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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concepts Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 2 Basic Concepts Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1.
Where there is life, there is a society, who said this?
(i) Weber
(ii) Auguste Comte
(iii) Maclver and Page
(iv) Aristotle
Answer:
(iii) Maclver and Page

Question 2.
Who said the man is a social animal?
(i) Maclver
(ii) Plato
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(iii) Aristotle

Question 3.
Society is a consciousness of the mind is the definition of whom?
(i) Giddings
(ii) Plato
(iii) Davis
(iv) Aristotle
Answer:
(i) Giddings

Question 4.
Society determines __________ of the state.
(i) Background
(ii) Jurisprudence
(iii) Purpose
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iii) Purpose

Question 5.
The term society in sociology is used to refer to
(i) The persons professing the same religion
(ii) The system of social relationship.
(iii) The persons living in an area.
(iv) The organised relations between individuals.
Answer:
(ii) The system of social relationship.

Question 6.
Who has defined society as a system of usage and procedure of authority and mutual aid of many groupingÿ and divisions of control of human behaviour and of liberty.
(i) Gidding
(ii) A.W. Green
(iii) Maclver
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 7.
What does society exclude?
(i) Differences
(ii) Interdependence
(iii) Similarity
(iv) Time boundness
Answer:-
(iv) Time boundness

Question 8.
Origin of society was due to
(i) Evolution
(ii) God’s will
(iii) Force
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(i) Evolution

Question 9.
Society exists only when
(i) The members posses common interests.
(ii) The members are at the same place and same time.
(iii) The members know each other.
Answer:
(iii) The members know each other.

Question 10.
Sociology attempts an interpretative understanding of human behaviour who said this?
(i) Max Weber,
(ii) Plato
(iii) Giddings
Answer:
(i) Max Weber

Question 11.
Whoinitiatedthisideathatthegroupmind was the basis of society.
(i) A.W. Green
(ii) Comte
(iii) Max Weber
(iv) Mc Dougall
Answer:
(iv) Me Dougall

Question 12.
Which is not a characteristic society from the following?
(i) Definiteaim
(ii) Interdependence
(iii) Co-operation
(iv) Likeness
Answer:
(i) Definite aim

Question 13.
What do you mean by society?
(i) The system of usage and procedure.
(ii) The interaction of the group.
(iii) The people
(iv) The places of their residences.
Answer:
(i)The system of usage and procedure.

Question 14.
Who said society is a web of social relationships?
(i) Giddings
(ii) Cooley
(iii) Maclver
(iv) Ginsberg
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 15.
Who said society is a common property?
(i) Thomas
(ii) Maclver
(iii) Colley
(iv) Giddings
Answer:
(i) Thomas

Question 16.
Which of the following is a functional prerequisite of society?
(i) Some rules
(ii) Definite area
(iii) Group of people
(iv) Provision of security
Answer:
(iv) Provision of security

Question 17.
Man is not born human, but to be made human who of the following says it.
(i) Durkheim
(ii) Prof. Park
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(ii) Prof Park

Question 18.
Which of the following element distinguishes animal society from human society?
(i) Physical strength
(ii) Laugh
(iii) Culture
(iv) Speech
Answer:
(iii) Culture

Question 19.
Which of the following elements of difference between society and community?
(i) A group of people
(ii) Links
(iii) Definite locality
(iv) Sentiment
Answer:
(iii) Definite locality

Question 20.
Man is a social animal because_______.
(i) His nature and necessity made him so.
(ii) His forefathers have lined in society.
(iii) Society was born with him.
Answer:
(i) His nature and necessity made him so.

Question 21.
Which of the following shows the foral cases to prove social nature of man?
(i) Aristotle
(ii) K. Davis
(iii) Maclver
(iv) Comte
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 22.
A group of people organised for a particular purpose is known as :
(i) Association
(ii) Society
(iii) Community
Answer:
(i) Association

Question 23.
The theory which draws some similarities between society and human body is called is________.
(i) Group mind theory
(ii) Idealist theory
(iii) Organic theory
(iv) Natural theory
Answer:
(iii) Organic theory

Question 24.
Which of the following is an association?
(i) State
(ii) Trade Union
(iii) Tennis Club
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iv) All of these

Question 25.
Which of the following is held to be the right of the origin of the society?
(i) Evolutionary theory
(ii) Genetic theory
(iii) Patriarchal theory
(iv) Divine right theory
Answer:
(i) Evolutionary theory

Question 26.
By which of the following an association is characterised?
(i) Customs
(ii) Folkways
(iii) Usage
(iv) Norms
Answer:
(iv) Norms

Question 27.
Which of the following is not the basic elements of a community?
(i) Communitysentiment
(ii) Legal status
(iii) Environment friendly
(iv) Definite locality
Answer:
(ii) Legal status

Question 28.
What makes a society?
(i) Place as their residence
(ii) Time boundness
(iii) The people
(iv) Reciprocity
Answer:
(iv) Reciprocity

Question 29.
Culture is man-made part of the environment who said this?
(i) Malimoshi
(ii) Taylor
(iii) Kroeber
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Kroeber

Question 30.
What distinguishes human society from animal society?
(i) Geography
(ii) Reproduction
(iii) Organisation
(iv) Culture
Answer:
(iv) Culture

Question 31.
Who called society mind unit large?
(i Pareto
(ii) McDougall
(iii) Aristotle
Answer:
(i) Pareto

Question 32.
What is the most fundamental unit of human society?
(i) Family
(ii) Individual
(iii) Religion
(iv) Economy
Answer:
(i) Family

Question 33.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a social group?
(i) We feeling
(ii) Similar ethnic background
(iii) Reciprocal relation
(iv) Common territory
Answer:
(ii) Similar ethnic background

Question 34.
Which of the following is characteristic of the social group.
(i) Common territory
(ii) Sense of unit
(iii) Compulsory membership
(iv) Face-to-face preserve
Answer:
(iii) Compulsory membership

Question 35.
Groups are classified into the primary groups and secondary groups by
(i) Swamper
(ii) Maclver
(iii) C.H. Cooley
(iv) Karl Marx
Answer:
(iii) C.H. Cooley

Question 36.
Which of the following is characteristic of culture?
(i) Culture makes man’s life materially comfortable.
(ii) Culture is learnt.
(iii) Culture is a divine creation.
(iv) Culture is a religious system.
Answer:
(ii) Culture is learnt.

Question 37.
Culture has importance for the group because
(i) It satisfies human needs for food and shelter.
(ii) It provides stability to the goal.
(iii) It keeps social relationships in fact.
(iv) It marks off one group from the other.
Answer:
(iii) It keeps social relationships in fact.

Question 38.
To constitute culture the acquired behaviours should be________.
(i) Shared by and transmitted among the members of the group.
(ii) Believed to be ideal by the group.
(iii) Shared by the group.
(iv) Transmitted a way to the members of the group.
Answer:
(ii) Shared by and transmitted among the members of the group.

Question 39.
Material culture implies
(i) Possession of essential commodities.
(ii) Possession of material occupation.
(iii) Possession of luxurious articles.
(iv) Possession of concrete ideas of beliefs.
Answer:
(iii) Possession of luxurious articles.

Question 40.
What does culture usually reflect in modem society?
(i) Religionculture
(ii) National culture
(iii) Geographical culture
(iv) Group culture
Answer:
(ii) National culture

Question 41.
Society is co-operation and crossed by conflict was said by __________.
(i) Cooley
(ii) GillinandGillin
(iii) Maclver
Answer:
(iii) Maclver

Question 42.
Our culture is what are, our civilization is what we have who said this?
(i) Comte
(ii) C.C. North
(iii) Max Weber
(iv) Maclver
Answer:
(iv) Maclver

Question 43.
Culture may be defined as________.
(i) Sumtotalofcollective behaviour.
(ii) Unconditioned people.
(iii) Pattern of arrangements by society.
(iv) Typical habit patterns of people.
Answer:
(iv) Typical habit patterns of people.

True or False Type Questions

Question 1.
Maclver insists that sociability is the essence of society.
Answer:
False
George Simmel insists that sociability is the essence of society.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The term sociology was coined in the year 1848.
Answer:
False
The term sociology was coined in the year 1939.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Maclver says that society rests on consciousness kind.
Answer:
False
F.H. Giddings says that society rests on consciousness of kind.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
The term society was derived from the Greek word “socius”?
Answer:
False
The term society was derived from the Latin word socius means companions.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Society is a web or network of human relationships.
Answer:
False
Society is a web or network of social relationships.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
The word community has been derived from the Greek word commences.
Answer:
False
The word community has been derived from the Latin word commences.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Comte cited three cases of infant isolation from the group to prove social nature of man.
Answer:
False
Maclver cited three cases of infant isolation to prove social mature of man.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Community sentiment means a feeling to differences.
Answer:
False
Community sentiment means a feeling of being together or a sense of we feeling.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
A community is bigger than society.
Answer:
False
Community is smaller than society.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Community is a creation of human all.
Answer:
False
Community is grows spontaneously.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Aristotle says society involves both likeness and differences.
Answer:
False
Maclver says society involves both likeness and differences.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
K. Davis opines community is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life.
Answer:
True
Community sentiment is the most important characteristic of a community.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Community sentiment is the most important characteristic of a community.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
A community does not possesses a definite territory.
Answer:
False
A community always possesses a definity territory.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
A community is a temporary social group.
Answer:
False
A community is a permanent social group.
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Village is an example of association.
Answer:
False
Political party is an example of association.
Answer:
True

Question 17.
Association is a group of organised people having common interest.
Answer:
True
An association may be both temporary or permanent.
Answer:
True

Question 18.
An association may be both temporary or permanent.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Association has no aims.
Answer:
True
Association has definite aims.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
An association does not have any states.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Association is natural formed.
Answer:
False
Association is artifical formed.
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Membership of an association is compulsory.
Answer:
False
Membership of an association is optional.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Association is permanent in nature.
Answer:
True
Association may be both temporary and permanent.
Answer:
True

Question 24.
Ogbrum Nimkoff says that a social group is a system of social interaction.
Answer:
False
H. M. Johnson says that a social group is a system of social interaction.
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Family is an example of a secondary group.
Answer:
False
Family is an example of primary group.
Answer:
True

Question 26.
C. H. Cooley wrote the book ‘Social Organisation’.
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Playgroup is an example of primary group.
Answer:
True

Question 28.
A political party is an example of secondary group.
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Red Cross society is an example of primary group.
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Secondary relation is an end in itself,
Answer:
False
Secondary relation is a means of an end i.e. it is goal oriented.
Answer:
True

Question 31.
Cooley classifies group into in-group and out-group.
Answer:
False
Cooleyclassifies group into primary and secondary groups.
Answer:
True

Question 32.
Summer classifies groups into in-group and out-group on the basis of contract.
Answer:
True
Summer classifies groups into in-groups and out-groups on the basis of consciousness of kind.
Answer:
True

Question 33.
K. Davis has outlined the characteristics of the primary group as internal and external.
Answer:
True

Question 34.
Culture is individual behaviour.
Answer:
False
Culture is a shared behaviour.
Answer:
True

Question 35.
Maclver first used the term culture.
Answer:
False
E.B. Tylor first used the term culture.
Answer:
True

Question 36.
Culture is inborn.
Answer:
False
Culture is learned not inborn.
Answer:
True

Question 37.
Culture is not based on symbols.
Answer:
False
Culture is based on symbols.
Answer:
True

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
A patrilineal or matrilineal kin group whose members are assumed to have a common ancestor but who do not know their exact genealogical relationship with one another is known as:
(a) Kingship t
(b) Family
(c) Clan
(d) Marriage
Answer:
(a) Clan

Question 2.
The term family derived from which of the following word:
(a) Roman word Famulus
(b) Latin word Logos
(c) Greek word Socius
Answer:
(a) Roman word Famulus.

