can be predicted by basing the prediction upon what is, for the law of cause and effect is universal and inevitable.

Some objections against sociology being called a science are the following:
(1) An objective and unbiased study can not be made in sociology. It is because the sociologist has to resume the dual role of both the doctor and the patient. He is also a part of that very society with his studies.

(2) The objection which has been raised to challenge the scientific status of sociology is the lack of laboratories. Sociology as a science can neither catch, nor see neither weigh nor analyse its fundamental elements in the test tube of a laboratory. The relation at cooperation or non-cooperation of love and hatred are such which cannot be studied under any microscope. Sociology makes the world its laboratory for its purposes.

(3) It is alleged that the knowledge of sociology is not exact as that of physical sciences., Society cannot be weighed in the balance nor tested in the test tube. The socialist himself is a part of society.

(4) Critics raise objections that sociology cannot make predictions. It is true we can not hope for the same degree of the capacity of prediction from sociology which can be found in physics and other sciences. Sociology can lay claim to being a science because it employs
the scientific method m its study.

Its exactness, the capacity to predict, the possibility of measurement in it etc. are comparatively less than the physical sciences in view of the unique subject matter. But, it can, despite these factors be called a science. Since a number of other sciences are sciences in spite of all these drawbacks.

Question 5.
Define sociology and discuss its relationship with Economics.
Answer:
(1) “The subject matters of sociology is the interaction of human minds”- L.T. Hobhouse
(2) “Sociology is the study of relationships between man and his environment”- II.P. Fairchild

Relation: Sociology and Economics are closely related to each other. Because society is greatly influenced by economic factors and economic processes are largely and determined by the environment of society. Economics is a science which deals with production consumption and distribution of wealth. It studies the economic life of man.

The economic factors plays a vital role in every aspect of our social life. Total development of individual depends very much on economic factors without economic conditions the study of society is quite impossible social life of man is greatly influence by economic factors. The sociologists study present social problems with the help of economics. All the social problems are directly connected with economic conditions of the people.

In the same way Economics is also influenced by Sociology. Economics takes helps from Sociology in order to study the economic welfare of the people. Economic welfare is considered as a part of human welfare and it can be sought only proper knowledge of social laws.

Without the social background the study of Economics is quite impossible because the economic life of the people is directly controlled and regulated by the society.

In order to solve the economic problems the economists have to take into consideration the social phenomena existing at particular period. The Economics is an independent social science whose relation to sociology is one of mutual assistance.

Differences :
(1) Sociology studies all kinds of social relationships but economics deals with only those social relationships which are economic in character.
(2) Sociology is a general social science but economics is a special social science.
(3) The scope of sociology seems to be wider. It has a comprehensive viewpoint but the scope of economics is narrower. It does not have a comprehensive viewpoint.
(4) Sociology is a science of recent emergence but economics has attained an advanced degree of maturity.
(5) Sociology is abstract in nature and less precise also. Social variables are very difficult to measure and to quantity but economics is concrete in nature. It is more precise. economic variables can be measured and quantified more easily and accurately.

Question 6.
Define Sociology and discuss its relationship with History.
Answer:
(1) Park regards sociology as “the science of collective behaviour”.
(2) Small defines sociology as “the science of social relations’’.

Sociology and History are very much interrelated. Like Political science, sociology is becoming one of the most genuine fruits of history to which it is intimately connected. The two sciences are so close that some writers like G Von Bulow refused to accept sociology as a science different from history.

History: History is the reconstruction of man’s past. It is the story of the experience of mankind. It is a record of the human past. It is a systematic record of man’s life and achievements from the dim past to the present. The historian studies the significant events of man in .the order of time. The historian is interested in what happened at a particular time in the past.

Sociology: Sociology as a science of society, on the other hand, is interested in the present Jt tries to analyse human interactions and interrelations with all their complexity and diversify. It also studies the historical development of societies.

It studies various stages of human life, modes of living, customs, manners and their expression in the form of social institutions and associations. Sociology has thus to depend upon history for its material. History with its record of various social events of the past often data and facts to sociologists.

Difference between History and Sociology:
(1) Sociology is interested in the study of the present social phenomena with all their complexity but history deals with the past events of man. It is silent regarding the present.

(2) Sociology is relatively a young social science. It has a very short history of its own. It is not even two centuries old but history is an age-old social science. It has a long story of2000 years or even more.

(3) Sociology is an analytical science but history is a descriptive science.

(4) Sociology is abstract in nature. It studies mostly regular, the recrurrent and the universal but history is concrete. This historian is interested in the unique, the particular and the individual.

(5) Sociology is a generalising science. Sociology seeks to establish generalisations after a careful study of the social phenomena but history is an individualising science. History rarely makes generalisations. It seeks to establish the sequence in which events occured.

(6) Sociology follows the sociological approach. It studies human events from the sociological point of view, i.e., from the view point of social relationships invovled but history studies human events in accordance with the time order. Its approach is historical.

Question 7.
Define Sociology and discuss its relationship with Political Science.
Answer :
(1) “Sociology deals with behaviour of men in groups’ – Kimbal Young
(2) “Sociology in its broadest sense may be said to be the study of interactions arising from the association of living beings”.Gillin and Gillin.

Political science and sociology are intimately related to each other. Political science deals with social groups which live, work and develop under the sovereignty of the state. The state and the social groups cannot be separated from each other. In the same way many social institutions family, church etc. work in close cooperation with the state.

It is the responsibility of the state to give laws to the society. But no law can work successfully unless it has the cooperation of society.

The most significant thing about sociology and modem political theory is that most of the changes which have taken place in the political theory in the last thirty years have been along the line of development suggested and marked out by sociology knowledge of sociology is necessary for understanding the problems of political science because political problems have also a social aspects.

According to Catlin, political and sociology are two facts or aspects of the same figure. According to Comte and Spencer, there is no difference whatsoever between the two.

The laws of the state have a profound influence upon society. It is by means of laws that the Government changes and improves society. But while formulating laws it is necessary to keep in view the mores, traditions and customs of the country. The points of differences between the two are:

(1) Sociology is a science of society,Political science studies political society or government.
(2) Sociology proceeds in its investigation from social view point. But political science has an attitude of authority. Sociology studies both organised and disorganised communities. Political science studies only organised communities.
(3) Sociology studies all kinds of social relationships, political science studies political relationships only.
(4) Sociology studies all forms of society. Political science studies the political society only.
(5) Sociology studies all means of social control. But political science studies only of government recognised means of control.
(6) Difference in approach: Political science starts with the assumption that man is a political being, sociology goes behind this assumption and tries to explain how and why man became a political being.
(7) Sociology deals with unconscious activities also unlike political science with treats only conscious activities of man. Society treats unconscious activities of man also.
(8) Sociology is a general science while political science is special science.

Question 8.
Describe the relationship between Sociology with Psychology.
Answer:
Sociology and psychology are contributory sciences Psychology has been defined as the study of human behaviour. In the words of Thoughtless, “Psychology is the positive science of human experience and behaviour”.

Emphasising the close relationship between sociology and social psychology, Paiere writes that “Social Psychology is to sociology and Psychology, as Biochemistry is to Biology and Chemistry”.

Maclver says that “Sociology in special gives aid to psychology, just as psychology gives special aid to sociology”. To Quota Murphy, “Social Psychology is to study of the way in which the individual comes member of and functions in a social group”.

T.B. Bottomore says that “Social psychology is that part of general psychology which as particular relevance to social phenomena or which deals with the psychological aspects of social life”. Robert. Bierstedt says that ‘ ’Social psychology, serves as bridge between psychology and sociology”.

Maclver and Page have said, “When we study the nature of the individual consciousness which expresses itself in social relationship, we are taking the psychological point of view.

When we study the relationships themselves we take the sociological point of view. Both sciences are concerned with different aspects of an indivisible reality. Individual cannot be understood apart from their relations with one another; the relations cannot be understood apart from the units of the relationship”.

1. Sociology studies society and social groups. It has no primary, interest in the individual, nor in this personality nor in his individual behaviour. But social psychology studies the behaviour of individual in group situation or in society. Its focus of interest in individual and not the society as such.

2. Sociology analyses social processes. But social psychology analyses mental processes of man.

3. Sociology is interested in the social forms and structures within which the behaviour of man takes place. But psychology and social psychology are primarily concerned with the behaviour of individuals as such.

4. Sociology studies in groups themselves and die larger social structure within which both individual and group processes occur. But psychology studies the individual and social psychology the individual in his social groups.

5. Sociology-studies society from the sociological view points. But social psychology studies the individual’s behaviour from the view point of psychological factors involved.

Question 9
Describe the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
According To Hoebel, sociology and social Anthropology are in their broadest sense are and the same. Evans Pritchard considers social anthropology a branch of sociology.

Sociology is greatly benefited by anthropological studies. Sociologists have to depend upon anthropologists to understand the represent day social phenomena from our knowledge of the past which is often provided by anthropology.

The studies made by famous anthropologists like Radcliff Brown, B. Malinowski, Ralph Linton, Lewie Raymond fifth, Margaret Mead, Evans Pritchard and others have been proved to be valuable in sociology.

Sociological topics such as the origin of family, the beginning of marriage, private property, the genesis of religion, etc. can better be understood in the light of anthropological knowledge.

The anthropological studies have shown that there is no correlation between anatomical characteristics & mental superiority.

The notion of racial superiority has been disproved by anthropology. Further, sociology has borrowed many concepts like cultural area, culture traits, interdependent traits, cultural lag, culture patterns.

The knowledge of anthropology, physical as well as socio-cultural, is necessary for a sociologist. An understanding of society can be gained by comparing various cultures, particularly the modem with the primitive.

Anthropology as a discipline is so closely related to sociology that the two are frequently indistinguishable. Both of them are fast growing. The socio-cultural anthropologists, today are also making a study of the present peoples and their societies. In a number of universities anthropology and sociology are administratively organised into one department.

The conclusions drawn by sociologists have also helped the anthropologists in their studies. For example, anthropologists like Moryan and his followers have come to the conclusion regarding the existence of primitive communism from tire conception of private property in our modem society.

Differences :
(1) Sociology studies the modem, civilised and complex societies but anthropology concerns itself with the simple, uncivilised or primitive and non-literate societies.

(2) Sociologists more often study parts of a society and generally specialise in institutions such as family marriage, or processes, such as social change, social mobility but anthropologists tend to study societies in all their aspects as whole. They concentrate their studies in a given “culture area”, such as Melanesia or Nagaland.

(3) Sociologists study, ‘small’ as well as Targe’ so anthropologists usually concentrate on small societies such as of Naga, Rongma Naga, Khasis, Gond, Bhil, etc.

(4) Sociology makes use of observation, interview, social survey, questionnaires and other methods and techniques in its investigations but anthropologists directly go and live in the communities they study. They make use of direct observations and interviews.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concepts Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 2 Basic Concepts Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1.
Where there is life, there is a society, who said this?
(i) Weber
(ii) Auguste Comte
(iii) Maclver and Page
(iv) Aristotle
Answer:
(iii) Maclver and Page

Question 2.
Who said the man is a social animal?
(i) Maclver
(ii) Plato
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(iii) Aristotle

Question 3.
Society is a consciousness of the mind is the definition of whom?
(i) Giddings
(ii) Plato
(iii) Davis
(iv) Aristotle
Answer:
(i) Giddings

Question 4.
Society determines __________ of the state.
(i) Background
(ii) Jurisprudence
(iii) Purpose
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iii) Purpose

Question 5.
The term society in sociology is used to refer to
(i) The persons professing the same religion
(ii) The system of social relationship.
(iii) The persons living in an area.
(iv) The organised relations between individuals.
Answer:
(ii) The system of social relationship.