Question 3.
Which are not secondary kin?
(a) Sister’s husband
(b) Brother’s wife
(c) Wife’s brother
(d) Wife of brother-in-law
Answer:
(d) Wife of brother-in-law

Question 4.
Which one is the Indian type of family?
(a) Consanguinous
(b) Conjugal
(c) Polyandrous
(d) Matrilineal
Answer:
(a) Consanguinous

Question 5.
Which of the following is not primary kin?
(a) Uncle
(b) Brother
(c) Mother
(d) Father
Answer:
(a) Uncle

Question 6.
Which among the following is tertiary kin?
(a) Wife of brother-in-law
(b) Uncle
(c) Brother’s son
(d) Father
Answer:
(a) Wife of brother-in-law

Question 7.
The mle of residence generally followed in society is ____________.
(a) Matrilocal
(b) Bio-local
(c) Patriloeal
(d) Avuneulocal
Answer:
(c) Patriloeal

Question 8.
Who classify functions and families into six categories.
(a) Green
(b) Iravati Karve
(c) Maclver
(d) Ogbum and Ninkoff
Answer:
(d) Ogbum and Ninkoff

Question 9.
Which among the following is tertiary kin?
(a) Father
(b) Uncle (mamu)
(c) Brother ’s son
(d) Wife of brother-in-law
Answer:
(d) Wife of brother-in-law

Question 10.
The family is an aggarian society is ________.
(a) Matriarchal
(b) Patriarchal
(c) Nuclear
(d) Matrilocal
Answer:
(b) Patriarchal

Question 11.
Family is a ________.
(a) Secondary group
(b) Reference Group
(c) Primary Group
(d) Outgroup
Answer:
(c) Primary Group

Question 12.
The word family has come from the word famulus which is a _________.
(a) Roman word
(b) Greek word
(c) French word
(d) Latinword
Answer:
(a) Roman word

Question 13.
Family is an _________.
(a) Kinship group
(b) Political group
(c) Economic Group
(d) Religious group
Answer:
(a) Kinship group

Question 14.
To constitute a family the essential characteristic is _________.
(a) Sense of unity
(b) Mutual help
(c) Specific object
(d) A form of marriage
Answer:
(d) A form of marriage

Question 15.
The family originated when _________.
(a) Promiscuous relations between him and women prevailed.
(b) Men come out of the primitive stage.
(c) Men felt the need for procreation.
(d) The lord created women.
Answer:
(c) Men felt the need for procreation.

Question 16.
Which of the following statement is not hue?
(a) Family is not found among nomadic tribes.
(b) Family is both an association and an institution.
(c) Family is a universal group.
(d) Family is the nucleus of all groups.
Answer:
(a) Family is not found among nomadic tribes.

Question 17.
A matriarchal family is where in _________.
(a) Authority of the family rests on the father.
(b) Marriage relations are permanent.
(c) Descent is reckoned through the mother.
(d) All children succeed in the property.
Answer:
(c) Descent is reckoned through the mother.

Question 18.
A patriarchal family is where in _________.
(a) Marriage relations are transitional.
(b) The husband goes to live in the home of his wife.
(c) All the members share equal authority.
(d) Descent is reckoned through the father.
Answer:
(d) Descent is reckoned through the father.

Question 19.
Out of the following which one is not a basis of the classification of the family?
(a) Ancestry
(b) Structure
(c) Religion
(d) Residence
Answer:
(c) Religion

Question 20.
A family may be classified on the basis of blood relationships in which type.
(a) Nuclear of extended.
(b) Conjugal or consanguineous
(c) Matrilocalorpatrilocal
(d) Matrilineal or patrilineal
Answer:
(b) Conjugal or consanguineous

Question 21.
Which one of the following is the essential function of the family?
(a) Socialization of the child.
(b) Transmission of culture
(c) Stable satisfaction Of sex ned.
(d) Procreation and rearing of children.
Answer:
(c) Stable satisfaction Of sex ned.

Question 22.
Which one of the following is the important role played by the family in society?
(a) Contributes to the economic growth of society.
(b) Provides recreation.
(c) Satisfies sex needs.
(d) It exercises great influence on the personality of the individual.
Answer:
(d) It exercises great influence on the personality of the individual.

Question 23.
Which one is found in a modem family?
(a) Position of the mother is inferior.
(b) There is decreased control of marriage bonds.
(c) The children have less freedom.
(d) Father dominates family.
Answer:
(b) There is decreased control of marriage bonds.

Question 24.
Indian family system is based on which are of the following.
(a) Matrilineal descent.
(b) Patrilineal descent.
Answer:
(b) Patrilineal descent.

Question 25.
Which one is not a characteristic of the joint family?
(a) Small size
(b) Common Religion
(c) Joint property
(d) Common occupation
Answer:
(a) Small size

Question 26.
The bond of blood is known as _________.
(a) Consanguineous kinship
(b) Attinal kinship
Answer:
(a) Consanguineous kinship

Question 27.
Out of the following which is not a feature of the modern family?
(a) Laxity in sexual relationships.
(b) Economic freedom.
(c) Subordination of wife.
(d) Declining influence in religion.
Answer:
(c) Subordination of wife.

Question 28.
Which of the following is an example of secondary kin?
(a) Sister
(b) Brother
(c) Uncle
(d) Wife of brother-in-law
Answer:
(c) Uncle

Question 29.
Which of the following factor helps in the disintegration of the family system in India?
(a) Women franchise
(b) Women’s Education
(c) Industrialisation
(d) Social Legislation
Answer:
(c) Industrialisation

Question 30.
The term education is derived from which of the following word?
(a) Greek word Pedagogy
(b) Sas word to know
(c) Latin word Educatum
Answer:
(c) Latin word Educatum

Question 31.
Education is the realization of self which is the propounder of view.
(a) Pamini
(b) Kautilya
(c) Sankaracharya
(d) GuruNanak
Answer:
(c) Sankaracharya

Question 32.
Education makes man self-reliant and selfless. Who is the propounder of view?
(a) Upanisad
(b) Yaganavalkya
(c) Kautilya
(d) Rigveda
Answer:
(d) Rigveda

Question 33.
Which of the following educational function of a family?
(a) Providing vocational education
(b) Development of knowledge
(c) Social development
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 34.
“By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man body, mind and spirit”. Who said this?
(a) Sri Aurobindo
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) R.N.Tagore
(d) M.K.Gandhi
Answer:
(d) M.K.Gandhi

Question 35.
The role of the family in education has been _________.
(a) Belongingness
(b) Independence
(c) Education Materials
(d)All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 36.
Which of the following educational functions of school?
(a) Providing vocational education.
(b) All-round development of the individual.
(c) Character development
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 37.
“Human Society” who write this book?
(a) K. Davis
(b) Burgess
(c) Locke
(d) Maclver
Answer:
(a) K. Davis

Question 38.
Which of the following educational functions of the state?
(a) Formulation of the curriculum.
(b) Establishing a new school.
(c) Controlling educational institutions.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 39.
Who defines kinship as a cluster of social relations based on such factors as biological ties, marriage, and legal rules regarding adoption, guardianship, and the like”.
(a)K. Davis
(b) Maclver
(c) Mardock
(d) Smclser
Answer:
(c) Mardock

Question 40.
How many types of kinship are divided?
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) Five
Answer:
(d) Three

Question 41.
Education is a due manifestation of the divine perfection already existing in man is defined by _________.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Plato
(c) Pandit Gopabandhu
(d) Vivekananda
Answer:
(d) Vivekananda

Question 42.
Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body is defined by _________.
(a) Plato
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Aristotle
(d) Vivekananda
Answer:
(c) Aristotle

Question 43.
The term education is the combination and two words E and DUCO E – means – and DUCO means:
(a) Educare out of to lead.
(b) Educare to lead out of.
(c) All of the above.
Answer:
(c) All of the above.

Question 44.
Education as a bipolar process has been advocated by _________.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Adam Son
(c) John Dewey
(d) Adams
Answer:
(d) Adams

Question 45.
Advocates education as a unipolar process _________.
(a) Admas
(b) Sir John Adamson
(c) John Dewey
Answer:
(a) Adams

Question 46.
What is education correspond to:
(a) Aims of education
(b) Agency of Education
(c) Functions of education
(d) Meaning of Education
Answer:
(c) Functions of education

Question 47.
Advocates education as a continuous reconstruction and integration of activities and experiences.
(a) Tagore
(b) Rousseau
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 48.
Who said the economy is one social superstructure?
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Marx

Question 49.
Who viewed the economy as one of a number of social institutions?
(a) Manx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Durkheim

Question 50.
Who viewed the economy is part as an extension of religious belief.
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Weber

Question 51.
Who has written ‘Communist Manifests’?
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) Plato
Answer:
(a) Marx

Question 52.
Who has written the book “Division of Labour in Society”?
(a) Weber
(b) Durkheim
(c) Plato
(d) Marx
Answer:
(b) Durkheim

True / False Type Questions

Question 1.
The term family has been derived from the Greek word Famulus.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The term family has been derived from the Roman word Famulus.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
When authority is vested in the oldest male member it is called a patrilineal family.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
When authority is vested in the oldest male member it is called a patrilineal family.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
A polygamy is an ideal form of family.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Monogamy is an ideal form of family.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
A joint family consists of a husband, wife, and unmarried children.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
A nuclear family consists of a husband, wife, and unmarried children.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Universality and emotional basis are two general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
Universality and emotional basis are two distinctive features of the family.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Reproduction is one of the non-essential functions of the family.
Answer:
False

Question 12.
Reproduction is one of the essential functions of the family.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
K. Davis opines family performed six important functions.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
Ogburn and Nimkoff opine family performed six important functions.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
On the basis of the degree of relationship, kins are two types.
Answer:
False

Question 16.
On the basis of the degree of relationship, kins are three types.
Answer:
True

Question 17.
When ancestry or descent is determined on the father line it is called a matrilinear family.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
When descent or ancestry is determined on the father line it is called a patrilineal family.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
The bond of marriage is called consanguineous kinship.
Answer:
False

Question 21.
Close, direct and near relations are called secondary kins.
Answer:
False

Question 22.
Close, direct and near relations are called primary kins.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Maclver writes the book “Human Society”.
Answer:
False

Question 24.
Kinsley Davis writes the book “Human Society”.
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Family is one of the most important social units.
Answer:
False

Question 26.
The family is one of the most important biological units.
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Family is one of the most universal social processes.
Answer:
False

Question 28.
Family is one of the most universal social groups.
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Family is the center of all social organization.
Answer:
False

Question 30.
Family is the nucleus of all social organizations.
Answer:
True

Question 31.
The functions of the family may be both permanent and temporary.
Answer:
False

Question 32.
The nature of family may be both permanent and temporary.
Answer:
True

Question 33.
The nuclear family is large in size.
Answer:
False

Question 34.
The extended family is large in size.
Answer:
True

Question 35.
The family in which after marriage husband comes to reside in the family of her wife is known as a patrilocal family.
Answer:
False

Question 36.
The family in which after marriage husband comes to reside in the family of her wife is known as a matrilocal family.
Answer:
True