Question 6.
Who has defined society as a system of usage and procedure of authority and mutual aid of many groupingÿ and divisions of control of human behaviour and of liberty.
(i) Gidding
(ii) A.W. Green
(iii) Maclver
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 7.
What does society exclude?
(i) Differences
(ii) Interdependence
(iii) Similarity
(iv) Time boundness
Answer:-
(iv) Time boundness

Question 8.
Origin of society was due to
(i) Evolution
(ii) God’s will
(iii) Force
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(i) Evolution

Question 9.
Society exists only when
(i) The members posses common interests.
(ii) The members are at the same place and same time.
(iii) The members know each other.
Answer:
(iii) The members know each other.

Question 10.
Sociology attempts an interpretative understanding of human behaviour who said this?
(i) Max Weber,
(ii) Plato
(iii) Giddings
Answer:
(i) Max Weber

Question 11.
Whoinitiatedthisideathatthegroupmind was the basis of society.
(i) A.W. Green
(ii) Comte
(iii) Max Weber
(iv) Mc Dougall
Answer:
(iv) Me Dougall

Question 12.
Which is not a characteristic society from the following?
(i) Definiteaim
(ii) Interdependence
(iii) Co-operation
(iv) Likeness
Answer:
(i) Definite aim

Question 13.
What do you mean by society?
(i) The system of usage and procedure.
(ii) The interaction of the group.
(iii) The people
(iv) The places of their residences.
Answer:
(i)The system of usage and procedure.

Question 14.
Who said society is a web of social relationships?
(i) Giddings
(ii) Cooley
(iii) Maclver
(iv) Ginsberg
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 15.
Who said society is a common property?
(i) Thomas
(ii) Maclver
(iii) Colley
(iv) Giddings
Answer:
(i) Thomas

Question 16.
Which of the following is a functional prerequisite of society?
(i) Some rules
(ii) Definite area
(iii) Group of people
(iv) Provision of security
Answer:
(iv) Provision of security

Question 17.
Man is not born human, but to be made human who of the following says it.
(i) Durkheim
(ii) Prof. Park
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(ii) Prof Park

Question 18.
Which of the following element distinguishes animal society from human society?
(i) Physical strength
(ii) Laugh
(iii) Culture
(iv) Speech
Answer:
(iii) Culture

Question 19.
Which of the following elements of difference between society and community?
(i) A group of people
(ii) Links
(iii) Definite locality
(iv) Sentiment
Answer:
(iii) Definite locality

Question 20.
Man is a social animal because_______.
(i) His nature and necessity made him so.
(ii) His forefathers have lined in society.
(iii) Society was born with him.
Answer:
(i) His nature and necessity made him so.

Question 21.
Which of the following shows the foral cases to prove social nature of man?
(i) Aristotle
(ii) K. Davis
(iii) Maclver
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 22.
A group of people organised for a particular purpose is known as :
(i) Association
(ii) Society
(iii) Community
Answer:
(i) Association

Question 23.
The theory which draws some similarities between society and human body is called is________.
(i) Group mind theory
(ii) Idealist theory
(iii) Organic theory
(iv) Natural theory
Answer:
(iii) Organic theory

Question 24.
Which of the following is an association?
(i) State
(ii) Trade Union
(iii) Tennis Club
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iv) All of these

Question 25.
Which of the following is held to be the right of the origin of the society?
(i) Evolutionary theory
(ii) Genetic theory
(iii) Patriarchal theory
(iv) Divine right theory
Answer:
(i) Evolutionary theory

Question 26.
By which of the following an association is characterised?
(i) Customs
(ii) Folkways
(iii) Usage
(iv) Norms
Answer:
(iv) Norms

Question 27.
Which of the following is not the basic elements of a community?
(i) Communitysentiment
(ii) Legal status
(iii) Environment friendly
(iv) Definite locality
Answer:
(ii) Legal status

Question 28.
What makes a society?
(i) Place as their residence
(ii) Time boundness
(iii) The people
(iv) Reciprocity
Answer:
(iv) Reciprocity

Question 29.
Culture is man-made part of the environment who said this?
(i) Malimoshi
(ii) Taylor
(iii) Kroeber
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Kroeber

Question 30.
What distinguishes human society from animal society?
(i) Geography
(ii) Reproduction
(iii) Organisation
(iv) Culture
Answer:
(iv) Culture

Question 31.
Who called society mind unit large?
(i Pareto
(ii) McDougall
(iii) Aristotle
Answer:
(i) Pareto

Question 32.
What is the most fundamental unit of human society?
(i) Family
(ii) Individual
(iii) Religion
(iv) Economy
Answer:
(i) Family

Question 33.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a social group?
(i) We feeling
(ii) Similar ethnic background
(iii) Reciprocal relation
(iv) Common territory
Answer:
(ii) Similar ethnic background

Question 34.
Which of the following is characteristic of the social group.
(i) Common territory
(ii) Sense of unit
(iii) Compulsory membership
(iv) Face-to-face preserve
Answer:
(iii) Compulsory membership

Question 35.
Groups are classified into the primary groups and secondary groups by
(i) Swamper
(ii) Maclver
(iii) C.H. Cooley
(iv) Karl Marx
Answer:
(iii) C.H. Cooley

Question 36.
Which of the following is characteristic of culture?
(i) Culture makes man’s life materially comfortable.
(ii) Culture is learnt.
(iii) Culture is a divine creation.
(iv) Culture is a religious system.
Answer:
(ii) Culture is learnt.

Question 37.
Culture has importance for the group because
(i) It satisfies human needs for food and shelter.
(ii) It provides stability to the goal.
(iii) It keeps social relationships in fact.
(iv) It marks off one group from the other.
Answer:
(iii) It keeps social relationships in fact.

Question 38.
To constitute culture the acquired behaviours should be________.
(i) Shared by and transmitted among the members of the group.
(ii) Believed to be ideal by the group.
(iii) Shared by the group.
(iv) Transmitted a way to the members of the group.
Answer:
(ii) Shared by and transmitted among the members of the group.

Question 39.
Material culture implies
(i) Possession of essential commodities.
(ii) Possession of material occupation.
(iii) Possession of luxurious articles.
(iv) Possession of concrete ideas of beliefs.
Answer:
(iii) Possession of luxurious articles.

Question 40.
What does culture usually reflect in modem society?
(i) Religionculture
(ii) National culture
(iii) Geographical culture
(iv) Group culture
Answer:
(ii) National culture

Question 41.
Society is co-operation and crossed by conflict was said by __________.
(i) Cooley
(ii) GillinandGillin
(iii) Maclver
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 42.
Our culture is what are, our civilization is what we have who said this?
(i) Comte
(ii) C.C. North
(iii) Max Weber
(iv) Maclver
Answer:
(iv) Maclver

Question 43.
Culture may be defined as________.
(i) Sumtotalofcollective behaviour.
(ii) Unconditioned people.
(iii) Pattern of arrangements by society.
(iv) Typical habit patterns of people.
Answer:
(iv) Typical habit patterns of people.

True or False Type Questions

Question 1.
Maclver insists that sociability is the essence of society.
Answer:
False
George Simmel insists that sociability is the essence of society.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The term sociology was coined in the year 1848.
Answer:
False
The term sociology was coined in the year 1939.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Maclver says that society rests on consciousness kind.
Answer:
False
F.H. Giddings says that society rests on consciousness of kind.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
The term society was derived from the Greek word “socius”?
Answer:
False
The term society was derived from the Latin word socius means companions.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Society is a web or network of human relationships.
Answer:
False
Society is a web or network of social relationships.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
The word community has been derived from the Greek word commences.
Answer:
False
The word community has been derived from the Latin word commences.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Comte cited three cases of infant isolation from the group to prove social nature of man.
Answer:
False
Maclver cited three cases of infant isolation to prove social mature of man.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Community sentiment means a feeling to differences.
Answer:
False
Community sentiment means a feeling of being together or a sense of we feeling.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
A community is bigger than society.
Answer:
False
Community is smaller than society.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Community is a creation of human all.
Answer:
False
Community is grows spontaneously.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Aristotle says society involves both likeness and differences.
Answer:
False
Maclver says society involves both likeness and differences.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
K. Davis opines community is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life.
Answer:
True
Community sentiment is the most important characteristic of a community.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Community sentiment is the most important characteristic of a community.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
A community does not possesses a definite territory.
Answer:
False
A community always possesses a definity territory.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
A community is a temporary social group.
Answer:
False
A community is a permanent social group.
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Village is an example of association.
Answer:
False
Political party is an example of association.
Answer:
True

Question 17.
Association is a group of organised people having common interest.
Answer:
True
An association may be both temporary or permanent.
Answer:
True

Question 18.
An association may be both temporary or permanent.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Association has no aims.
Answer:
True
Association has definite aims.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
An association does not have any states.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Association is natural formed.
Answer:
False
Association is artifical formed.
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Membership of an association is compulsory.
Answer:
False
Membership of an association is optional.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Association is permanent in nature.
Answer:
True
Association may be both temporary and permanent.
Answer:
True

Question 24.
Ogbrum Nimkoff says that a social group is a system of social interaction.
Answer:
False
H. M. Johnson says that a social group is a system of social interaction.
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Family is an example of a secondary group.
Answer:
False
Family is an example of primary group.
Answer:
True

Question 26.
C. H. Cooley wrote the book ‘Social Organisation’.
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Playgroup is an example of primary group.
Answer:
True

Question 28.
A political party is an example of secondary group.
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Red Cross society is an example of primary group.
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Secondary relation is an end in itself,
Answer:
False
Secondary relation is a means of an end i.e. it is goal oriented.
Answer:
True

Question 31.
Cooley classifies group into in-group and out-group.
Answer:
False
Cooleyclassifies group into primary and secondary groups.
Answer:
True

Question 32.
Summer classifies groups into in-group and out-group on the basis of contract.
Answer:
True
Summer classifies groups into in-groups and out-groups on the basis of consciousness of kind.
Answer:
True

Question 33.
K. Davis has outlined the characteristics of the primary group as internal and external.
Answer:
True

Question 34.
Culture is individual behaviour.
Answer:
False
Culture is a shared behaviour.
Answer:
True

Question 35.
Maclver first used the term culture.
Answer:
False
E.B. Tylor first used the term culture.
Answer:
True

Question 36.
Culture is inborn.
Answer:
False
Culture is learned not inborn.
Answer:
True

Question 37.
Culture is not based on symbols.
Answer:
False
Culture is based on symbols.
Answer:
True

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concepts Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 2 Basic Concepts Short Answer Questions

Answer In One Sentence

Question 1.
What are the main elements of society?
Answer:
(1) Likeness
(2) A system of social relationship
(3) Difference
(4) Interdependence
(5) Co-operation and conflict
(6) Society is abstract and intangible
(7) Comprehensive culture.

Question 2.
What is society?
Answer:
Society is the main basic concept of sociology. The word society is usually to designate the members of specific in groups persons rather than the social relationship. Society means collection of individuals who are bought into social relationship with one another. The sum total of human relation can called society.

Question 3.
Mention the Latin word from which the term society is derived.
Answer:
Society has come from the Latin word Socius which means a companion. The companionship is derived from it by adding the nounsuffin-ship.

Question 4.
Write M. Ginsberg’s definition of society.
Answer:
According to M. Ginsberg, A society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or modes of behaviour which work them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behaviour.

Question 5.
Define society.
Answer:
According to Maclver and Page, society is a system of usages and procedures authority and mutual and of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and of liberties.

Question 6.
Write Cole’s definition of society.
Answer:
According to G.D.H. Cole “Society is the complex of organised associations.”

Question 7.
Write short note on society is a web or network of social relationship.
Answer:
In the words of Maclver society is a web or network of social relationships in the basis of society social relationship implies mutual awareness and reciprocity or mutual interaction and is based on understanding and fellow feelings.

Question 8.
Write Prof. Gidding’s definition of society.
Answer:
According to Prof. Gidding “Society is the union itself the organisation the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together.

Question 9.
Write short note as functional prerequisites of society.
Answer:
Society is a functioning organisation. It is socious functioning different prerequisites are necessary. Likeness is one of the important functional prerequisites of society because it consists of like minded people.

Question 10.
Write any two functional prerequisities of society.
Answer:
(1) Obdience to social norms.
(2) Re-production.

Question 11.
What is community?
Answer:
Community means a group of people living in a geographical area and having a degree of we feeling.

Question 12.
Write short note on society is co-operation crossed by conflict.
Answer:
Maclver opinions society is a cooperation crossed by conflict. Co-operation is essential to co-operate and associate for the achievement of common interest.

Question 13.
What are the characteristics of community.
Answer:
The characteristics of community are:

• Locality
• community Sentiment
• Stability
• Naturalness
• Size of the community
• Regulations of relations

Question 14.
Write two examples of community.
Answer:
(1) Urban Community
(2) Wage Community

Question 15.
What is community sentiment?
Answer:
Community sentiment means a feeling of belonging together. The members must be aware of their staying together and sharing common interests. The members develop a sense of we feeling.

Question 16.
Explain the importance of locality in community.
Answer:
Locality continues to be a basic factor or community life. However in modem times the local bond of community is weakened by the development of the means of transport and communication. In fact, the extension of communication is itself the condition of a large but still territorial community.

Question 17.
What is Association?
Answer:
A group of people organised for a particular purpose or limited member of purposes on the basis of common interests they may be said to constitute an association. An army, a political party, a music club, a trade unions, a college can be called as association.

Question 18.
Write any two association.
Answer:
(1) A group of people
(2) Voluntary and organised group.

Question 19.
What is social group?
Answer:
Social group is an organised group.

Question 20.
Define social group?
Answer:
According to Maclver and Page, a group is any collection of human beings who are brought into social relationships with one another.

Question 21.
Mention any two characteristics of social group.
Answer:
Social group means a collection of individuals without this social group cannot be formed. Thus social group means a collection of human being who are brought into social contact for a common benefit.

Question 22.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture has two meaning one for common man and another for the social scientists. It is one of the important concepts in social science. It is commonly used in political science and economic. It is the main concepts in Anthropology. The study of human society immediately and necessary leads us to the study of its culture.

Question 23.
Define various types and culture?
Answer:
A number of sociologists classified culture into two large components.
(1) Material Culture
(2) Non-material culture.

Question 24.
What is material culture?
Answer:
Material culture consists of the products of human activitiy. Material culture have been discovered to solve the problems of human living. Books, chair and tables, pens, lamps and bubble gums are some of the items of material culture.

Question 25.
What is non-material culture?
Answer:
Non-material culture consists of intangible and abstract things, customs, beliefs, attitude, values and religion and included in non-material culture.

Question 26.
What is primary group?
Answer:
Primary group is a small group in which a small number of persons come into direct contact with one another.

Question 27.
Mention any two characteristics of primary group?
Answer:
The two characteristics of primary group are:
(1) The size of primary group is very small.
(2) The relation of the members primary group are direct, close, intimate face and personal.

Question 28.
What is secondary group?
Answer:
Secondary group is just opposite side of the primary group. It is a large group where a large number of persons come into indirect contract with one another. There is no need of face to face, intimate and personal relations in secondary group.

Question 29.
Mention any two characteristics of secondary group.
Answer:
The characteristics of secondary group are:
(1) The size of secondary group is very large.
(2) Secondary the relations of the members of secondary group are indirect, less in time, touch and go type and in personal.

Question 30.
Define reference group.
Answer:
According to Sheriff reference group as those groups to which individual relations himself as a part or to which he relates himself psychologically.

Question 31.
What is in-group?
Answer:
There are number of group to which individual belongs are called in-group.

Question 32.
What is out-group?
Answer:
Out-group is opposite of in-group. According to summer out-group is that group to which individual does not belong. The individuals does not belongs to a number of groups which are his out-group.

Question 33.
Give any two examples of social group.
Answer:
(1) A nation.
(2) Labour union.

Question 34.
Give any two examples of primary group.
Answer:
(1) Family.
(2) Children’s playground.

Question 35.
Give any two examples of secondary group.
Answer:
(1) A city.
(2) A trade union.

Question 36.
Give any two examples of in-group.
Answer:
(1) A persons own family.
(2) A persons own religion.

Question 37.
Give any two examples of out-group.
Answer:
(1) For a student other college, than his own college, are out-group.
(2) A person friends, family is out-group for that person.

Question 38.
Mention any two difference between primary and secondary group.
Answer:
(1) Primary group and secondary group differ from each other regarding the nature of relationships.
(2) Primary group is small but secondary group is large size.

Question 39.
What is reference group?
Answer:
The individual initiates other individuals and groups. He compare himself with others and begins behaving like them in order to reach their status and position. The individuals or groups whose behaviour is limited by him are known as reference group.

Question 40.
Mention any two difference between in-group and out-group.
Answer:
(1) The groups to which individual belongs are known as his in-group, but all other groups are regarded as out-groups of that individual.
(2) Both in-group and out-group differ from each other on the basis of ‘we’ and ‘they’ or other feeling.

Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write short notes on the term Society.
Answer:
The word society has been derived from the Latin word Socius which means a Companion. The term society used to refer to the members of a specific in-group. As Gidding says that its is a number of like minded individuals, who know and enjoy their like mindedness and are therefore able to work together for common ends.

Question 2.
Explain the term Community.
Answer:
The word Community has come from the Latin root Comments means Common. A Community refers to a group of people living within a definite area with common interests and carrying on interdependent life.

Question 3.
Explain the term Community Sentiment
Answer:
Community sentiment is one of file important characteristic of community. It refer to a sense of we-feeling or a feeling of being together. It implies a kind of sentiment or emotional identification with the group.

Question 4.
Write short notes on important characteristic of Society.
Answer:
MacIver says society means likeness. In consists of like minded people who are similar in many respects society also involves differences. Interplay of likeness and differences forms society. Members of society are inter¬dependent on each other and they co-operate among themselves.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Society and Community.
Answer:
The term society has been derived from the Latin word Socius means Companion whereas the term community has been derived from the Latin word Comments means Common.

A society do not have definite locality but community has definite locality. Society rests on cooperation. But community rests on community sentiment.

Question 6.
Explain any three characteristics of Community.
Answer:

• A group of people is the primary condition for the formation of society.
• A community always exists within a definite locality. When a group of people living in a definite area they form a community.
• Community sentiment is the most important characteristic of community. It means a feeling of being together or sense of we feeling.

Question 7.
Explain any three functional pre-requisites of Society.
Answer:
As a functioning organisation society requires some functional pre-requisites. Which are as described below :

• Food, clothing and shelter is one of the most important functional pre-requisite of society which are as described below.
• Sonic provision of security for its member is another functional pre-requisite of society.
• Inter-dependence among members is another functional pre-requisite of society.

Question 8.
Explain the term Association.
Answer:
An association is a group of people organised for a particular purpose or a. limited number of purposes. According to Maclver “Association is an organisation deliberately formed for the collectives persuit of some interest or set of interests which its members share. An association is organised and guided by some rules and regulations.

Question 9.
Write in brief how man is a social animal.
Answer:
In the words of famous Greek Philosopher, man is a social animal. He who lives without society either is a God or a beast. He can’t live in isolation. He always lives in groups or society. Man is social by nature and necessity.

His needs and necessities compel him to live in society. Man’s human nature only develops in society. The different experiment of feral cases of Kasper Hauser, Amala and Kamala and the cases of Anna proves this social nature of man.

Question 10.
Explain any three characteristic of Association.
Answer:
(1) A group of people is necessary to form an association and the people who form an association must be organised.
(2) Common purpose or interest is the next important characteristic of an association. The people who form an association must have a common purpose. For the achievement of this they organise themselves.
(3) There must be co-operation among members without which association can’t be formed.

Question 11.
Explain Institution.
Answer:
Institution ordinarily refers to the rules governing the complex social relationships among people. Institutions are forms of procedures. In the words of A.W. Green An institution is the organisation of several folkways and mores into a unit which serves a number of social functions.

Question 12.
Explain any three characteristic of an Institution.
Answer:
(1) Institutions are formed to satisfy the primary needs of individuals.
(2) Institutions prescribe certain rules and regulations which are to be followed by all the members.
(3) Institutions are abstract in nature and are embodiment of values.

Question 13.
Distinguish between Association and Institution.
Answer:
Association is concrete in nature whereas institutions are abstract. Association is a group of people who organise themselves for the purpose of attaining common interest. But institutions are forms of procedures and characteristics of group activity. Association refers to a group of people whereas institution refers to some rules and regulations.

Question 14.
Explain Social Group.
Answer:
Ordinarily group refers to a number of units of anything in close proximity with one another: But social group refers to any collection of human being who are brought into social relationship, with one another. Ogburn and Nimkoff says whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.

Question 15.
Explain any three characteristics of Social Group.
Answer:
(1) Social group is a collection of human beings who are united by a sense of unity.
(2) Some sort of reciprocal relations exist among the members of a social group.
(3) Member of a social group show similarity of behaviour and have common interest.

Question 16.
Explain Primary Group.
Answer:
American Sociologist C.H. Cooley developed the concept of primary group and opine primary group is characterised by intimate and face-to-face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses. Primary group is small in size and is called is ‘we group’. They are nursery of human virtues; example -family.

Question 17.
Explain Secondary Group.
Answer:
Secondary groups are almost the opposite of the primary groups. Secondary groups are large in size and are of short duration. Interaction among the members of secondary group is formal, utility oriented specialised and temporary. Political party is an example of secondary group, these groups provide experience lacking in intimacy.

Question 18.
Explain the term Culture.
Answer:
The term culture is first used by the famous English anthropologist E.B. Tylor culture is the sum total of human activities which are learnt and shared by the majority in a group and passed on from one generation to another. It is the handiwork of men and the medium through which we achieve our ends.

Question 19.
Explain any three characteristics of Culture.
Answer:
(1) Culture is learned by living in group. It is not informal.
(2) Culture is accumulative in nature. It is a product of centuries.
(3) Culture is transmissive in nature. It is transmitted from one generation to another.

Question 20.
Explain Material Culture.
Answer:
W.F. Ogbum has divided culture into material and non-material type. Material culture refers to those things to which we can •touch or can see. They are tangible and concrete in nature. Books, chairs, tables, utensils etc. are examples of material culture.

Question 21.
Explain Non-material Culture.
Answer:
W.F. Ogbum has divided culture into material and non-material type. Non-material culture refers to those things to which we can touch or see. They are intangible and abstract things. Beliefs, value, customs, ideology etc. are examples of non-material culture.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Material and Non-material Culture.
Answer:
Material culture refers to the things to which we can tough or can see whereas non-material culture refers to those things which we can’t see or touch.