Question 37.
The matrilocal family is just the opposite of the patrilineal family.
Answer:
False

Question 38.
The matrilocal family is just the opposite of a patrilineal family.
Answer:
True

Question 39.
Socialization is the most important characteristic of a family.
Answer:
False

Question 40.
Socialization is the most important function of a family.
Answer:
True

Question 41.
Family as a secondary social group.
Answer:
False

Question 42.
Family is a primary social group.
Answer:
True

Question 43.
Kingsley Davis essential and non-essential functions of the family.
Answer:
False

Question 44.
Maclver essential and non-essential functions of the family.
Answer:
True

Question 45.
The Kingship relationship established by family is known as affinal kinship.
Answer:
False

Question 46.
The kinship relationship established by marriage is known as affinal kinship.
Answer:
True

Question 47.
Maclver identified six important bases of kinship.
Answer:
False

Question 48.
H. M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship.
Answer:
True

Question 49.
Education is the socialization of the self.
Answer:
False

Question 50.
Education is the realization of self.
Answer:
True

Question 51.
Education is the process of living through a continuous construction of experiences.
Answer:
False

Question 52.
Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences.
Answer:
True

Question 53.
Education is a one-polar process.
Answer:
False

Question 54.
Education is a bi-polar process.
Answer:
True

Question 55.
Sociology is the transmission of life from the living to the living.
Answer:
False

Question 56.
Education is the transmission of life from living to living.
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Education is the construction of a sound mind in a sound body.
Answer:
False

Question 58.
Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.
Answer:
True

Question 59.
Education is a slow process.
Answer:
False

Question 60.
Education is a lifelong process.
Answer:
True

Question 61.
Marx claims that social and political structures are divided from the economic means of production.
Answer:
True

Question 62.
The social superstructure is not the economic base of society for Marx.
Answer:
False

Question 63.
The class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.
Answer:
True

Question 64.
Marx claims that communication opposes the power of oppression.
Answer:
True

Question 65.
Marx, Weber, and Durkheim are economists.
Answer:
False

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe the general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
A mating relationship :
A family comes into existence when a man and woman establish mating relations between them. This relation may be of a shorter duration of life long.

A form of marriage :
The mating relationship is established through the institution of marriage. Marriage may be solemnized in a simple way or in a grand manner as in India.

A system of nomenclature :
Every family is known by a name and has its own system of reckoning descent through the male line or female line. Usually, the wife goes and joins her husband’s relatives.

An economic provision:
Every family needs an economic provision to satisfy their economic needs. The head of the family carries on certain profession and earn money to maintain the family.

A common habitation :
A family respires a home or household for its living. Without a dwelling place, the task of childbearing and child-rearing cannot be adequately performed.

Distinctive characteristics of the family:
Universality :
Family is the most universal group. It is the first institution in the history of men. It has existed in every society and is found in all parts of the world. No culture or society has ever existed without some form of family organization. No other group is so universal as the family is.

Emotional basis :
A family is a fundamental unit of human society. It is based on our impulses of mating, procreation, and parental care. It is a close-knit group that fortifies these emotions.

Limited size:
The size of the family is of necessity limited for it is defined by biological conditions that it cannot transcend. Other groups may be smaller than a family but they are not so because of biological conditions.

Formative influence :
The family exercises the most profound influence over its members. It molds the character of the individuals. Its influence in infancy determines the personality structure of the individual. Psychologists have proved that a child exhibits the same character and mental tendencies in adult age that he acquires in the family.

Nuclear Position:
The family is the nucleus of all other social groups. The distinctive characteristics of marriage, parental obligations, and sibling relations make the family the primary institutional cell of society. The whole social structure is built of family units.

Responsibility of the members :
In the family, the child learns the meaning of social responsibility and the necessity for cooperation. As Maclver aptly describes. “In times of crisis, men may work and fight and die for their country but they toil for their families all their lives.” In it the child develops his basic attitudes and ideals. It is a great agency for the socialization of file children.

Social Regulations :
The family is peculiarly guarded by social customs and legal regulations. It isn’t easy to violate them. Family is the group in which the consenting parties may freely enter but which they can not easily leave or dissolve. Marriage is not trivially taken.

Permanent:
Family as an institution is permanent and universal. While as an association it is temporary and transitional. When the son marries he goes out of the family and starts another family which again may give rise to more families.

Question 2.
Define family. Discuss its various types.
Answer:

• M.F. Nimkoff says that “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without a child, or of a man or woman alone, with children”.
• Maclver: “Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children”.

Different types of families are found in different societies. Family is a universal institution but all families are not one type. The family has been classified on the basis of authority, structure, residence, marriage, and descent.

The various types of families are discussed below.
Single or Nuclear Family :
The nuclear family tot type of family which consists of a husband and wife and their unmarried children. The size of the nuclear family is very small. Because it includes only a few members. It is autonomous until and free from the control of elders. It is regarded as the ideal form of family in the modem civilized society.

Joint Family:
The size of the joint family is very large. It is formed by a large number of members. A joint family is composed of rather, a mother, their sons, the son’s wife, and children,’ uncles, aunts, grandfather, grandmother, and so on. The members of a joint family belong to several generations. In a joint family eldest male member is the head of the family and has supreme authority.

Patrilocal Family:
A patrilocal family is a type of family in which after marriage the wife goes and lives in the family, and the husband occupies a central position and plays a dominant role. Hence, the patrilocal family is regarded as an ideal family in modern society.

Matri-local Family:
Matri-local family is that type of family in which after marriage. The husband goes and lives in the family of his wife. Therefore it is generally known are a wife-dominated family. In this family, the husband occupies a secondary position. The matrilocal family as only found among the Khasi tribes of Assam.

Monogamous Family :
A monogamous family is composed of one man and one woman. In this family, one man marries a woman only one. Under the monogamous family system, a man can not have more than one wife.

Polygynous Family:
Polygynous family one man marries more than one woman at a time and lives with more than three children in the same house. This type of family is found among the Eskimo tribes, African Nigros and Muslims. The short polygynous family is constituted by one man and several women.

Polyandrous Family:
A polyandrous family is composed of one woman and many men. In this type of family one woman marries many men and lives with of them or reaches them alternatively. The Pandava family is a bright example of a polyandrous family.

Patriarchal Family :
A patriarchal family is a joint family is directly led by the eldest married male member on the father. In this family the father head authority and possesses all intensive powers. All the family members are under the direct control of the father. The children are known by the name of the family of their father. The property is transferred patriarchal family is a joint family that is composed of a father, mother, younger brother, married sons, their wives, children, unmarried sons, and daughters. This type of family was found among the Romans and Aryans of India.

Matriarchal Family:
In the matriarchal family, the mother is the head of authority and possesses all powers. Mother is the owner of the property and rules over the family. In this family, the name, status, and experience of property are transferred through the name of the mother. The female members alone have the right to succeed property in a matriarchal family. In this family, the position of the husband is secondary. This family is found among the Nayar and Tiya caste of Kerala. This type of family is a mother or wife-dominated family.

Patrilineal Family:
In the patrilineal family, the descent is traced through the father. In this family, ancestry continues through the male members or father. In other words, a family where the father is the center of authority is considered as a patrilineal family. This is regarded as the best type of family in the modem times.

Matrilineal Family:
In a matrilineal family, the descent is traced through the mother. Mother is the center of power is called a matrilineal family. In this family female members enjoy all the rights and privileges including the rights of property and inheritance. The rights and privileges are handed down by the mother to her daughter.

Question 3.
Define family and discuss its functions.
Answer:

• According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children or a man or woman alone with children”.
• According to Maclver, “Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children”.

The function of the family – Different sociologists have classified the functions of the family differently. But Maclver and Page made only two divisions of family functions namely Essential and Non-essential.

Essential Functions:
Satisfaction of Sex needs:
This is an essential function which the family functions which the family performs. The satisfaction of sex instinct brings the desire for lifelong partnership among males and females. The modem family satisfies the instinct to a greater, degree than the Traditional Family. It is generally found that many problems arise in the family owing to be non-fulfillment of the sex needs of the husband and wife.

Reproduction:
The inevitable result of sexual satisfaction is procreation Every married couple desires to have their own children to continue the ‘Kula’, some Hindu thinkers say that reproduction or, procreation or a child, preferably a son is the sole aim of marriage procreation perpetuates the family and helps increase the Population of the country and ultimately perpetuates the human nature as a whole.

Protection and care of young :
The family acts as a protective should for an individual. It safeguards him against the odds at different stages of life. When a child is in the mother’s womb, the family serves him by taking proper care of the expectant mother. Soon after the child is bom family brings him up with utmost care and love.

Provision as homes:
The home in which both husband and wife live together after the marriage is regarded as an important institution for procreation, protection, and care of the children. Man after the hard toil of the day returns home and forgets his worries. Home is like a heaven and sanctuary where its members find comfort and affection.

Non-essential Education:
Economic function:
Family services as an economic unit. It fulfills the economic needs of its members such as food, clothing housing, etc. It is regarded as a production as well as a consumption unit. The women engage themselves in all domestic work and the men generally work outside for the economic welfare of the family. Besides these, the family also looks after the family properties social housing farm money, etc.

Education functions:
The family is an important educational agency. The child leams first letters under the guidance of parents. The child receives the qualities of love, affection, and sympathy from the family. For the child, the mother happens to be the best teacher. She would the character and career of the child. The three ‘RS’ Reading writing and arithmetic were taught to children by holder family members. It also provides vocational training to children.

Religion function:
Family is a center for the religious training of the children. It lays the foundation for the moral standards ofthe child. The family observes different religious ceremonies, out of which children develop good qualities and learn various religious virtues.

Recreational functions :
The family serve as a center of recreational activity, on festive occasions all the member sing, dance, and play together. They play visits to their near and dear ones for the sake of change. Usually, a man returns home for relaxation after his day’s work. The family thus provides recreation to all of the members.

The function relating to health :
The family looks after the health condition of its member. It takes care of sick old and expectant mothers.

Socialization of the young:
Family is the primary socializer of the child. It molds the original nature of man into social nature. The habits and attitudes of the parents are transmitted to the children through the process of socialization the virtues of love, cooperation, tolerance, sacrifice, obedience, and discipline are fixed and learned by the child in the family. These qualities enable him to grow into a good citizen.

Question 4.
Explain the changing functions of the family in India.
Answer:
The family as a basic social institution has been undergoing change. The modem family radically differs from that of the traditional one. The family has never been at rest. Both in its structure and functions changes take place. Some of these changes may be examined here. The first and foremost changing function is that the modern family has lost its educational functions.

It does not import education to children. Nowadays children do not receive vocational training from families. They get education from different educational institutions. Schools, colleges, and various technical institutes provide educational and vocational training to the children which the family could not furnish adequately in the past.

In the education of children, teachers play a more vital role than parents in the present time. In the past, the family was taking care of the health of its members and was providing all medical facilities. But nowadays health is no longer a worry of the family. The family does not perform the functions relating to health. Hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, etc. are taking care of the health of an individual.

Diseases persons are admitted to hospitals and are treated by medical practitioners such as doctors, nurses, midwives, etc. Similarly, in the past. The child was bom in the family and was nurtured under the care of kinsmen. But now children get birth in various delivery centers like women’s hospitals. Clinics and soon. Pregnant women are properly treated by gynecologists.

All kinds of diseases are treated by medical experts in the hospitals scientifically, and various medical centers such, as maternity hospitals, women’s hospitals, baby clinics, etc. provide adequate medical treatment to different categories of patients Thus all the functions of families related to health has undergone considerable changes in modem times.