Books, chairs, tables etc. are examples of material culture whereas values, ideology, customs etc. are examples of non-material culture. Material culture is also called as artifacts where of non-material culture is known, asmenti-facts.,

Question 23.
Explain Cultural Lag.
Answer:
Ogburn has divided culture into material and non-material types. He opines that these two parts of culture do not more it uniform speed. Material culture moves faster than non-material culture.

As a result a gap is seen between these two interrelated parts of culture. To this gap or generation. Ogburn called as cultural lag. Hence, culture lag refers to the gap between two-inter-related parts of culture i.e. material and non-material.

Question 24.
Distinguish between Culture and Society.
Answer:
Culture is the way of life whereas society is an interaction of group of people sharing a culture. Society is a process of living and it consists of a group of people whereas culture refers to the belief customs, traditions etc.

Culture is the handiwork of men and a medium through which he achieves his ends. But society refers to a web of network of relationship that exists between men.

Question 25.
What is in-group?
Answer:
There are number of group to which individual belongs are called in-group. The examples of if-groups are his family, caste, sex, occupation, village etc. The individual develop a sense of attachment affection and sympathy towards the numbers of his in-group all the time. There is we feeling among the members in in-groups.

Question 26.
What is out-group?
Answer:
Out group is opposite of in group. According to summer out-group is that group to which individual does not belong. The individuals does not belongs to a number of groups which are his out-group. The individuals belongs to those groups which are known as his in-groups but all other groups are called his out-groups.

Question 27.
Define Reference Group.
Answer:
According to Sheriff “Reference group as those groups to which individual relates himself as a part or to which he relates himself psychologically’’.

Question 28.
What is Reference group?
Answer:
The individual initiates other individuals and groups. He compares himself with others and begins behaving like them in order to reach their status and position. The individuals or groups whose behaviour is limited by him are known as Reference groups.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concepts Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 2 Basic Concepts Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by society? Explain the characteristics of society.
Answer:
The term “society” is derived from the Latin word ’socius’, which means companionship means sociability. As George Simmel pointed out, it is this element of sociability which defines the true essence of society. It indicates that man always lives in the company of other people. ‘Man is a social animal’, said Aristotle centuries ago. Man lives in towns, cities, tribes, villages, but never alone.

Loneliness brings him boredom and fear. Man needs society for his living, working and enjoying life. Society has become an essential condition for human life to arise and to continue. Human life and society always together.

(1) According to Maclver and Page, “Society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mutual aid of many groupings and divisions, of control, of human behaviour and of liberties”.
(2) According to F.H. Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organisation, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together”.

Characteristics of Society:
In its broadest sense society means the whole human society, the community of all human beings. A very large section of the humanity may be called a society. The Western Christendom; the people of Islam, the Indians, the English and the French are some such societies because they belong to very large social communities.

A society, thus, means a large social community having many things in common in the way of living of its members for a closer and better understanding we have to discuss the characteristics of society. Society is composed of people, without the students and the teachers there can be no college and no university. Similarly, without people there can be no society, no social relationships, and no social life at all.

Society is a group of people in continuous interaction with each other. It refers to the reciprocal contract between two or more persons. It is a process where by men interpenetrate the minds of, each other. An individual is a member of society so long as he engages in relationsihp with Other members of society. It means that individuals are in continuous interaction with other individuals of society.

The limits of society are marked by the limits of social interactions. Social interaction is made possible because of mutual awareness. Society is understood as a network of social relationships only where the members are aware of each other. Society exists only where social beings ‘behave’ towards one another in ways determined by their recognition of one another. Without this awareness there can be no society. A social relationship, thus implies mutual awareness.

The principle of likeness is essential for society. It exists among those who resemble one another in some degree, in body and in mind.
Likeness refers to the similarities. People have similarities with regards to their needs, works, aims, values, outlook towards, and so on. Just as the ‘birds of the same father flock together’, men belonging to the same species called homosapiens, have many things in common.

Society, hence rests on what F.H. Giddings calls consciouness of kind. “Comradeship, Intimacy, association of any kind or degree would be impossible without some understanding of each by the other and that understanding depends on the likeness which each apprehends in other”. Society in brief, exists among like beings and likeminded.

Society also implies difference. A society based entirely on likeness and uniformities is bound to be loose in socialites. If men are exactly alike, their social relationships would be very much limited. There would be little give-and-take, little reciprocity. They would contribute Very little to one another. More than that, life becomes boring, monotonous and uninteresting, if differences are not there.

Hence, we find difference in society. Family for example, rests on biological difference between the sexes. People differ from one another in their looks, personalities, ability, talent, attitude, interest, taste, intelligence, faith and soon. People pursue different activities because of these difference.

Thus we find farmers, labourers, teachers, soldiers, businessmen, bankers, engineers, doctors, advocates, writers, artists, scientists,- musicians, actors, politicians, bureaucrats and others working in different capacities, in different fields in society. However, difference alone cannot create society. It is subordinated to likeness.

Society is not static, it is dynamic. Change is ever present in society. Changeability is an inherent quality of human society. No society can Over remain constant for any length of time. Society is like water in a stream or river that forever flows. It is always in flux. Old men die and new ones are born.

New associations and institutions and groups may come into being and old ones may die a natural death. The existing ones may undergo changes to suit the demands of time or they may give birth to the new ones. Changes may take place slowly and gradually or suddenly and abruptly.

Primarily likeness and secondarily difference create the division of labour. Division of labour involves the assignment to each unit or group a specific share of a common task. For example, the common task of producing cotton clothes is shared by a number of people like the farmers who grow cotton, the spinners, the weavers, the dyers, and the merchants.

Similarly, at home work is divided and shared by the father, mother and children. Division of labour leads to specialisation. Division of labour and specialisation are the marks of modem complex society. Division of labour is possible because of co-operation. Society is based on cooperation. It is the very basis of our social life.

As C.H. Cooley says, cooperation arises when men realise that they have common interests. It refers to the mutual working together for the attainments of a common goal. Men satisfy many of their desires and fulfil interests through joint efforts. People may have direct or indirect co-operation among them. Thus co-operation and division of labour have made possible social solidarity or social cohesion.

Society has its own ways and means of controlling the behaviour of its members cooperation, no doubt exists in society. But side by side. Competitions, conflicts, tensions, revolts, rebellions and suppression are also there. They appear and re-appear off and an. Clash of economic or political or religions interests is not uncommon. Left to themselves, they may damage the very fabric of society.

They are to be controlled. The behaviour or the activities of people are to be regulated. Society has various formal as well as informal means of social control. It means society has customs, traditions, conventions and folkways, mores, manners, etiquettes and other informal means of social control. Also it has law, legislation, constitution, police, court, army and other formal means of social control to regulate the behaviour of its members.

Social relationships are characterised by interdependence. Family, the most basic social group, for example, is based upon the interdependence of man and woman. One depends upon the other for the satisfaction of one’s needs. As society advances, the area of interdependence also grows.

Today, not only individuals are interdependent upon one another, but even, communities, social groups, societies and nations are also interdependent. Each society has its own ways of life Culture. This distinguishes one society from another. Culture refers to the total range of our life. It includes knowledge, belief, art, morality, values, ideas, ideologies, sciences and philosophies.

A society has a comprehensive culture. It is culturally self-sufficient. It may carry on trade with other societies, but the cultural patterns involved in this trade are the part of the culture of the society itself. For example, the pattern of extending credit, the recognized rates of exchange, the means of payment, the form of contacts all these cultural patterns are the parts of the culture of each society involved in interaction.

The members of a society share a common and unique culture. In our society we share such cultural symbols as the August Fifteen, January Twenty six and so on. We also share cultural values of collectivism and spiritualism. Collectivism means the economic theory and industry should be carried on with a collective capital and spiritualism is the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real but soul or spirit.

Me Dougall, say that man is social because of the basic human instinct called the gregarious instinct. Gregariousness refers to the tendency of man to live in groups. Man always lives amidst, men. He cannot live without it. This internal nature of man has forced him to establish social groups and societies and to live in them.

Human life and society almost go together. Man is born in society and bred up in society, nourished and nurtured in society. From childhood to adolescence, from adolescence to youth, from youth to maturity, from maturity to old age, from old age up to death, man lives in society. He depends on society for protection and comfort, for nature and education.

Participation in society is necessary for the development of personality. Various cases show that man can become man only among man. Society makes our life livable. It is the nurse of youth, the arena of manhood and womanhood. Society, is therefore, as Maclver puts it, more than our environment. It is within us as well as around us, Society not only liberates the activities of men, but it limits their activities also. It controls their behaviour in countless ways.

It shapes our attributes, our beliefs, our morals and our ideals. Emotional development, intellectual maturity, satisfaction of problems needs and material comforts are unthinkable without society. Society is a part of our mental equipment and we are. a part of society, stimulates the growth of our personality. It liberates and controls out talents and capacities.

Question 2.
Examine the importance of the functional pre-requisites of society.
Answer:
Preservation of human society requires the fulfilment of certain functional necessities, which we may call as functional pre-requisites. There are certain pre-requisites of a harmonious and active social system. A tension ridden social system cannot function efficiently. As a healthy body works if there is no disorder in its parts.

Similarly, a society system can function efficiently if there is order among its parts. There are so many needs or requisite, which society needs. It is impossible to analyse all the requisites society needs. Yet some of the important pre-requisites of society are discussed here.

The basic needs are food, clothing, shelter and security. Every man needs food for very survival. Without it life is impossible. As a civilized being clothing is also another bare necessity of human being. Similarly for his rest, to avoid rain, cold and other hazards of environment he needs shelter.

Therefore, food, clothing and shelter are regard as the most human being is security. No human being or human society can survive without protection from its members. Therefore, human being needs protection from every front for his survival.

Another important need of human society is the human actions and systematic social relationship. For this there must be division of labour. Every society has a clear division & labour among men and women, the young and the old and on the basis of ability. Division of labour and division of responsibility if necessary for every society. Similarly, systematic of relationship rests upon the likeness among the people,

There should be sufficient number of people in a social system so that it may function efficiently. The number should not be too much or too less. In a society there should be a definite system of procreation to maintain the continuity. Procreation is the means through which new members come and old members are replaced.

The new members of society learn social values and systems of behaviour because of which continuity of society is maintained. Therefore, replacement of population is the need of society. Socialization of the young is very much necessary. Not only young but also other members go through the process of socialisation.

Through the process of socialisation the cultural norms of a society is transferred, to the next generation. Socialisation plays a very important role in this regard. Because no new generation is not a new beginning. The new members of society learn social values and systems of behaviour because of which the continuity in society is maintained.

Attainment of goal is another prerequisite of society. There must be flow among the members, a continuous stream of meaningfulness and goal without which the survival of society comes into question. Each social system has some norms of conduct. These are socially approved ways of behaviour which the members are expected to observe or to follow. If these are violated social system cannot function effectively

Sometimes individuals knowingly or unknowingly deviate – the existing social order for which it becomes impossible to maintain order in the society. Therefore, control should be exercised over individuals to observe the, norms of society. As a result of which the social system may function in a satisfactory manner. Social control helps members to learn and preserve value oriented behaviours;

The actors of a society should accept the social system instead of showing resentment against it. Even they should have eagerness towards positive action.

Question 3.
Analyse the characteristics of Community.
Answer:
Community consists of a group of people without a group of people community can not be formed. Every community has a definite geographical territory. This territory can be changed according to the growth of population. The members of a community have a sense of community sentiment and degree of we-feeling.

The customs, traditions, folkways, mores, language and many other things of the members of a community are very, similar. Like crowed community is not temporary or short lived. It is a natural and permanent organisation. A community may be big or small in size. The small community exists within a big community.

Every community has certain rules and regulations which members compulsorily obeyed Community fulfils all the fundamentals needs of its members. Community is not deliberately or purposively created. It is a spontaneous and naturally and group. It group naturally develops spontaneously. Each and every community has a particular name by which one community is distinct from another.

Question 4.
Analyse the characteristics of Association.
Answer:
An association is formed or created by people. It is basically a social group. Without people there can be no association. An association is not merely a collection of individuals. It consists of those individuals who have more or less the same interests. An association is based on the cooperative spirit of its members. People work together to achieve some definite purpose.

Association denotes some kind of organisation. An association is known essentially as an organised groups. Every association has its own ways and means of regulating the relations of its members. Associations, are means or agencies through which their members seek to realise their similar or shared interests.

Such social organisations necessarily act not merely through leaders, but through officials or representatives, as agencies. An association may be permanent or temporary. There are some long-standing associations like the state, family, religious associations etc. some associations may be purely temporary in nature.

Question 5.
Analyse the characteristics of Social Institution.
Answer:
The main characteristics of social institutions may be described here:
Institutions come into being due to the Collective activities of the people. They are essentially social in nature. Social institutions are ubiquitous. They exists in all the societies and existed at all the stages of social development. An institution must be understood as standardised procedures and norms.

They prescribe the way of doing things. They also prescribe rules and regulations that are to be followed. Marriage, as an institution, for example, govern the relations between the husband and wife. Institutions are established by men themselves. They cater to the satisfaction of some basic and vital needs of man.

Institutions like religion, morality, state, government, law, legislation etc., control the behaviour of men. These mechanisms preserve the social order and give stability to it. Institutions are like wheels on which human society marches on towards the desired destination. Institution normally do not undergo sudden or rapid changes.

Institutions are not external, visible or tangible things. They are abstract. Institutions may persist in the form of oral and or written traditions. Institutions may have their own symbols, material or non-material. Institutions, though diverse, are interrelated.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Society and Community.
Answer:
Society is a web of social relationship but community consists of a group of individuals living in a particular area with some degree of we filling. A definite geographical area is not an essential aspect of society. A definite locality or geographic area is essential for community.
Society is abstract but community is concrete.

Community sentiment or a sense of we-feeling may be present or may not. But for the community sentiment is an essential element of community. There can be no community in its absence. Society is wider community is smaller than society: There can be more than one community in a society.

The objectives and interests of society are more extensive and valid but community has limited objectives. Society involves both likeness differences, but likeness is more important in community. There is common agreement of interests and objectives on the post of members.

Question 7.
Different between Association and Institution.
Answer:
An association is a group of people organised for the purpose of fulfilling a need or needs. But institutions refers to the organised way of doing things. It represent common procedure. Association denotes membership but institution denotes only a mode or means of service. We belong to association, to political parties, trade unions, youth clubs, families etc.

We do not belong to institution. We do not belong to marriage property, education or law. Association consists of individuals, institution consists of laws, rules and regulations. Association are concrete but institutions are abstract. An association has a location, it makes sense to ask where it is but an institution does not have location. The question where it is, makes no sense at all.

Thus, a family can be located in space but we cannot locate examination, education, marriage etc. Association are mostly created or established but institution are primarily evolved. An association may have its own distinctive name but institution does not process specific names, but has a structure and may have a symbol. Association may be temporary or permanent but institution are relatively more durable.

Question 8.
Discuss the characteristics of Secondary Group.
Answer:
Large Size:
The first characteristic of secondary group is its large size. The size of secondary group is so large because it is formed by a large number of people. Secondary group have spread all over the country. For example political party which is secondary group, consisting of thousands of members and work throughout the country. Similarly, the members of International Red Cross Society scatter all over the world. Due to large size, all the members of secondary group are indirectly related to each other.

Indirect Relations:
Secondary groups are characterized by indirect relations. All members are indirectly related to each other because a secondary group is bigger in size than a primary group and the members cannot say together. The specialization of functions leads to indirect relation in secondary groups.

For example, in the large scale organizations where division of labour is complex, the members have not only different functions but also different powers, different degrees of participation, different sights and obligations. All these lead to indirect relations. The contacts and communications in secondary group are mostly indirect.

Formal and Impersonal Relations:
Relation among the members of secondary groups are formal and impersonal. The members do not have face-to-face relations. People do not develop personal relations among themselves. In large scale organization, there are contacts and they may be face-to-face, but they are, “as says Kingsley Davis, “the touch-and go variety. The numbers in secondary group are more concerned with their self-centred interests than with other persons. Thus the secondary relations are formal and impersonal.

Voluntary Membership:
The membership of secondary group is not compulsory but always voluntary. People may join secondary groups according to their sweet will. For instance, one may join a political party or may not joint it. Similarly one may or may not join a political party or may not joint it. Similarly one may or may not join a particular recreational club. It is not essential to become the member of Rotary International Club or Red Cross Society. This is no compulsion. This voluntary membership leads indirect and impersonal relations among the members of a secondary group.

Formal Rules:
Secondary groups are regulated by formal rules and regulations. A secondary group exercises control over its members through formal ways. The secondary relation are directly controlled by police, jail, anny, court and various other formal means. Status of Individual depends upon his role. In secondary group the position of status of every member depends upon his role.

Every members in a secondary group plays a role or a number of roles. His status in the group is determined by his role. For example, the status of the president of a political party depends upon the role he plays in the party and not upon his birth or personal qualities. Similarly, in a college, the status of the principal depends upon his role not upon his birth and other traits.

Individuality in Persons:
Secondary groups are sometimes called “special-interest groups”. Individuality develops in the persons in secondary groups because, their relations are based on self-interests. When their interests are satisfied they lose interest in the group. Thus self-interest leads the members to develop their individuality in secondary groups.

Active and Inactive Members: A secondary group is very large in size. Physical closeness and intimacy are totally absent among its members. Owing to this reason, some members of the group become active and some others are quite inactive. For instance, in a national political party, a majority of the members take active interest where as the rest of the members do not take any active interest in the party work.

Self-dependence Among the Members: The members of a secondary group are self-dependent. They want or desire to fulfil their self-interests. For this purpose, the members of a secondary group depend upon themselves in order to safeguard their own interests.

Goal Orientation:
Lastly, the main purpose of a secondary group is fulfill a specific aim. That means each secondary group is formed to achieve a specific goal. The members are not interested in maintaining close and personal relations but they are only interested in achieving the aim or which they have joined the group.

For example trade union is formed for the better working conditions of the workers. Similarly, a teacher’s association is formed for securing better conditions of service for teacher.

Question 9.
Describe the characteristics of Primary group.
Answer:
According to C.II. Cooley, following are the important and essential characteristics of a primary group.
Physical Proximity:
The members of primary group must be physically close to one another. They develop intimacy on account of close contact among themselves. It will be very difficult to exchange ideas and thoughts in the primary group unless its members are in close physical proximity to one another.

So that there exists a physical proximity among the members of a primary group which leads to the exchange of thoughts among them. Therefore, physical closeness is an essential ingredient of a primary group.

Small Size:
The primary group is always small in size. It is so small, that the desired intimate relationship can be developed among its members. Due to its small size, the members of a primary group know each other personally and develop a group character.

Continuity of Relationship:
The relations among the members of the primary group are direct, close, intimate and personal. These relations are continuous and permanent. The members of the primary group meet and discuss with each other frequently. The continuous and frequent relations bring stability in the primary group.

We-Feeling:
There a is strong “We- Feeling” among the members of a primary group. They are always motivated by unique slogan that ‘we are all the members of a particular group’. They treat the members of their own group as their near relatives or friends and the persons belonging to other groups their own group and all of them protect their interest unitedly.

The members of a primary group stand each other for the welfare of their group. For instance, the parents often sacrifice their interests for the sake of the family.

Personal Relations:
The relations among the members of primary group are personal, spontaneous and inclusive that means all the members of the primary group personally known each other. Member of primary groups have personal relations and this is why the gap of one member’s absence is not filled completely by the other.

For instance, in the family after the death of wife, a person may marry again but the memory of the dead wife does not end with it. No other person can take the place of a particular friend or a family member. Thus Maclver says that “in the primary group-life our relations with other are always, to some extent, personal”.

Common Aims and Objectives:
In a primary group all the members have common aims and objectives. For example in family the pleasure and pain of every member is shared by the whole family and all the members work for some common aim. Thus in primary groups, the aims and objectives are the same for all the members. In other words, all the members of a primary group work collectively for the fulfilment of their common aims and objectives.

Similarity of Background:
The members of a primary groups always have similar background. They should be equally experienced so that each member can either give or take something from other members. According to Maclver “A level on which every group must dwell and the person who is too far above or below it, disturbs the process of group participation”. In the primary group each member presents his own view point and accepts the view-point of others.

Limited Self-interest:
The member of a primary group have their own interest but self-interest of the members is subordinated to the common interest of the group as a whole.

They must come together in spirit to participate co-operatively. The common interest must predominate in their mind. It introduces the element of common cause among the members of a primary group. The common interest provide mental pleasure and contentment to the members.

Stability:
A primary group is more stable than other groups. To promote closeness and intimacy of relationship, the primary group should be stable and permanent to some extent. The stability of nature of primary groups brings unity and integrity among the members.

Maximum Control over the Member: Due to the intimacy, spontaneity, physical proximity, small size and stability of the group, all the member of a primary group can know each other personally. In the primary group, it is very difficult for any person to avoid the other. Therefore, primary group exercises Maximum control over the members.

In a primary group, the younger members are directly controlled by the elder members. For instance, in a family, the parents control the younger ones. The primary group does not permit anybody to follow a wrong path and stops him from doing any action contradictory to group customs, traditions, more, norms, values and ideals.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary Group.
Answer:
Size of the primary groups is usually very small. It is because the big size of the group defeats the very purpose of a primary x group whereas the size of secondary groups is very large and runs into many thousands in many cases. Membership of a primary group are spread in a limited area whereas the members of the secondary group can be found all over the world.

Relations between the members in a primary group are very intimate, close and direct whereas the relations between members are neither very close nor direct but indirect and formal. Members in primary groups cooperate spontaneously with each other. They meet on long-term basis and solve their problems and differences.

Whereas in secondary groups deliberate efforts have to be made to organise and the members meet only for particular purpose and as soon as that purpose is achieved, the group is dissolved. In primary groups all the members have common interest They struggle and work hard to achieve those interests. Efforts are collective and combined.

In secondary groups the members have no direct interest. They have selfish aims and try to achieve them by joining this type of group. Therefore, efforts are not collective and combined. There is no formal code of conduct for the working of members ofprimary group. But in the case of secondary group a detailed code of conduct is required for the smooth working of the group.

A formal authority is also needed to regulate conduct and behaviour of members of the group. In primary groups no such authority is needed. In the primary group, all the members take active part formatting the group self-sufficient. But in the Case of secondary groups many members are not active but take only passive interest with the result that only few are leaders and all others are followers.

The primary groups are found in rural areas while secondary groups are found in urban areas. The size of the primary group being small, it does not include any other group in it. But the secondary group being large, many other small groups are included in it. A primary group sees that there is an allround development of personality of an individual.