The ancient family was regarded as the center of production, consumption, and distribution of goods. All types of economic goods required by the members for the purpose of consumption were produced by the family. But now family only acts as a consumption unit. The members of the family consume goods that are produced in mills and factories and sold in the marketplace.

In the past, agriculture was the main economic basis of the family. All economic needs of the members were fulfilled only by agricultural profession and they followed their family occupation compulsorily. But today the members of families avoid their hereditary agricultural occupation and engage in various offices, industries, factories, public sectors, and so on.

There are many families that today avoid the task of preparing food for their family members and depend upon hotels and restaurants. As a result of which the responsibilities of the members of the family decrease considerably in the present time. They do not work at home collectively and are scattered over a wide area where each of them works independently.

Thus external agencies such as mills. Factories, officers, hotels, and restaurants are performing the economic functions that families had to perform in the past. In the past socialization was one of the main functions of family Children were living under the care of their parents in the family. The socialization process of a child begins in the family.

But the socialization function of the family in respect of child care seems to have declined to a considerable extent in modem progressive countries. Due to the tire impact of rapid industrialization and urbanization, a number of working places come into existence and the social status of women has undergone considerable change.

Women are self-dependent due to their engagement in various servicing centers. In the modem civilized countries, women usually go to work leaving their small children under the care and guidance of educated women. Various outside institutions such as nursery schools, Kindergarten schools, and Montessori schools provide care and education to the children.

Thus in modem times, various outside agencies play more important roles than family in the socialization process of the child. Now the family is not following the religious practices which it was performing in the past. Religious dogmas or rituals were the fundamental basis of home organization in the ancient family system.

The ancient families had been performing certain religious practices like idol worship, prayer, idolatry, religious discourses, etc. But now modem family unlike the old or traditional family has become secular in its outlook. Religious practices have lost their significance and become outdated in modem times.

Thus, the importance of religion in the twentieth century has considerably decreased, modem people do not believe in religious practices due to the impact of industrialization, urbanization, modernization, sanslcritization, westernization, democratization, and so on. Traditionally, the family provided all kinds of recreation and entertainment to its members, But in modern, times family does not provide the kind of recreation that its members want.

They seek entertainment outside their families. Various outside recreational centers such as clubs, cinema halls, hotels, parks, gymnasiums, and so on provide recreational functions for the traditional family but have declined in modem times. In the past one of the fundamental functions of the family was caring for and assistance to old, invalid, and unemployed members.

But nowadays the government and a number of specialized agencies have come forward to perform this particular function of old and traditional families. The government provides houses, pensions, and other allowances to these helpless people.

Question 5.
Mention the types of kinship with suitable examples.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. He does not live alone in society. From birth to death, he is surrounded by a number of persons. They are his relatives, friends, neighbors, and strangers. Some are known while others are unknown persons. He is bound to all those persons who are related to him in one way or the other. These relations are based on blood and marriage.

The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a group is called kinship means society recognized relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties. These relationships are the result of social interaction and are recognized by society types of kinship. Kinship is of two types:

• Affinal kinship, and
• Consanguineous kinship

Affinal Kinship :
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship when a person marries, he establishes a relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but also with a number of persons in the girl’s family. It is not only the person marrying, who gets bound to the family members of the girl but his family members also get bound to the family members of the girl. Thus a host of relations are created as soon as a marriage takes place. After marriage, a person becomes not only a husband but also becomes brother-in-law and son-in-law.

Here it may be noted that in the English language a number of relations created by marriage are referred to by some terms. Thus the same term brother-in-law is used for bahnoi, sale jija, and Saddhu.” On marriage, a person also becomes Foofa, nandoi, and mausa. Likewise a girl marriage becomes ‘Chachi, bhabhi, during, jethani, mausi” etc. Thus marriage creates a host of relationships which are called affinal.

Consanguineous Kinship :
The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. The Consanguineous kin is related through blood whereas the affinal kin are related through marriage. The bond between parents and children and that between siblings is consanguineous kinship. Siblings are the children of the same parents.

Thus son, brother, sister, uncle (chacha), elder uncle (tau) nephew, and cousin are consanguineous kin i.e., related through blood. In this connection, it may be pointed out that blood relationships may be actual as well as supposed. Among polyandrous tribes the actual father of a child is unknown. An adopted child is treated as if it were one own biologically produced child. Thus blood relationships may be established not only on a biological basis but also on the basis of social recognition.

Degree of Kinship:-
On the basis of the nearness of distance, relatives can be classified into several categories. Some relatives are very close, direct, and near, for example, father, son, sister, brother, husband, and wife. They are called primary kin. According to Dr. Dubey, there is eight such primary kin. They are husband, wife, father, son, mother, daughter, father, daughter, mother, son, younger elder brothers, younger elder sisters, and sister brothers.

Secondly, there are secondary kins. They are primary kin of primary kin. In other words, they are related through primary kin. They are not our primary kin but are the primary kin of our primary kin hence, our secondary kin. For example, the father’s brother (chacha) and sister’s husband (bahnoi) are secondary kin.

The father is my primary kin and his brother is the primary kin of my father. Therefore father’s brother is my secondary kin, the primary kin of primary kin. Similarly, my sister is my primary kin but her husband is my secondary kin. Thirdly, there are tertiary kins. They are the secondary kin of the primary kin of our secondary kin.

Thus the wife of the brother-in-law (sala) called (sarhaj) in Hindi is tertiary kin because the brother-in-law is secondary kin and his wife is the primary kin brother-in-law. Similarly, the brother-in-law of my brother is my tertiary kin because the brother is my primary kin and his brother-in-law is the secondary kin of my brother According to Mindock, “there are 33 secondary and 151 tertiary kinds of a person”.

Kinship is a universal institution. There is no society in the world that does not recognize kinship. Though the nomenclature might be different yet the relationship does exist and is deep-rooted. All kinship can be traced from some sort of sexual relationship or descent near or remote.

Question 6.
What is the broader meaning of education? Give at least three definitions and explain them.
Answer:
The meaning of education is complex in nature. It may refer to formal schooling or to life-long education. Each person who reads or hears the word interprets it is terms of his personal interest in and expectations of it. For example, a parent considers education as a positive force to enable the child to prosper in life or to earn a name and fame in society.

A teacher may interpret education as a means for the creation of a new man as well as a new society and a new nation. To a student education is nothing but the acquisition of knowledge, attitudes, and skills passing examinations and receiving degrees and diplomas. An educational administrator believes that education is a source of assistance and support to pass examinations.

An artist looks upon education as a way to love and enjoy the beauty. An artisan may think of it is a means to master a skill. To a religious preacher, education is a device to abolish material barbarism and to impart spiritual values in the minds of the people. A statesman may claim that it is a means to train ideal citizens. Thus, there is an almost universal interest in education.

Since it does not have a simply unitary meaning, the parents, teachers, housewives, administrators, farmers, religious, preachers, military men, politicians, artists, and artisans interpret the term ‘education’ in their own ways. Education may include all learning processes. Since we learn many tilings in many ways and on manifold occasions this definition is too broad to be distinctive and useful.

Another definition would describe education only as the learning of socially approved behavior. Finally, the narrowest definition which we shall adopt for our present purposes identifies education with schooling, the transmission of culture. Particularly knowledge from generation to generation with a specialized organization in the school.

Since education is a dynamic concept its meaning differs from place to place, from time to time, and from person to person. It has passed through many ages and stages in the process of evolution and at every stage, it has/had a different meaning according to the then-existing social conditions.

Education is a complex idea. It is not at all possible to express the scope of education through a single term. Though a biologist, a priest, a psychologist, a philosopher, a teacher, a statesman, a merchant, or a shopkeeper gives different definitions of education according to their own outlook, it is very difficult to explain in definite terms.

Hence, there are variations in the meaning of education. Definition of Education Gandhi says that “By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in the child and man body, mind, and spirit”. John Dewey says that “Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences.

It is the development of all these capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities”. Rigveda says, “Education is something which makes man self-reliant and selfless”.Education may be considered a life-long process. It begins at birth and continues throughout life till death.

The child learns through its experience. He gains experience when he comes in contact with different social institutions, persons, places, and things. There is no end to this experience. It goes on forever without any breaks or barriers. Thus, education becomes an active and dynamic process.

Question 7.
Discuss critical functions towards society.
Answer:
Education can be has been and is used for many different purposes. We call these purposes the function of education. In other words, functions refer to what education actually does. Thus, the function of education is multi-dimensional within the school system and outside it. Therefore, scholars thinkers and educationists differ about the nature of these functions. Thus, education performs various functions towards the society given below.

• Society and Education.
• Education is a social process.
• School as a society – in miniature.
• Social Conservation.
• Education as continuous Reconstruction and Integration of Activities and experiences.

Society and Education:
Education is an integral part of the total social pattern. It takes place in the interaction of individual groups and the entire cultures. It is the process of interaction resulting in charges in the behavior of both the individual and the society. Education through its various processes of instruction tied to modifying society and the behavior of the individual. Thus education and society are closely related. Education functions as the chief agency for the society of socializing the human beings living in it.

Education is a social process :
Man is essentially a social being a citizen growing and thinking in a vast complex of interactions and relations. The term complex interaction refers to the democratic scientific and industrial movement of society. Right education helps the child to adjust himself to the social environment.

He can also change them according to his own needs. Education thus is the fundamental method of social progress and individual upliftment. Social reconstruction takes place in the adjustment through education of individual action on the basis of social consciousness.

School as a society-in- miniature :
The school is to be considered a society in miniature. The school must be vitally interlinked with the society outside. Varied experiences are to be provided to the child so that in his own way he is prepared to shoulder the responsibilities of after-school life. Let the school engage the child as a whole enabling him to participate in as many activities as he likes.

Social Conservation:
Life without society is uncertain, incomplete, and meaningless. Social education is necessary for a man so that he can mix with other members of society and get the inspiration to move at the same pace as them. Society guarantees the safety of man’s life and prosperity. Man leams the value of cooperation in social life by means of education. The social experience of one generation is preserved for generations to come through the medium of education and in this way, the process of social preservation remains dynamic.

Education as continuous, Reconstruction and Integration of Activities and experiences :
Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences. It is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities. We help him to grow and while growing he comes across various experiences and each experience leaves a mark on him.