It see that personality of an individual finds fullest expression in the group. The second any groups do not care for all sided development of its individuals. It is concerned with only one aspect of his life and tries to develop that one.  In primary groups, the co-operation of the members is direct and willing.

where as co-operation of members in the secondary groups is indirect and even that is not willing forthcoming. Thus it is clear that the primary groups were most suited in the primitive societies where social structure was neither complex nor complicated. But these groups cannot function smoothly in modem times because of our complicated social arrangement. It does not mean in any way that the need of primary groups has decreased.

Question 11.
Explain the Cultural Lag.
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag has come to occupy an important place in the writings of eminent sociologists. It is a concept that has a particular appeal in an age in which technological inventions and innovations of many other kinds are constantly disturbing the elder ways of livings. Ogburn was the first sociologist to elaborate upon the idea of cultural lag and to formulate a definite theory, though in the writings of other sociologists particularly Sumner, Muller-Lyer, Wallar and Spencer the existence of a cultural lag is implied.

Ogburn distinguishes between ‘material’ and ‘non-material’ culture. By material aspects of culture he means things like took utensils, machines, dwellings, the manufacture of goods and transportation. In the non-material aspects he includes family, religion government and education. When changes occur in the material aspects, those in turn simulate changes in the non-material aspects.

The non-material culture, according to Ogbum is often slow to respond to the rapid inventions in material culture. When non-material culture does not adjust itself readily to the material changes it falls behind the material and gives rise to cultural lag: In Ogbums words. “The strain that exists between two correlated parts of culture that changes as unequal rates of speed may be interpreted as a lag in the part that is changing at the slowest rate, for the one lags behind the other”.

In material culture, discoveries and inventions are rapidly made to which the non-material culture is to adjust itself and if it cannot, a lag culture. If society is to maintain an equilibrium, both the parts of culture, material and non-material should be properly adjusted. Ogburn, therefore concluded that the problem of adjustment in Modem society is chiefly one of enabling the non-material aspects of culture to catch up with the material aspects.

In other words, man should adopt his ways of thinking and behaving to the state of his technology. Ogburn gave examples to substantiate his thesis. The patriarchal type of family, adapted to agricultural conditions, is continued in a largely industrial urban society. The major problems faced by the modem family come from the persistence in any obsolete form.

Similarly, the old concepts of sovereignty are still held despite the obvious changes that have brought nations close to each other and made them much more interdependent than in the past. Another instance of a lag is the discrepancy between the number of police official and the growth of population.

The growing cities have not increased their police force fast enough, nor the decreasing cities have reduced their soon enough. The change in the number of police officials lags behind the change in the population. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century industry changed first, and the family lagged behind in its change.

Women were slow in following their jobs outside the home. Thus after citing various examples Ogbum concluded that “the many and frequent technological innovations of our modem age by occurring prior to the social changes they precipitate, are the causes of many cultural lags in society”.

Among the various technological developments and inventions that are producing cultural lags in contemporary society Ogbum included the telephone, motor-car, wireless, cinema, power-driven agricultural. machines, printing, photographs, alloys, electrical goods, welding, the aeroplane, air conditioning, artificial lighting contraceptives, television etc. These are resulting in a terrific impact on society its social institutions, its customs and its philosophies.

The result is a vast accumulation of cultural lags. Thus, in the modem age, cultural lag is visible in the various elements of culture. Lumley has beautifully written that “It seems as if many pedestrian soldiers or a complete army are marching out of step or as if some of the performers of an orchestra are playing last year’s music and still others last century’s music or even more ancient music at the same time.

Criticism:
Ogburn’s hypothesis of cultural lag has been accepted by many of sociologist but there are a few critics who point out that the distinction between material and non-material culture is not a workable one. It we cling to the old fashioned way when under new conditions our needs could be better served by changing them we cannot properly say that the lag is between the material and non-material.

Nor should it be assumed that it is always the material that is in advance of the non-material or that the main problem is of adjusting non-material to the material culture. Maclver observes that the term lag is not properly applicable to relations between technological factors and the cultural pattern of between the various components of the culture pattern itself.

He regards “technological lag” a better term than “cultural lag”. According to Meuller, “Cultural lag is artificial and imaginary.” Coming to the influence of cultural factors on social relationships it has been acknowledged by all that there is an intimate connection between our beliefs and our institutions. Our valuations and our social relationships.

The social and cultural factors are closely interwoven that all cultural change involves social change. New ideologies causes significant changes in the modes of group life. It was the social philosophy or Marxism, wrought into a dynamic evangelism and finding its opportunity in the suffering.

Question 12.
Define Culture and discuss its features.
Or,
What is Culture? Analyse the characteristics of Culture.
Answer:
Culture is one of the most important and basic concepts of sociology. In sociology culture has a specific mean. The anthropologists believe that the behaviour which is meant is called culture, hi other words the behaviour which is transmitted to as by some one is called culture. The way of living, eating, wear, sing dance and talk it are all parts of a culture.

In common parlance the word culture is understood to mean beautiful, refined or interesting. In sociology we use the word culture to denote acquired behaviour which are shared by and transmitted among the members of the society. In other words, culture is s system of learned behaviour shared by and transmitted among the member of the society.

In other words, culture is a system of learning behaviour shared by and transmitted among the members of a group. Definitions of Culture“Culture has been defined in various ways by sociologists and anthropologists. Following are the important definition of culture”. E.B. Tyler defines “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.

Edward Spiro says that “Culture is any socially inherited element the life of man, material and spiritual”. Malinowaski defines “Culture the handiwork of man and conventional understanding manifest in art and artist which persisting through which he achieves his ends”. Redfiled remarks that “Culture is an organised body of conventional understanding manifest in art and artifact which characterizes a human group”.

Maclver is of view that “Culture is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and our thinking. Intercourse in our literature in religion, in recreation and enjoyment”. According to E.S. Bogardus “Culture is all the ways of doing and thinking of a group”. Characteristics of Culture For a clear understanding of the concept of culture it is necessary far as to know its main characteristics. Culture has several characteristics. Following are the main characteristics of culture.

Culture in Learnt:
Culture is not inherited biologically, but learnt socially by man. It is not an inborn tendency. There is so culture instinct as such culture is often called learned, ways of behaviour, unlearned behaviour such as closing the eyes. While sleeping the eye blinking reflex and so on are purely physiological and culture sharing hands or saying namaskar or thanks and sharing and dressing on the other hand are culture.

Similarly wearing clothes, combing the hair, wearing ornaments, looking the food, drinking from a glass, eating from a place or leaf, reading a newspaper, driving a car, enacting a role in drama, singing worship etc. are all ways of behaviour learnt by culturally.

Culture is Social:
Culture does not exist in isolation neither is it an individual phenomenon, it is product of society. It originates and develops through social interact. It is shared by the members of society. No man can acquire culture without association with other human beings. Man becomes man only among men. It is the culture which helps man to develop human qualities in a human environment deprivation is nothing but deprivation of human qualities.

Culture is Shared:
Culture in the sociological sense, is something shared. It is not something that an individual alone can possess. For example customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals etc. are shared by people of group or society. The invention of Arya Bhatta or Albert Einstein.

Charaka or Charles Dante, the philosophical works of Confucious or LaoTse, Shankaracharya or Swami Vivekananda, the artistic work of Kavi Verma or Raphall etc. are all shared by a large number of people, culture is something adopted used, believed, practised or possessed by more than one person. It depends upon group life for its existence (Robert Brerstedt).

Culture is Transmissive:
Culture is capable of being transmitted from one generation to the next. Parents pass on culture traits to their children and they in turn to then- children and so on. Culture is transmitted not through genes by means of language. Language is the main vehicle of culture.

Language in its different forms like reading, writing and speaking makes it possible for the present generation to understand the achievements to earlier generation. But language itselfs is apart of culture. Once language is acquired it unfolds to the individuals it wide field. Transmission of culture may take place by imitation as well as by interaction.

Culture is Continuous and Cummulative:
Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it tends to become cummulative culture is growing whole which includes in itselfs, the achievement of the past and present and makes provision for the future achievements of mankind. Culture way thus be conceived of as a kind of stream flowing down through the centuries from one generation to another.

Hence some sociologists like Lotion called culture the social heritage of man. As Robert writes culture or the money of human race. It becomes difficult for its to imagine what society would be like without his accumulation of culture what lives would be without it.

Culture is consistent and inter-related:
Culture in its development has revealed tendency to be consistent. At the same time different parts of culture are inter-connected For examples the value system of a society. A society is closely connected with its other aspects such a morality, religion, customs, traditions, beliefs and so on.

Culture is Dynamic and Adoptive:
Though culture is relatively stable it is not altogether static. It is subject to slow but constant, change. Change and growth are latent in culture. We find amazing growth in the present Indian culture when we compare it with the culture of the Vedic times. Culture is hence dynamic.

Culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world. It is adoptive. It also intervence in the natural environment and man in his process of adjustment. Just as our house shelter us from the storm, so also does our culture help us from natural changes and assist us the service. Few of us indeed could survive without culture.

Culture is Gratifying:
Culture provides proper opportunities and prescribes means for the satisfaction our need and desires. These needs may be biological or social in nature our need for food, shelter and clothing on the one hand our desire for status,’ name formed money mates, etc. are all for example, fulfilled according to the culture ways, culture determines and guides the varied activities of man. In fact culture is defined as the process through which human beings satisfy their wants.

Culture varies from Society to Society:
Eyery society has a culture on its own. It differs from society to society. Culture of every society is quite to itself Cultures are uniform. Culture elements such as customs, tradition, ideals, values, ideologies, beliefs practice philosophic institutions, etc. are not uniform everywhere, ways of eating, speaking, greeting, dressing, entertaining, living etc. of different specialities differ significantly. Culture varies from time to time also.

No culture ever remains constant or changeless. It Manu were to come back to see the Indian society, today he would be bewildered to witness the vast changes that have taken place in our culture.

Culture is super-organic and identical:
Culture is sometimes called the super-organic. By super organic Herbert Spencer meant that culture is neither organic, nor inorganic nature but above those two, the term implies the social meaning may be independent of physiological and physical, properties and characteristics for example the social meaning of a national flag is not just a piece of coloured cloth.

The flag represents a nation, similarly, priests and prisoners professors and professionals, players, engineers are not just biological beings. There social status and role can be understood only through culture.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
A patrilineal or matrilineal kin group whose members are assumed to have a common ancestor but who do not know their exact genealogical relationship with one another is known as:
(a) Kingship t
(b) Family
(c) Clan
(d) Marriage
Answer:
(a) Clan

Question 2.
The term family derived from which of the following word:
(a) Roman word Famulus
(b) Latin word Logos
(c) Greek word Socius
Answer:
(a) Roman word Famulus.