Education is a reconstruction of experience: “Experience is off as well as in nature. It is not experience which is experienced, but nature stones, plants, animals diseases, health temperature, electricity and soon. Things interacting in certain other ways with another natural object – the human organism are how things are experienced as well.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1
Who coined the law of three stages?
(a) Caul Jung
(b) Freud
(c) August Comte
(d) Marx
Answer:
(c) August Comte

Question 2.
Auguste Comte’s law of three stages appeared in the book___________.
(a) Positive Philosophy
(b) Positive metaphysics
(c) Positive activism
(d) Positive thoughts
Answer:
(a) Positive Philosophy

Question 3.
Every phenomenon was believed to be the result of immediate actions of__________.
(a) Supernatural natural being
(b) Natural thought
(c) Superhuman nature
(d) Heroic thought
Answer:
(a) Supernatural natural being

Question 4.
Believe in many Gods it known as:
(a) Atheist
(b) Palylheism
(c) Fetishims
(d) Monothism
Answer:
(b) Palylheism

Question 5.
Metaphysical or Abstract stage started about______________AD.
(a) 1300 AD
(b) 1350 AD
(c) 1400 AD
(d) 1500 AD
Answer:
(a) 1300 AD

Question 6.
Positive of scientific stage also known as_____________.
(a) Positive state
(b) Observation state
(c) Industrial age
(d) Experience stage
Answer:
(c) Industrial age

Question 7.
Durkheim was written the book________.
(a) Protestants
(b) Cathalics
(c) Belief
(d) Suicide
Answer:
(d) Suicide

Question 8.
Among whom suicide rate is high between Protestants and Cathalics.
(a) Protestant
(b) Cathalic
(c) both
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Protestant

Question 9.
How many types of suicide Durkheim discusses about?
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) Five
Answer:
(b) Three

Question 10.
When people feel totally detached from society. They suffer_________ type of suicide.
(a) Egoistic
(b) Altruistic
(c) Anomic
(d) All three
Answer:
(a) Egoistic

Question 11.
When individual feel lost then he go for __________.
(a) Egoistic
(b) Altruistic
(c) Anomic
(d) All
Answer:
(c) Anomic

Question 12.
Who conceived the term ‘Sanskritization’.
(a) Gandhi
(b) Radhakrishnan
(c) Aurobindo
(d) M.N. Srinivas
Answer:
(d) M. N. Srinivas

Question 13.
He found the impirical evidence of Sanskritization in his study in___________.
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Mysore
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(c) Mysore

Question 14.
Initially Sanskritization means____________.
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Brahminisation
(c) Kshatriya
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Brahminisation

Question 15.
Sanskritization also known as____________.
(a) Teetotalism
(b) Totalism
(c) Mannerism
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Teetotalism

Question 16.
Where a seminar on ‘Social change in India’ was organised?
(a) Newyork
(b) Chicago
(c) New Delhi
(d) London
Answer:
(b) Chicago

Question 17.
Research is _________procedure of finding the answer to the questions.
(a) Natural
(b) Mathematical
(c) Scientific
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Scientific

Question 18.
Which research focussed on a real life problem solving.
(a) Pure research
(b) Applied research
(c) Action research
(d) Scientific research
Answer:
(b) Applied research

Question 19.
Who categorize action of research into five types?
(a) R. Cover
(b) D. Cover
(c) N. Cover
(d) R. Kover
Answer:
(a) R. Cover

Question 20.
Observation is a method of___________.
(a) Data collection
(b) Scientific research
(c) Analytical research
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Data collection

True or False Type Questions

Question 1.
Comte’s three stages of observation appeared in his book positive philosophy.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Comte speaks about law of four stages theory.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The term Sanskritization is conceived by Comte.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
M. N. Srinivas is a sociologist.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Initially Srinivas defend the term. Sanskritization as Brahminisation.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Sanskritization extends beyond caste system.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Observation is the most cheaper and more effective technique of Data Collection.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
De-sanskritization the member of higher caste don’t abandon their dress and rituals.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Teenagersuicide in Anomic Suicide.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
People detached from society opt for theAltructed suicide.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
Detached people go Egoistic Suicide.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Scientific stage is known as positive stage.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Monoltheismbelieves in one single god.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Polytheism beliefs in many God.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Fetishism, believes in supernatural power.
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Theological stage does not dominated by priests and military man.
Answer:
False

Question 17.
Fetishism doesn’t believe in spirits.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
Sanskritization is based on hierarchy.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Sanskritization may lead to inter-class hostility.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Sanskritization is not a process of social change.
Answer:
False

Question 21.
Research helps to improve our knowledge and ability to handle situations.
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Observation has mainly three components sensation, attention, and perception.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Observation is a hateful physical and mental activity.
Answer:
False

Question 24.
Uncontrolled observation takes place in an unnatural setting.
Answer:
False

Question 25.
Twice-born means two times born.
Answer:
False

Question 26.
Fetish means animate.
Answer:
False

Question 27.
August Comte described the law of three stages.
Answer:
True

Question 28.
The term Research consists of the words Research.
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Research improves our knowledge and ability to handle situations.
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Research doesn’t aim to solve socioeconomic problems.
Answer:
True

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concepts Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 2 Basic Concepts Short Answer Questions

Answer In One Sentence

Question 1.
What are the main elements of society?
Answer:
(1) Likeness
(2) A system of social relationship
(3) Difference
(4) Interdependence
(5) Co-operation and conflict
(6) Society is abstract and intangible
(7) Comprehensive culture.

Question 2.
What is society?
Answer:
Society is the main basic concept of sociology. The word society is usually to designate the members of specific in groups persons rather than the social relationship. Society means collection of individuals who are bought into social relationship with one another. The sum total of human relation can called society.

Question 3.
Mention the Latin word from which the term society is derived.
Answer:
Society has come from the Latin word Socius which means a companion. The companionship is derived from it by adding the nounsuffin-ship.

Question 4.
Write M. Ginsberg’s definition of society.
Answer:
According to M. Ginsberg, A society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or modes of behaviour which work them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behaviour.

Question 5.
Define society.
Answer:
According to Maclver and Page, society is a system of usages and procedures authority and mutual and of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and of liberties.

Question 6.
Write Cole’s definition of society.
Answer:
According to G.D.H. Cole “Society is the complex of organised associations.”

Question 7.
Write short note on society is a web or network of social relationship.
Answer:
In the words of Maclver society is a web or network of social relationships in the basis of society social relationship implies mutual awareness and reciprocity or mutual interaction and is based on understanding and fellow feelings.

Question 8.
Write Prof. Gidding’s definition of society.
Answer:
According to Prof. Gidding “Society is the union itself the organisation the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together.

Question 9.
Write short note as functional prerequisites of society.
Answer:
Society is a functioning organisation. It is socious functioning different prerequisites are necessary. Likeness is one of the important functional prerequisites of society because it consists of like minded people.

Question 10.
Write any two functional prerequisities of society.
Answer:
(1) Obdience to social norms.
(2) Re-production.

Question 11.
What is community?
Answer:
Community means a group of people living in a geographical area and having a degree of we feeling.

Question 12.
Write short note on society is co-operation crossed by conflict.
Answer:
Maclver opinions society is a cooperation crossed by conflict. Co-operation is essential to co-operate and associate for the achievement of common interest.

Question 13.
What are the characteristics of community.
Answer:
The characteristics of community are:

• Locality
• community Sentiment
• Stability
• Naturalness
• Size of the community
• Regulations of relations

Question 14.
Write two examples of community.
Answer:
(1) Urban Community
(2) Wage Community

Question 15.
What is community sentiment?
Answer:
Community sentiment means a feeling of belonging together. The members must be aware of their staying together and sharing common interests. The members develop a sense of we feeling.

Question 16.
Explain the importance of locality in community.
Answer:
Locality continues to be a basic factor or community life. However in modem times the local bond of community is weakened by the development of the means of transport and communication. In fact, the extension of communication is itself the condition of a large but still territorial community.

Question 17.
What is Association?
Answer:
A group of people organised for a particular purpose or limited member of purposes on the basis of common interests they may be said to constitute an association. An army, a political party, a music club, a trade unions, a college can be called as association.

Question 18.
Write any two association.
Answer:
(1) A group of people
(2) Voluntary and organised group.

Question 19.
What is social group?
Answer:
Social group is an organised group.

Question 20.
Define social group?
Answer:
According to Maclver and Page, a group is any collection of human beings who are brought into social relationships with one another.

Question 21.
Mention any two characteristics of social group.
Answer:
Social group means a collection of individuals without this social group cannot be formed. Thus social group means a collection of human being who are brought into social contact for a common benefit.

Question 22.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture has two meaning one for common man and another for the social scientists. It is one of the important concepts in social science. It is commonly used in political science and economic. It is the main concepts in Anthropology. The study of human society immediately and necessary leads us to the study of its culture.

Question 23.
Define various types and culture?
Answer:
A number of sociologists classified culture into two large components.
(1) Material Culture
(2) Non-material culture.

Question 24.
What is material culture?
Answer:
Material culture consists of the products of human activitiy. Material culture have been discovered to solve the problems of human living. Books, chair and tables, pens, lamps and bubble gums are some of the items of material culture.

Question 25.
What is non-material culture?
Answer:
Non-material culture consists of intangible and abstract things, customs, beliefs, attitude, values and religion and included in non-material culture.

Question 26.
What is primary group?
Answer:
Primary group is a small group in which a small number of persons come into direct contact with one another.

Question 27.
Mention any two characteristics of primary group?
Answer:
The two characteristics of primary group are:
(1) The size of primary group is very small.
(2) The relation of the members primary group are direct, close, intimate face and personal.

Question 28.
What is secondary group?
Answer:
Secondary group is just opposite side of the primary group. It is a large group where a large number of persons come into indirect contract with one another. There is no need of face to face, intimate and personal relations in secondary group.

Question 29.
Mention any two characteristics of secondary group.
Answer:
The characteristics of secondary group are:
(1) The size of secondary group is very large.
(2) Secondary the relations of the members of secondary group are indirect, less in time, touch and go type and in personal.

Question 30.
Define reference group.
Answer:
According to Sheriff reference group as those groups to which individual relations himself as a part or to which he relates himself psychologically.

Question 31.
What is in-group?
Answer:
There are number of group to which individual belongs are called in-group.

Question 32.
What is out-group?
Answer:
Out-group is opposite of in-group. According to summer out-group is that group to which individual does not belong. The individuals does not belongs to a number of groups which are his out-group.

Question 33.
Give any two examples of social group.
Answer:
(1) A nation.
(2) Labour union.

Question 34.
Give any two examples of primary group.
Answer:
(1) Family.
(2) Children’s playground.

Question 35.
Give any two examples of secondary group.
Answer:
(1) A city.
(2) A trade union.

Question 36.
Give any two examples of in-group.
Answer:
(1) A persons own family.
(2) A persons own religion.

Question 37.
Give any two examples of out-group.
Answer:
(1) For a student other college, than his own college, are out-group.
(2) A person friends, family is out-group for that person.

Question 38.
Mention any two difference between primary and secondary group.
Answer:
(1) Primary group and secondary group differ from each other regarding the nature of relationships.
(2) Primary group is small but secondary group is large size.

Question 39.
What is reference group?
Answer:
The individual initiates other individuals and groups. He compare himself with others and begins behaving like them in order to reach their status and position. The individuals or groups whose behaviour is limited by him are known as reference group.

Question 40.
Mention any two difference between in-group and out-group.
Answer:
(1) The groups to which individual belongs are known as his in-group, but all other groups are regarded as out-groups of that individual.
(2) Both in-group and out-group differ from each other on the basis of ‘we’ and ‘they’ or other feeling.

Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write short notes on the term Society.
Answer:
The word society has been derived from the Latin word Socius which means a Companion. The term society used to refer to the members of a specific in-group. As Gidding says that its is a number of like minded individuals, who know and enjoy their like mindedness and are therefore able to work together for common ends.

Question 2.
Explain the term Community.
Answer:
The word Community has come from the Latin root Comments means Common. A Community refers to a group of people living within a definite area with common interests and carrying on interdependent life.

Question 3.
Explain the term Community Sentiment
Answer:
Community sentiment is one of file important characteristic of community. It refer to a sense of we-feeling or a feeling of being together. It implies a kind of sentiment or emotional identification with the group.

Question 4.
Write short notes on important characteristic of Society.
Answer:
MacIver says society means likeness. In consists of like minded people who are similar in many respects society also involves differences. Interplay of likeness and differences forms society. Members of society are inter¬dependent on each other and they co-operate among themselves.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Society and Community.
Answer:
The term society has been derived from the Latin word Socius means Companion whereas the term community has been derived from the Latin word Comments means Common.

A society do not have definite locality but community has definite locality. Society rests on cooperation. But community rests on community sentiment.

Question 6.
Explain any three characteristics of Community.
Answer:

• A group of people is the primary condition for the formation of society.
• A community always exists within a definite locality. When a group of people living in a definite area they form a community.
• Community sentiment is the most important characteristic of community. It means a feeling of being together or sense of we feeling.

Question 7.
Explain any three functional pre-requisites of Society.
Answer:
As a functioning organisation society requires some functional pre-requisites. Which are as described below :

• Food, clothing and shelter is one of the most important functional pre-requisite of society which are as described below.
• Sonic provision of security for its member is another functional pre-requisite of society.
• Inter-dependence among members is another functional pre-requisite of society.

Question 8.
Explain the term Association.
Answer:
An association is a group of people organised for a particular purpose or a. limited number of purposes. According to Maclver “Association is an organisation deliberately formed for the collectives persuit of some interest or set of interests which its members share. An association is organised and guided by some rules and regulations.

Question 9.
Write in brief how man is a social animal.
Answer:
In the words of famous Greek Philosopher, man is a social animal. He who lives without society either is a God or a beast. He can’t live in isolation. He always lives in groups or society. Man is social by nature and necessity.

His needs and necessities compel him to live in society. Man’s human nature only develops in society. The different experiment of feral cases of Kasper Hauser, Amala and Kamala and the cases of Anna proves this social nature of man.

Question 10.
Explain any three characteristic of Association.
Answer:
(1) A group of people is necessary to form an association and the people who form an association must be organised.
(2) Common purpose or interest is the next important characteristic of an association. The people who form an association must have a common purpose. For the achievement of this they organise themselves.
(3) There must be co-operation among members without which association can’t be formed.

Question 11.
Explain Institution.
Answer:
Institution ordinarily refers to the rules governing the complex social relationships among people. Institutions are forms of procedures. In the words of A.W. Green An institution is the organisation of several folkways and mores into a unit which serves a number of social functions.

Question 12.
Explain any three characteristic of an Institution.
Answer:
(1) Institutions are formed to satisfy the primary needs of individuals.
(2) Institutions prescribe certain rules and regulations which are to be followed by all the members.
(3) Institutions are abstract in nature and are embodiment of values.

Question 13.
Distinguish between Association and Institution.
Answer:
Association is concrete in nature whereas institutions are abstract. Association is a group of people who organise themselves for the purpose of attaining common interest. But institutions are forms of procedures and characteristics of group activity. Association refers to a group of people whereas institution refers to some rules and regulations.

Question 14.
Explain Social Group.
Answer:
Ordinarily group refers to a number of units of anything in close proximity with one another: But social group refers to any collection of human being who are brought into social relationship, with one another. Ogburn and Nimkoff says whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.

Question 15.
Explain any three characteristics of Social Group.
Answer:
(1) Social group is a collection of human beings who are united by a sense of unity.
(2) Some sort of reciprocal relations exist among the members of a social group.
(3) Member of a social group show similarity of behaviour and have common interest.

Question 16.
Explain Primary Group.
Answer:
American Sociologist C.H. Cooley developed the concept of primary group and opine primary group is characterised by intimate and face-to-face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses. Primary group is small in size and is called is ‘we group’. They are nursery of human virtues; example -family.

Question 17.
Explain Secondary Group.
Answer:
Secondary groups are almost the opposite of the primary groups. Secondary groups are large in size and are of short duration. Interaction among the members of secondary group is formal, utility oriented specialised and temporary. Political party is an example of secondary group, these groups provide experience lacking in intimacy.

Question 18.
Explain the term Culture.
Answer:
The term culture is first used by the famous English anthropologist E.B. Tylor culture is the sum total of human activities which are learnt and shared by the majority in a group and passed on from one generation to another. It is the handiwork of men and the medium through which we achieve our ends.

Question 19.
Explain any three characteristics of Culture.
Answer:
(1) Culture is learned by living in group. It is not informal.
(2) Culture is accumulative in nature. It is a product of centuries.
(3) Culture is transmissive in nature. It is transmitted from one generation to another.

Question 20.
Explain Material Culture.
Answer:
W.F. Ogbum has divided culture into material and non-material type. Material culture refers to those things to which we can •touch or can see. They are tangible and concrete in nature. Books, chairs, tables, utensils etc. are examples of material culture.

Question 21.
Explain Non-material Culture.
Answer:
W.F. Ogbum has divided culture into material and non-material type. Non-material culture refers to those things to which we can touch or see. They are intangible and abstract things. Beliefs, value, customs, ideology etc. are examples of non-material culture.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Material and Non-material Culture.
Answer:
Material culture refers to the things to which we can tough or can see whereas non-material culture refers to those things which we can’t see or touch.

Books, chairs, tables etc. are examples of material culture whereas values, ideology, customs etc. are examples of non-material culture. Material culture is also called as artifacts where of non-material culture is known, asmenti-facts.,

Question 23.
Explain Cultural Lag.
Answer:
Ogburn has divided culture into material and non-material types. He opines that these two parts of culture do not more it uniform speed. Material culture moves faster than non-material culture.

As a result a gap is seen between these two interrelated parts of culture. To this gap or generation. Ogburn called as cultural lag. Hence, culture lag refers to the gap between two-inter-related parts of culture i.e. material and non-material.

Question 24.
Distinguish between Culture and Society.
Answer:
Culture is the way of life whereas society is an interaction of group of people sharing a culture. Society is a process of living and it consists of a group of people whereas culture refers to the belief customs, traditions etc.

Culture is the handiwork of men and a medium through which he achieves his ends. But society refers to a web of network of relationship that exists between men.

Question 25.
What is in-group?
Answer:
There are number of group to which individual belongs are called in-group. The examples of if-groups are his family, caste, sex, occupation, village etc. The individual develop a sense of attachment affection and sympathy towards the numbers of his in-group all the time. There is we feeling among the members in in-groups.

Question 26.
What is out-group?
Answer:
Out group is opposite of in group. According to summer out-group is that group to which individual does not belong. The individuals does not belongs to a number of groups which are his out-group. The individuals belongs to those groups which are known as his in-groups but all other groups are called his out-groups.

Question 27.
Define Reference Group.
Answer:
According to Sheriff “Reference group as those groups to which individual relates himself as a part or to which he relates himself psychologically’’.

Question 28.
What is Reference group?
Answer:
The individual initiates other individuals and groups. He compares himself with others and begins behaving like them in order to reach their status and position. The individuals or groups whose behaviour is limited by him are known as Reference groups.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concepts Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 2 Basic Concepts Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by society? Explain the characteristics of society.
Answer:
The term “society” is derived from the Latin word ’socius’, which means companionship means sociability. As George Simmel pointed out, it is this element of sociability which defines the true essence of society. It indicates that man always lives in the company of other people. ‘Man is a social animal’, said Aristotle centuries ago. Man lives in towns, cities, tribes, villages, but never alone.

Loneliness brings him boredom and fear. Man needs society for his living, working and enjoying life. Society has become an essential condition for human life to arise and to continue. Human life and society always together.

(1) According to Maclver and Page, “Society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mutual aid of many groupings and divisions, of control, of human behaviour and of liberties”.
(2) According to F.H. Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organisation, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together”.

Characteristics of Society:
In its broadest sense society means the whole human society, the community of all human beings. A very large section of the humanity may be called a society. The Western Christendom; the people of Islam, the Indians, the English and the French are some such societies because they belong to very large social communities.

A society, thus, means a large social community having many things in common in the way of living of its members for a closer and better understanding we have to discuss the characteristics of society. Society is composed of people, without the students and the teachers there can be no college and no university. Similarly, without people there can be no society, no social relationships, and no social life at all.

Society is a group of people in continuous interaction with each other. It refers to the reciprocal contract between two or more persons. It is a process where by men interpenetrate the minds of, each other. An individual is a member of society so long as he engages in relationsihp with Other members of society. It means that individuals are in continuous interaction with other individuals of society.

The limits of society are marked by the limits of social interactions. Social interaction is made possible because of mutual awareness. Society is understood as a network of social relationships only where the members are aware of each other. Society exists only where social beings ‘behave’ towards one another in ways determined by their recognition of one another. Without this awareness there can be no society. A social relationship, thus implies mutual awareness.

The principle of likeness is essential for society. It exists among those who resemble one another in some degree, in body and in mind.
Likeness refers to the similarities. People have similarities with regards to their needs, works, aims, values, outlook towards, and so on. Just as the ‘birds of the same father flock together’, men belonging to the same species called homosapiens, have many things in common.

Society, hence rests on what F.H. Giddings calls consciouness of kind. “Comradeship, Intimacy, association of any kind or degree would be impossible without some understanding of each by the other and that understanding depends on the likeness which each apprehends in other”. Society in brief, exists among like beings and likeminded.

Society also implies difference. A society based entirely on likeness and uniformities is bound to be loose in socialites. If men are exactly alike, their social relationships would be very much limited. There would be little give-and-take, little reciprocity. They would contribute Very little to one another. More than that, life becomes boring, monotonous and uninteresting, if differences are not there.

Hence, we find difference in society. Family for example, rests on biological difference between the sexes. People differ from one another in their looks, personalities, ability, talent, attitude, interest, taste, intelligence, faith and soon. People pursue different activities because of these difference.

Thus we find farmers, labourers, teachers, soldiers, businessmen, bankers, engineers, doctors, advocates, writers, artists, scientists,- musicians, actors, politicians, bureaucrats and others working in different capacities, in different fields in society. However, difference alone cannot create society. It is subordinated to likeness.

Society is not static, it is dynamic. Change is ever present in society. Changeability is an inherent quality of human society. No society can Over remain constant for any length of time. Society is like water in a stream or river that forever flows. It is always in flux. Old men die and new ones are born.

New associations and institutions and groups may come into being and old ones may die a natural death. The existing ones may undergo changes to suit the demands of time or they may give birth to the new ones. Changes may take place slowly and gradually or suddenly and abruptly.

Primarily likeness and secondarily difference create the division of labour. Division of labour involves the assignment to each unit or group a specific share of a common task. For example, the common task of producing cotton clothes is shared by a number of people like the farmers who grow cotton, the spinners, the weavers, the dyers, and the merchants.

Similarly, at home work is divided and shared by the father, mother and children. Division of labour leads to specialisation. Division of labour and specialisation are the marks of modem complex society. Division of labour is possible because of co-operation. Society is based on cooperation. It is the very basis of our social life.

As C.H. Cooley says, cooperation arises when men realise that they have common interests. It refers to the mutual working together for the attainments of a common goal. Men satisfy many of their desires and fulfil interests through joint efforts. People may have direct or indirect co-operation among them. Thus co-operation and division of labour have made possible social solidarity or social cohesion.

Society has its own ways and means of controlling the behaviour of its members cooperation, no doubt exists in society. But side by side. Competitions, conflicts, tensions, revolts, rebellions and suppression are also there. They appear and re-appear off and an. Clash of economic or political or religions interests is not uncommon. Left to themselves, they may damage the very fabric of society.

They are to be controlled. The behaviour or the activities of people are to be regulated. Society has various formal as well as informal means of social control. It means society has customs, traditions, conventions and folkways, mores, manners, etiquettes and other informal means of social control. Also it has law, legislation, constitution, police, court, army and other formal means of social control to regulate the behaviour of its members.