Question 3.
Which are not secondary kin?
(a) Sister’s husband
(b) Brother’s wife
(c) Wife’s brother
(d) Wife of brother-in-law
Answer:
(d) Wife of brother-in-law

Question 4.
Which one is the Indian type of family?
(a) Consanguinous
(b) Conjugal
(c) Polyandrous
(d) Matrilineal
Answer:
(a) Consanguinous

Question 5.
Which of the following is not primary kin?
(a) Uncle
(b) Brother
(c) Mother
(d) Father
Answer:
(a) Uncle

Question 6.
Which among the following is tertiary kin?
(a) Wife of brother-in-law
(b) Uncle
(c) Brother’s son
(d) Father
Answer:
(a) Wife of brother-in-law

Question 7.
The mle of residence generally followed in society is ____________.
(a) Matrilocal
(b) Bio-local
(c) Patriloeal
(d) Avuneulocal
Answer:
(c) Patriloeal

Question 8.
Who classify functions and families into six categories.
(a) Green
(b) Iravati Karve
(c) Maclver
(d) Ogbum and Ninkoff
Answer:
(d) Ogbum and Ninkoff

Question 9.
Which among the following is tertiary kin?
(a) Father
(b) Uncle (mamu)
(c) Brother ’s son
(d) Wife of brother-in-law
Answer:
(d) Wife of brother-in-law

Question 10.
The family is an aggarian society is ________.
(a) Matriarchal
(b) Patriarchal
(c) Nuclear
(d) Matrilocal
Answer:
(b) Patriarchal

Question 11.
Family is a ________.
(a) Secondary group
(b) Reference Group
(c) Primary Group
(d) Outgroup
Answer:
(c) Primary Group

Question 12.
The word family has come from the word famulus which is a _________.
(a) Roman word
(b) Greek word
(c) French word
(d) Latinword
Answer:
(a) Roman word

Question 13.
Family is an _________.
(a) Kinship group
(b) Political group
(c) Economic Group
(d) Religious group
Answer:
(a) Kinship group

Question 14.
To constitute a family the essential characteristic is _________.
(a) Sense of unity
(b) Mutual help
(c) Specific object
(d) A form of marriage
Answer:
(d) A form of marriage

Question 15.
The family originated when _________.
(a) Promiscuous relations between him and women prevailed.
(b) Men come out of the primitive stage.
(c) Men felt the need for procreation.
(d) The lord created women.
Answer:
(c) Men felt the need for procreation.

Question 16.
Which of the following statement is not hue?
(a) Family is not found among nomadic tribes.
(b) Family is both an association and an institution.
(c) Family is a universal group.
(d) Family is the nucleus of all groups.
Answer:
(a) Family is not found among nomadic tribes.

Question 17.
A matriarchal family is where in _________.
(a) Authority of the family rests on the father.
(b) Marriage relations are permanent.
(c) Descent is reckoned through the mother.
(d) All children succeed in the property.
Answer:
(c) Descent is reckoned through the mother.

Question 18.
A patriarchal family is where in _________.
(a) Marriage relations are transitional.
(b) The husband goes to live in the home of his wife.
(c) All the members share equal authority.
(d) Descent is reckoned through the father.
Answer:
(d) Descent is reckoned through the father.

Question 19.
Out of the following which one is not a basis of the classification of the family?
(a) Ancestry
(b) Structure
(c) Religion
(d) Residence
Answer:
(c) Religion

Question 20.
A family may be classified on the basis of blood relationships in which type.
(a) Nuclear of extended.
(b) Conjugal or consanguineous
(c) Matrilocalorpatrilocal
(d) Matrilineal or patrilineal
Answer:
(b) Conjugal or consanguineous

Question 21.
Which one of the following is the essential function of the family?
(a) Socialization of the child.
(b) Transmission of culture
(c) Stable satisfaction Of sex ned.
(d) Procreation and rearing of children.
Answer:
(c) Stable satisfaction Of sex ned.

Question 22.
Which one of the following is the important role played by the family in society?
(a) Contributes to the economic growth of society.
(b) Provides recreation.
(c) Satisfies sex needs.
(d) It exercises great influence on the personality of the individual.
Answer:
(d) It exercises great influence on the personality of the individual.

Question 23.
Which one is found in a modem family?
(a) Position of the mother is inferior.
(b) There is decreased control of marriage bonds.
(c) The children have less freedom.
(d) Father dominates family.
Answer:
(b) There is decreased control of marriage bonds.

Question 24.
Indian family system is based on which are of the following.
(a) Matrilineal descent.
(b) Patrilineal descent.
Answer:
(b) Patrilineal descent.

Question 25.
Which one is not a characteristic of the joint family?
(a) Small size
(b) Common Religion
(c) Joint property
(d) Common occupation
Answer:
(a) Small size

Question 26.
The bond of blood is known as _________.
(a) Consanguineous kinship
(b) Attinal kinship
Answer:
(a) Consanguineous kinship

Question 27.
Out of the following which is not a feature of the modern family?
(a) Laxity in sexual relationships.
(b) Economic freedom.
(c) Subordination of wife.
(d) Declining influence in religion.
Answer:
(c) Subordination of wife.

Question 28.
Which of the following is an example of secondary kin?
(a) Sister
(b) Brother
(c) Uncle
(d) Wife of brother-in-law
Answer:
(c) Uncle

Question 29.
Which of the following factor helps in the disintegration of the family system in India?
(a) Women franchise
(b) Women’s Education
(c) Industrialisation
(d) Social Legislation
Answer:
(c) Industrialisation

Question 30.
The term education is derived from which of the following word?
(a) Greek word Pedagogy
(b) Sas word to know
(c) Latin word Educatum
Answer:
(c) Latin word Educatum

Question 31.
Education is the realization of self which is the propounder of view.
(a) Pamini
(b) Kautilya
(c) Sankaracharya
(d) GuruNanak
Answer:
(c) Sankaracharya

Question 32.
Education makes man self-reliant and selfless. Who is the propounder of view?
(a) Upanisad
(b) Yaganavalkya
(c) Kautilya
(d) Rigveda
Answer:
(d) Rigveda

Question 33.
Which of the following educational function of a family?
(a) Providing vocational education
(b) Development of knowledge
(c) Social development
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 34.
“By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man body, mind and spirit”. Who said this?
(a) Sri Aurobindo
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) R.N.Tagore
(d) M.K.Gandhi
Answer:
(d) M.K.Gandhi

Question 35.
The role of the family in education has been _________.
(a) Belongingness
(b) Independence
(c) Education Materials
(d)All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 36.
Which of the following educational functions of school?
(a) Providing vocational education.
(b) All-round development of the individual.
(c) Character development
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 37.
“Human Society” who write this book?
(a) K. Davis
(b) Burgess
(c) Locke
(d) Maclver
Answer:
(a) K. Davis

Question 38.
Which of the following educational functions of the state?
(a) Formulation of the curriculum.
(b) Establishing a new school.
(c) Controlling educational institutions.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 39.
Who defines kinship as a cluster of social relations based on such factors as biological ties, marriage, and legal rules regarding adoption, guardianship, and the like”.
(a)K. Davis
(b) Maclver
(c) Mardock
(d) Smclser
Answer:
(c) Mardock

Question 40.
How many types of kinship are divided?
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) Five
Answer:
(d) Three

Question 41.
Education is a due manifestation of the divine perfection already existing in man is defined by _________.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Plato
(c) Pandit Gopabandhu
(d) Vivekananda
Answer:
(d) Vivekananda

Question 42.
Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body is defined by _________.
(a) Plato
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Aristotle
(d) Vivekananda
Answer:
(c) Aristotle

Question 43.
The term education is the combination and two words E and DUCO E – means – and DUCO means:
(a) Educare out of to lead.
(b) Educare to lead out of.
(c) All of the above.
Answer:
(c) All of the above.

Question 44.
Education as a bipolar process has been advocated by _________.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Adam Son
(c) John Dewey
(d) Adams
Answer:
(d) Adams

Question 45.
Advocates education as a unipolar process _________.
(a) Admas
(b) Sir John Adamson
(c) John Dewey
Answer:
(a) Adams

Question 46.
What is education correspond to:
(a) Aims of education
(b) Agency of Education
(c) Functions of education
(d) Meaning of Education
Answer:
(c) Functions of education

Question 47.
Advocates education as a continuous reconstruction and integration of activities and experiences.
(a) Tagore
(b) Rousseau
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 48.
Who said the economy is one social superstructure?
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Marx

Question 49.
Who viewed the economy as one of a number of social institutions?
(a) Manx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Durkheim

Question 50.
Who viewed the economy is part as an extension of religious belief.
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Weber

Question 51.
Who has written ‘Communist Manifests’?
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) Plato
Answer:
(a) Marx

Question 52.
Who has written the book “Division of Labour in Society”?
(a) Weber
(b) Durkheim
(c) Plato
(d) Marx
Answer:
(b) Durkheim

True / False Type Questions

Question 1.
The term family has been derived from the Greek word Famulus.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The term family has been derived from the Roman word Famulus.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
When authority is vested in the oldest male member it is called a patrilineal family.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
When authority is vested in the oldest male member it is called a patrilineal family.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
A polygamy is an ideal form of family.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Monogamy is an ideal form of family.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
A joint family consists of a husband, wife, and unmarried children.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
A nuclear family consists of a husband, wife, and unmarried children.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Universality and emotional basis are two general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
Universality and emotional basis are two distinctive features of the family.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Reproduction is one of the non-essential functions of the family.
Answer:
False

Question 12.
Reproduction is one of the essential functions of the family.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
K. Davis opines family performed six important functions.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
Ogburn and Nimkoff opine family performed six important functions.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
On the basis of the degree of relationship, kins are two types.
Answer:
False

Question 16.
On the basis of the degree of relationship, kins are three types.
Answer:
True

Question 17.
When ancestry or descent is determined on the father line it is called a matrilinear family.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
When descent or ancestry is determined on the father line it is called a patrilineal family.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
The bond of marriage is called consanguineous kinship.
Answer:
False

Question 21.
Close, direct and near relations are called secondary kins.
Answer:
False

Question 22.
Close, direct and near relations are called primary kins.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Maclver writes the book “Human Society”.
Answer:
False

Question 24.
Kinsley Davis writes the book “Human Society”.
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Family is one of the most important social units.
Answer:
False

Question 26.
The family is one of the most important biological units.
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Family is one of the most universal social processes.
Answer:
False

Question 28.
Family is one of the most universal social groups.
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Family is the center of all social organization.
Answer:
False

Question 30.
Family is the nucleus of all social organizations.
Answer:
True

Question 31.
The functions of the family may be both permanent and temporary.
Answer:
False

Question 32.
The nature of family may be both permanent and temporary.
Answer:
True

Question 33.
The nuclear family is large in size.
Answer:
False

Question 34.
The extended family is large in size.
Answer:
True

Question 35.
The family in which after marriage husband comes to reside in the family of her wife is known as a patrilocal family.
Answer:
False

Question 36.
The family in which after marriage husband comes to reside in the family of her wife is known as a matrilocal family.
Answer:
True

Question 37.
The matrilocal family is just the opposite of the patrilineal family.
Answer:
False

Question 38.
The matrilocal family is just the opposite of a patrilineal family.
Answer:
True

Question 39.
Socialization is the most important characteristic of a family.
Answer:
False

Question 40.
Socialization is the most important function of a family.
Answer:
True

Question 41.
Family as a secondary social group.
Answer:
False

Question 42.
Family is a primary social group.
Answer:
True

Question 43.
Kingsley Davis essential and non-essential functions of the family.
Answer:
False

Question 44.
Maclver essential and non-essential functions of the family.
Answer:
True

Question 45.
The Kingship relationship established by family is known as affinal kinship.
Answer:
False

Question 46.
The kinship relationship established by marriage is known as affinal kinship.
Answer:
True

Question 47.
Maclver identified six important bases of kinship.
Answer:
False

Question 48.
H. M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship.
Answer:
True

Question 49.
Education is the socialization of the self.
Answer:
False

Question 50.
Education is the realization of self.
Answer:
True

Question 51.
Education is the process of living through a continuous construction of experiences.
Answer:
False

Question 52.
Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences.
Answer:
True

Question 53.
Education is a one-polar process.
Answer:
False

Question 54.
Education is a bi-polar process.
Answer:
True

Question 55.
Sociology is the transmission of life from the living to the living.
Answer:
False

Question 56.
Education is the transmission of life from living to living.
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Education is the construction of a sound mind in a sound body.
Answer:
False

Question 58.
Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.
Answer:
True

Question 59.
Education is a slow process.
Answer:
False

Question 60.
Education is a lifelong process.
Answer:
True

Question 61.
Marx claims that social and political structures are divided from the economic means of production.
Answer:
True

Question 62.
The social superstructure is not the economic base of society for Marx.
Answer:
False

Question 63.
The class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.
Answer:
True

Question 64.
Marx claims that communication opposes the power of oppression.
Answer:
True

Question 65.
Marx, Weber, and Durkheim are economists.
Answer:
False

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is family?
Answer:
The family is the most important primary group in society. It is the most simplest and elementary form of society. It is the first and the most immediate social environment to which a child is exposed.