Social relationships are characterised by interdependence. Family, the most basic social group, for example, is based upon the interdependence of man and woman. One depends upon the other for the satisfaction of one’s needs. As society advances, the area of interdependence also grows.

Today, not only individuals are interdependent upon one another, but even, communities, social groups, societies and nations are also interdependent. Each society has its own ways of life Culture. This distinguishes one society from another. Culture refers to the total range of our life. It includes knowledge, belief, art, morality, values, ideas, ideologies, sciences and philosophies.

A society has a comprehensive culture. It is culturally self-sufficient. It may carry on trade with other societies, but the cultural patterns involved in this trade are the part of the culture of the society itself. For example, the pattern of extending credit, the recognized rates of exchange, the means of payment, the form of contacts all these cultural patterns are the parts of the culture of each society involved in interaction.

The members of a society share a common and unique culture. In our society we share such cultural symbols as the August Fifteen, January Twenty six and so on. We also share cultural values of collectivism and spiritualism. Collectivism means the economic theory and industry should be carried on with a collective capital and spiritualism is the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real but soul or spirit.

Me Dougall, say that man is social because of the basic human instinct called the gregarious instinct. Gregariousness refers to the tendency of man to live in groups. Man always lives amidst, men. He cannot live without it. This internal nature of man has forced him to establish social groups and societies and to live in them.

Human life and society almost go together. Man is born in society and bred up in society, nourished and nurtured in society. From childhood to adolescence, from adolescence to youth, from youth to maturity, from maturity to old age, from old age up to death, man lives in society. He depends on society for protection and comfort, for nature and education.

Participation in society is necessary for the development of personality. Various cases show that man can become man only among man. Society makes our life livable. It is the nurse of youth, the arena of manhood and womanhood. Society, is therefore, as Maclver puts it, more than our environment. It is within us as well as around us, Society not only liberates the activities of men, but it limits their activities also. It controls their behaviour in countless ways.

It shapes our attributes, our beliefs, our morals and our ideals. Emotional development, intellectual maturity, satisfaction of problems needs and material comforts are unthinkable without society. Society is a part of our mental equipment and we are. a part of society, stimulates the growth of our personality. It liberates and controls out talents and capacities.

Question 2.
Examine the importance of the functional pre-requisites of society.
Answer:
Preservation of human society requires the fulfilment of certain functional necessities, which we may call as functional pre-requisites. There are certain pre-requisites of a harmonious and active social system. A tension ridden social system cannot function efficiently. As a healthy body works if there is no disorder in its parts.

Similarly, a society system can function efficiently if there is order among its parts. There are so many needs or requisite, which society needs. It is impossible to analyse all the requisites society needs. Yet some of the important pre-requisites of society are discussed here.

The basic needs are food, clothing, shelter and security. Every man needs food for very survival. Without it life is impossible. As a civilized being clothing is also another bare necessity of human being. Similarly for his rest, to avoid rain, cold and other hazards of environment he needs shelter.

Therefore, food, clothing and shelter are regard as the most human being is security. No human being or human society can survive without protection from its members. Therefore, human being needs protection from every front for his survival.

Another important need of human society is the human actions and systematic social relationship. For this there must be division of labour. Every society has a clear division & labour among men and women, the young and the old and on the basis of ability. Division of labour and division of responsibility if necessary for every society. Similarly, systematic of relationship rests upon the likeness among the people,

There should be sufficient number of people in a social system so that it may function efficiently. The number should not be too much or too less. In a society there should be a definite system of procreation to maintain the continuity. Procreation is the means through which new members come and old members are replaced.

The new members of society learn social values and systems of behaviour because of which continuity of society is maintained. Therefore, replacement of population is the need of society. Socialization of the young is very much necessary. Not only young but also other members go through the process of socialisation.

Through the process of socialisation the cultural norms of a society is transferred, to the next generation. Socialisation plays a very important role in this regard. Because no new generation is not a new beginning. The new members of society learn social values and systems of behaviour because of which the continuity in society is maintained.

Attainment of goal is another prerequisite of society. There must be flow among the members, a continuous stream of meaningfulness and goal without which the survival of society comes into question. Each social system has some norms of conduct. These are socially approved ways of behaviour which the members are expected to observe or to follow. If these are violated social system cannot function effectively

Sometimes individuals knowingly or unknowingly deviate – the existing social order for which it becomes impossible to maintain order in the society. Therefore, control should be exercised over individuals to observe the, norms of society. As a result of which the social system may function in a satisfactory manner. Social control helps members to learn and preserve value oriented behaviours;

The actors of a society should accept the social system instead of showing resentment against it. Even they should have eagerness towards positive action.

Question 3.
Analyse the characteristics of Community.
Answer:
Community consists of a group of people without a group of people community can not be formed. Every community has a definite geographical territory. This territory can be changed according to the growth of population. The members of a community have a sense of community sentiment and degree of we-feeling.

The customs, traditions, folkways, mores, language and many other things of the members of a community are very, similar. Like crowed community is not temporary or short lived. It is a natural and permanent organisation. A community may be big or small in size. The small community exists within a big community.

Every community has certain rules and regulations which members compulsorily obeyed Community fulfils all the fundamentals needs of its members. Community is not deliberately or purposively created. It is a spontaneous and naturally and group. It group naturally develops spontaneously. Each and every community has a particular name by which one community is distinct from another.

Question 4.
Analyse the characteristics of Association.
Answer:
An association is formed or created by people. It is basically a social group. Without people there can be no association. An association is not merely a collection of individuals. It consists of those individuals who have more or less the same interests. An association is based on the cooperative spirit of its members. People work together to achieve some definite purpose.

Association denotes some kind of organisation. An association is known essentially as an organised groups. Every association has its own ways and means of regulating the relations of its members. Associations, are means or agencies through which their members seek to realise their similar or shared interests.

Such social organisations necessarily act not merely through leaders, but through officials or representatives, as agencies. An association may be permanent or temporary. There are some long-standing associations like the state, family, religious associations etc. some associations may be purely temporary in nature.

Question 5.
Analyse the characteristics of Social Institution.
Answer:
The main characteristics of social institutions may be described here:
Institutions come into being due to the Collective activities of the people. They are essentially social in nature. Social institutions are ubiquitous. They exists in all the societies and existed at all the stages of social development. An institution must be understood as standardised procedures and norms.

They prescribe the way of doing things. They also prescribe rules and regulations that are to be followed. Marriage, as an institution, for example, govern the relations between the husband and wife. Institutions are established by men themselves. They cater to the satisfaction of some basic and vital needs of man.

Institutions like religion, morality, state, government, law, legislation etc., control the behaviour of men. These mechanisms preserve the social order and give stability to it. Institutions are like wheels on which human society marches on towards the desired destination. Institution normally do not undergo sudden or rapid changes.

Institutions are not external, visible or tangible things. They are abstract. Institutions may persist in the form of oral and or written traditions. Institutions may have their own symbols, material or non-material. Institutions, though diverse, are interrelated.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Society and Community.
Answer:
Society is a web of social relationship but community consists of a group of individuals living in a particular area with some degree of we filling. A definite geographical area is not an essential aspect of society. A definite locality or geographic area is essential for community.
Society is abstract but community is concrete.

Community sentiment or a sense of we-feeling may be present or may not. But for the community sentiment is an essential element of community. There can be no community in its absence. Society is wider community is smaller than society: There can be more than one community in a society.

The objectives and interests of society are more extensive and valid but community has limited objectives. Society involves both likeness differences, but likeness is more important in community. There is common agreement of interests and objectives on the post of members.

Question 7.
Different between Association and Institution.
Answer:
An association is a group of people organised for the purpose of fulfilling a need or needs. But institutions refers to the organised way of doing things. It represent common procedure. Association denotes membership but institution denotes only a mode or means of service. We belong to association, to political parties, trade unions, youth clubs, families etc.

We do not belong to institution. We do not belong to marriage property, education or law. Association consists of individuals, institution consists of laws, rules and regulations. Association are concrete but institutions are abstract. An association has a location, it makes sense to ask where it is but an institution does not have location. The question where it is, makes no sense at all.

Thus, a family can be located in space but we cannot locate examination, education, marriage etc. Association are mostly created or established but institution are primarily evolved. An association may have its own distinctive name but institution does not process specific names, but has a structure and may have a symbol. Association may be temporary or permanent but institution are relatively more durable.

Question 8.
Discuss the characteristics of Secondary Group.
Answer:
Large Size:
The first characteristic of secondary group is its large size. The size of secondary group is so large because it is formed by a large number of people. Secondary group have spread all over the country. For example political party which is secondary group, consisting of thousands of members and work throughout the country. Similarly, the members of International Red Cross Society scatter all over the world. Due to large size, all the members of secondary group are indirectly related to each other.

Indirect Relations:
Secondary groups are characterized by indirect relations. All members are indirectly related to each other because a secondary group is bigger in size than a primary group and the members cannot say together. The specialization of functions leads to indirect relation in secondary groups.

For example, in the large scale organizations where division of labour is complex, the members have not only different functions but also different powers, different degrees of participation, different sights and obligations. All these lead to indirect relations. The contacts and communications in secondary group are mostly indirect.

Formal and Impersonal Relations:
Relation among the members of secondary groups are formal and impersonal. The members do not have face-to-face relations. People do not develop personal relations among themselves. In large scale organization, there are contacts and they may be face-to-face, but they are, “as says Kingsley Davis, “the touch-and go variety. The numbers in secondary group are more concerned with their self-centred interests than with other persons. Thus the secondary relations are formal and impersonal.

Voluntary Membership:
The membership of secondary group is not compulsory but always voluntary. People may join secondary groups according to their sweet will. For instance, one may join a political party or may not joint it. Similarly one may or may not join a political party or may not joint it. Similarly one may or may not join a particular recreational club. It is not essential to become the member of Rotary International Club or Red Cross Society. This is no compulsion. This voluntary membership leads indirect and impersonal relations among the members of a secondary group.

Formal Rules:
Secondary groups are regulated by formal rules and regulations. A secondary group exercises control over its members through formal ways. The secondary relation are directly controlled by police, jail, anny, court and various other formal means. Status of Individual depends upon his role. In secondary group the position of status of every member depends upon his role.

Every members in a secondary group plays a role or a number of roles. His status in the group is determined by his role. For example, the status of the president of a political party depends upon the role he plays in the party and not upon his birth or personal qualities. Similarly, in a college, the status of the principal depends upon his role not upon his birth and other traits.

Individuality in Persons:
Secondary groups are sometimes called “special-interest groups”. Individuality develops in the persons in secondary groups because, their relations are based on self-interests. When their interests are satisfied they lose interest in the group. Thus self-interest leads the members to develop their individuality in secondary groups.

Active and Inactive Members: A secondary group is very large in size. Physical closeness and intimacy are totally absent among its members. Owing to this reason, some members of the group become active and some others are quite inactive. For instance, in a national political party, a majority of the members take active interest where as the rest of the members do not take any active interest in the party work.

Self-dependence Among the Members: The members of a secondary group are self-dependent. They want or desire to fulfil their self-interests. For this purpose, the members of a secondary group depend upon themselves in order to safeguard their own interests.

Goal Orientation:
Lastly, the main purpose of a secondary group is fulfill a specific aim. That means each secondary group is formed to achieve a specific goal. The members are not interested in maintaining close and personal relations but they are only interested in achieving the aim or which they have joined the group.