Question 2.
Give one definition of family.
Answer:
Ogburn and Ninkoff say that “Family is a mere or less a durable association of husband and wife with or without a child or of man or a woman alone with children.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of family and from which is it is derived?
Answer:
The term family has been derived from the Roman word Famulus which means servant. The servants enjoyed the status of members of the household in ancient times. Thus originally family consisted of a man and a woman with a child or child servant.

Question 4.
Mention the main characteristic of the family.
Answer:
As a social unit family has the following characteristics such as:

• Emotionality
• Universality
• Limited size
• Social Control
• Formative influence
• Responsibility of member

Question 5.
What is a matriarchal family?
Answer:
A matriarchal family is also known as mother centered family. Her mother or woman is the head of the family who exercises her authority. She is the owner of the property and the manager of the household. All the other members are subordinate to her.

Question 6.
What is a patriarchal family?
Answer:
The patriarchal family is also known as father dominant family. Here the father or the eldest man is the head of the family and we exercise authority. He is the owner and the administrator ofthe family property. On all family matters, he is the final voice and opinion.

Question 7.
What is a single-family or nuclear family?
Answer:
The nuclear family is one that consists ofthe husband, wife, and their unmarried children. It is an autonomous unit and frees all control of elders. The Anevecian family is a typical example of a modern-independent nuclear family. The size of the nuclear family is very small.

Question 8.
What is a joint family?
Answer:
The joint family is also known as an undivided family and sometimes as an extended family. It consists of the husband, wife, their married and unmarried children uncles, aunts, grandfather, grandmother, etc. The members of a joint family belong to several generations. The eldest member is the head of a joint family. In India, this family system is prevailing among the Hindus.

Question 9.
What is a patrilocal family?
Answer:
A patrilocal family is a type of family in which after marriage the wife goes and lives in the family of her husband.

Question 10.
What do you mean by matrilocal family?
Answer:
A matrilocal family is such type of family in which after marriage the husband goes and lives in the family of his wife. In this family, the husband occupies the secondary position. This type of family is only found among the Khasi tribes of Assam.

Question 11.
What is a monogamous family?
Answer:
A Monogamous family is composed of one man and one woman. In this family, one man marries one woman. Both spouses can’t marry for a second time. This type of family is regarded as an ideal family.

Question 12.
What is a polygynous family?
Answer:
In a polygynous family, one man marries more than one woman at a time and lives with them and their children in the same house. This type of family is found among the Eskimo tribes, African Negroes, and Muslims.

Question 13.
What is a polyandrous family?
Answer:
A polyandrous family is composed of one woman and many men. In this type of family one woman marries many men and lives with all of them alternatively. The Pandav family is a polyandrous family.

Question 14.
What is a patrilineal family?
Answer:
In the patrilineal family, the descent is traced through the father. An entry also continues through the male members or father. Father is the center of authority patrilineal family – is regarded as the best type of family in modem India.

Question 15.
What do you mean by matrilineal family?
Answer:
In a matrilineal family, the descent is traced through the matter. An entry also continues to female members throughout the family. Here female members enjoyed all rights and privileges including the right of property and inheritance.

Question 16.
Define kinship.
Answer:
Man is social. He doesn’t live alone in society. From birth till death he is surrounded which a number of persons. They are relatives, friends, neighbors, and strangers. Some are known while others were unknown persons the lie is bound to all those persons who are related to him in one way or the other. This relationship is based on blood and married. The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a group is called kinship.

Question 18.
How many types of kinship?
Answer:
Kinship is two types.

• Affinal kinship.
• Consanguineous kinship.

Question 19.
What is Affinal kinship?
Answer:
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship when a person marries he establishes a relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but also with a number of persons in the girl’s family.

Question 20.
What is consanguineous kinship?
Answer:
The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. The consanguineous kin is related through blood whereas in affinal kin are related through marriage.

Question 21.
What is sarhaj?
Answer:
The wife of the brother-in-law (sala) is called sarhaj.

Question 22.
Two examples of primary kinship.
Answer:
Sister, Father.

Question 23.
Give two examples of secondary kinship.
Answer:
Father, Brother, Sister’s husband.

Question 24.
What is Education?
Answer:
Education is that which makes one’s life harmonious with all existence and thus enables the mind to realize the ultimate truth which gives us a wealth of inner light and love and gives significance to life.

Question 25.
What is economics according to Marx?
Answer:
The economy is at the center of Marx’s sociological theories, he considered society to be the result of an economic base and a social superstructure. It is the economic base that determines all other social structures including ideology, politics, and religion.

Question 26.
What is the role of the economy as a social institution?
Answer:
The economy is a fundamental part of contemporary society. It contributes to the administrative, educational, ethical, legal, and religious organization of society. It is a social superstructure.

Question 27.
What does Marx claim about the forms of the state’s interest?
Answer:
Marx claim that the modern form of the state serves the interest of the ruling economic class by oppressing the collective interest of the proletariat.

Question 28.
What is class according to Weber?
Answer:
Class is defined in terms of market situation a class exists when a number of people have in common economic interest in the possession of goods and opportunity for income in commodity or labor markets.

Question 29.
What is your view of Weber on the economy?
Answer:
Economies result from communities that are arranged in such a way that goods, tangible and intangible, symbolic and material are distributed.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Family.
Answer:
Family is a unique and universal social institution. The word Family has come from the Roman word Famulus which means servant. Because in those days family consisted of a man and a woman with her children and servants. According to Maclver, a Family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.

Question 2.
Explain any three general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
A mating relationship :
Family is the outcome of the mating relationship between a man and a woman. Man and woman’s sexual desire is satisfied through this.

Forms of marriage :
The mating relationship is established through different forms of marriage like monogamy, polygamy, etc.

An Economic Provision :
Family provides for some sort of economic provision by which different economic needs of its members are met.

Question 3.
Explain any three distinctive features of the family.
Answer:
As a social organization par- excellence family has the following distinctive features as
Universal nature :
Family is a universal social institution that is found all over the world and at all stages of development.

Nucleus position :
Family is the nucleus, of all other social organizations and the whole social structure is built around it.

Emotional basis :
Family is grounded on human emotions. In other words, family is built upon love affection, sympathy, cooperation, and sentiments.

Question 4.
Explain Monogamous family.
Answer:
A monogamous family is based on a monogamous marriage system. It consists of a husband, a wife, and their children. Both husband and wife are prohibited to have an extramarital relationship. It is regarded as an ideal form of family.

Question 5.
Explain the Polygynous family.
Answer:
A Polygynous family is based on a polygyny system of marriage. In this family, a man has more than one wife at the same time. And all the wives may stay under one roof along with their children or each wife may have a separate house.

Question 6.
Explain the Polyandrous family.
Answer:
A polyandrous family is based on a polyandry system of marriage. In this family, a woman marries more than one husband at a time. Here the wife lives with her husband during the term. It is found among the Todas and Kuta Tribes.

Question 7.
Explain the Patrilineal family.
Answer:
The family in which the ancestry family name and property are determined on the basis of the male line or father’s called a patrilineal family. The family name as well as the right to property is handed over from father to son.

Question 8.
Explain the Matrilincal family.
Answer:
On the basis of rules of descent or ancestry, the family may be divided into matrilineal or patrilineal. In this family system ancestry or descent is traced through the mother. The family name, as well as the right to property, is handed over from mother to daughter. Here, female members enjoy all rights and privileges.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary kins.
Answer:

• The relatives which are very close, direct, near, and are related through blood are called primary kins whereas the primary kins of a primary kins are called secondary kins.
• Father, son, and brother are called primary kins whereas father’s brother or father’s sister are examples of second kin.
• Primary kins are close blood relatives but secondary kins are related through primary kins.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Affinal kinship and Consanguineous kinship.
Answer:

• The relations created through marriage are known as affinal kins but kins related through blood are known as Consanguineous kins.
• Wife and sister-in-law are examples of affinal kins whereas parent’s sons and daughters are examples of consanguineous kins.

Question 11.
Explain Kinship.
Answer:
The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in groups is called kinship. Kinship includes socially recognized relationships. Kinships are of two types Affinal kinship and Consanguineous kinship. Kinship is based on both blood relationships and marital relationships.

Question 12.
Explain Religion.
Answer:
Religion refers to a belief in supernatural or mysterious powers which express themselves in overt activities. It is a unified system of beliefs and practices relating to sacred things. It establishes a unit in society.

Question 13.
Explain the functions of the family.
Answer:
As a universal social institution family performs several functions on the basis of important functions of the family are divided into essential and non-essential functions. Satisfaction of sex needs reproduction protection provision of home care of the young are the essential functions of the family. Non-essential functions of the family are economic, educative, religious, and recreational in nature.

Question 14.
Explain affinal Kinship.
Answer:
The bond- of blood or kinship that kinds people together in a group is called kinship. It includes socially recognized relationships. The relations created through marriage are called affinal kinship.

Question 15.
Explain Consanguineous Kinship.
Answer:
Kinship includes socially recognized relationships. It kinds people together in a group. Kinship may be divided on the basis of blood or marriage. The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. These kins are related to each other through blood.

Question 16.
Explain the social roles of Religion.
Answer:
Religion refers to that institutionalized system of beliefs symbols, values, and practices that provide group of men with solutions to their questions of ultimate being. Religion acts as a source of social cohesion and brings social welfare. Religion acts as an agency of social control and enhances self-importance.

Question 17.
Explain the Patriarchal family.
Answer:
On the basis of authority, the family may be divided into patriarchal and matriarchal types. When all the authority is vested in the oldest male member calls outs the patriarchal family.

Question 18.
Write a short note on the social role played by religion.
Answer:
Religion explains and rationalizes individual suffering and makes it bearable. Religion acts as the most important source of social cohesion. Religion brings social welfare to society. Religion acts as an important agency of social control and exercises control both over individuals and society.

Question 19.
Write short notes on the functions of the family.
Answer:
As an important social institution family performs several functions. Kins Davis has divided functions into four heads such as reproduction, maintenance, placement, and socialization. Similarly, OgbumandNimkoff mentioned six functions of the family such as affectionate, economic recreational protective, religious and educational.

But Maclverhas made only two divisions of functions, such as essential and non-essential functions. Essential functions include stable satisfaction of sex needs production and rearing of children. Under non-essential functions, they include educational, economic, recreational, religious, and others.