For example trade union is formed for the better working conditions of the workers. Similarly, a teacher’s association is formed for securing better conditions of service for teacher.

Question 9.
Describe the characteristics of Primary group.
Answer:
According to C.II. Cooley, following are the important and essential characteristics of a primary group.
Physical Proximity:
The members of primary group must be physically close to one another. They develop intimacy on account of close contact among themselves. It will be very difficult to exchange ideas and thoughts in the primary group unless its members are in close physical proximity to one another.

So that there exists a physical proximity among the members of a primary group which leads to the exchange of thoughts among them. Therefore, physical closeness is an essential ingredient of a primary group.

Small Size:
The primary group is always small in size. It is so small, that the desired intimate relationship can be developed among its members. Due to its small size, the members of a primary group know each other personally and develop a group character.

Continuity of Relationship:
The relations among the members of the primary group are direct, close, intimate and personal. These relations are continuous and permanent. The members of the primary group meet and discuss with each other frequently. The continuous and frequent relations bring stability in the primary group.

We-Feeling:
There a is strong “We- Feeling” among the members of a primary group. They are always motivated by unique slogan that ‘we are all the members of a particular group’. They treat the members of their own group as their near relatives or friends and the persons belonging to other groups their own group and all of them protect their interest unitedly.

The members of a primary group stand each other for the welfare of their group. For instance, the parents often sacrifice their interests for the sake of the family.

Personal Relations:
The relations among the members of primary group are personal, spontaneous and inclusive that means all the members of the primary group personally known each other. Member of primary groups have personal relations and this is why the gap of one member’s absence is not filled completely by the other.

For instance, in the family after the death of wife, a person may marry again but the memory of the dead wife does not end with it. No other person can take the place of a particular friend or a family member. Thus Maclver says that “in the primary group-life our relations with other are always, to some extent, personal”.

Common Aims and Objectives:
In a primary group all the members have common aims and objectives. For example in family the pleasure and pain of every member is shared by the whole family and all the members work for some common aim. Thus in primary groups, the aims and objectives are the same for all the members. In other words, all the members of a primary group work collectively for the fulfilment of their common aims and objectives.

Similarity of Background:
The members of a primary groups always have similar background. They should be equally experienced so that each member can either give or take something from other members. According to Maclver “A level on which every group must dwell and the person who is too far above or below it, disturbs the process of group participation”. In the primary group each member presents his own view point and accepts the view-point of others.

Limited Self-interest:
The member of a primary group have their own interest but self-interest of the members is subordinated to the common interest of the group as a whole.

They must come together in spirit to participate co-operatively. The common interest must predominate in their mind. It introduces the element of common cause among the members of a primary group. The common interest provide mental pleasure and contentment to the members.

Stability:
A primary group is more stable than other groups. To promote closeness and intimacy of relationship, the primary group should be stable and permanent to some extent. The stability of nature of primary groups brings unity and integrity among the members.

Maximum Control over the Member: Due to the intimacy, spontaneity, physical proximity, small size and stability of the group, all the member of a primary group can know each other personally. In the primary group, it is very difficult for any person to avoid the other. Therefore, primary group exercises Maximum control over the members.

In a primary group, the younger members are directly controlled by the elder members. For instance, in a family, the parents control the younger ones. The primary group does not permit anybody to follow a wrong path and stops him from doing any action contradictory to group customs, traditions, more, norms, values and ideals.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary Group.
Answer:
Size of the primary groups is usually very small. It is because the big size of the group defeats the very purpose of a primary x group whereas the size of secondary groups is very large and runs into many thousands in many cases. Membership of a primary group are spread in a limited area whereas the members of the secondary group can be found all over the world.

Relations between the members in a primary group are very intimate, close and direct whereas the relations between members are neither very close nor direct but indirect and formal. Members in primary groups cooperate spontaneously with each other. They meet on long-term basis and solve their problems and differences.

Whereas in secondary groups deliberate efforts have to be made to organise and the members meet only for particular purpose and as soon as that purpose is achieved, the group is dissolved. In primary groups all the members have common interest They struggle and work hard to achieve those interests. Efforts are collective and combined.

In secondary groups the members have no direct interest. They have selfish aims and try to achieve them by joining this type of group. Therefore, efforts are not collective and combined. There is no formal code of conduct for the working of members ofprimary group. But in the case of secondary group a detailed code of conduct is required for the smooth working of the group.

A formal authority is also needed to regulate conduct and behaviour of members of the group. In primary groups no such authority is needed. In the primary group, all the members take active part formatting the group self-sufficient. But in the Case of secondary groups many members are not active but take only passive interest with the result that only few are leaders and all others are followers.

The primary groups are found in rural areas while secondary groups are found in urban areas. The size of the primary group being small, it does not include any other group in it. But the secondary group being large, many other small groups are included in it. A primary group sees that there is an allround development of personality of an individual.

It see that personality of an individual finds fullest expression in the group. The second any groups do not care for all sided development of its individuals. It is concerned with only one aspect of his life and tries to develop that one.  In primary groups, the co-operation of the members is direct and willing.

where as co-operation of members in the secondary groups is indirect and even that is not willing forthcoming. Thus it is clear that the primary groups were most suited in the primitive societies where social structure was neither complex nor complicated. But these groups cannot function smoothly in modem times because of our complicated social arrangement. It does not mean in any way that the need of primary groups has decreased.

Question 11.
Explain the Cultural Lag.
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag has come to occupy an important place in the writings of eminent sociologists. It is a concept that has a particular appeal in an age in which technological inventions and innovations of many other kinds are constantly disturbing the elder ways of livings. Ogburn was the first sociologist to elaborate upon the idea of cultural lag and to formulate a definite theory, though in the writings of other sociologists particularly Sumner, Muller-Lyer, Wallar and Spencer the existence of a cultural lag is implied.

Ogburn distinguishes between ‘material’ and ‘non-material’ culture. By material aspects of culture he means things like took utensils, machines, dwellings, the manufacture of goods and transportation. In the non-material aspects he includes family, religion government and education. When changes occur in the material aspects, those in turn simulate changes in the non-material aspects.

The non-material culture, according to Ogbum is often slow to respond to the rapid inventions in material culture. When non-material culture does not adjust itself readily to the material changes it falls behind the material and gives rise to cultural lag: In Ogbums words. “The strain that exists between two correlated parts of culture that changes as unequal rates of speed may be interpreted as a lag in the part that is changing at the slowest rate, for the one lags behind the other”.

In material culture, discoveries and inventions are rapidly made to which the non-material culture is to adjust itself and if it cannot, a lag culture. If society is to maintain an equilibrium, both the parts of culture, material and non-material should be properly adjusted. Ogburn, therefore concluded that the problem of adjustment in Modem society is chiefly one of enabling the non-material aspects of culture to catch up with the material aspects.

In other words, man should adopt his ways of thinking and behaving to the state of his technology. Ogburn gave examples to substantiate his thesis. The patriarchal type of family, adapted to agricultural conditions, is continued in a largely industrial urban society. The major problems faced by the modem family come from the persistence in any obsolete form.

Similarly, the old concepts of sovereignty are still held despite the obvious changes that have brought nations close to each other and made them much more interdependent than in the past. Another instance of a lag is the discrepancy between the number of police official and the growth of population.

The growing cities have not increased their police force fast enough, nor the decreasing cities have reduced their soon enough. The change in the number of police officials lags behind the change in the population. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century industry changed first, and the family lagged behind in its change.

Women were slow in following their jobs outside the home. Thus after citing various examples Ogbum concluded that “the many and frequent technological innovations of our modem age by occurring prior to the social changes they precipitate, are the causes of many cultural lags in society”.

Among the various technological developments and inventions that are producing cultural lags in contemporary society Ogbum included the telephone, motor-car, wireless, cinema, power-driven agricultural. machines, printing, photographs, alloys, electrical goods, welding, the aeroplane, air conditioning, artificial lighting contraceptives, television etc. These are resulting in a terrific impact on society its social institutions, its customs and its philosophies.

The result is a vast accumulation of cultural lags. Thus, in the modem age, cultural lag is visible in the various elements of culture. Lumley has beautifully written that “It seems as if many pedestrian soldiers or a complete army are marching out of step or as if some of the performers of an orchestra are playing last year’s music and still others last century’s music or even more ancient music at the same time.

Criticism:
Ogburn’s hypothesis of cultural lag has been accepted by many of sociologist but there are a few critics who point out that the distinction between material and non-material culture is not a workable one. It we cling to the old fashioned way when under new conditions our needs could be better served by changing them we cannot properly say that the lag is between the material and non-material.

Nor should it be assumed that it is always the material that is in advance of the non-material or that the main problem is of adjusting non-material to the material culture. Maclver observes that the term lag is not properly applicable to relations between technological factors and the cultural pattern of between the various components of the culture pattern itself.

He regards “technological lag” a better term than “cultural lag”. According to Meuller, “Cultural lag is artificial and imaginary.” Coming to the influence of cultural factors on social relationships it has been acknowledged by all that there is an intimate connection between our beliefs and our institutions. Our valuations and our social relationships.

The social and cultural factors are closely interwoven that all cultural change involves social change. New ideologies causes significant changes in the modes of group life. It was the social philosophy or Marxism, wrought into a dynamic evangelism and finding its opportunity in the suffering.

Question 12.
Define Culture and discuss its features.
Or,
What is Culture? Analyse the characteristics of Culture.
Answer:
Culture is one of the most important and basic concepts of sociology. In sociology culture has a specific mean. The anthropologists believe that the behaviour which is meant is called culture, hi other words the behaviour which is transmitted to as by some one is called culture. The way of living, eating, wear, sing dance and talk it are all parts of a culture.

In common parlance the word culture is understood to mean beautiful, refined or interesting. In sociology we use the word culture to denote acquired behaviour which are shared by and transmitted among the members of the society. In other words, culture is s system of learned behaviour shared by and transmitted among the member of the society.

In other words, culture is a system of learning behaviour shared by and transmitted among the members of a group. Definitions of Culture“Culture has been defined in various ways by sociologists and anthropologists. Following are the important definition of culture”. E.B. Tyler defines “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.

Edward Spiro says that “Culture is any socially inherited element the life of man, material and spiritual”. Malinowaski defines “Culture the handiwork of man and conventional understanding manifest in art and artist which persisting through which he achieves his ends”. Redfiled remarks that “Culture is an organised body of conventional understanding manifest in art and artifact which characterizes a human group”.

Maclver is of view that “Culture is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and our thinking. Intercourse in our literature in religion, in recreation and enjoyment”. According to E.S. Bogardus “Culture is all the ways of doing and thinking of a group”. Characteristics of Culture For a clear understanding of the concept of culture it is necessary far as to know its main characteristics. Culture has several characteristics. Following are the main characteristics of culture.

Culture in Learnt:
Culture is not inherited biologically, but learnt socially by man. It is not an inborn tendency. There is so culture instinct as such culture is often called learned, ways of behaviour, unlearned behaviour such as closing the eyes. While sleeping the eye blinking reflex and so on are purely physiological and culture sharing hands or saying namaskar or thanks and sharing and dressing on the other hand are culture.

Similarly wearing clothes, combing the hair, wearing ornaments, looking the food, drinking from a glass, eating from a place or leaf, reading a newspaper, driving a car, enacting a role in drama, singing worship etc. are all ways of behaviour learnt by culturally.

Culture is Social:
Culture does not exist in isolation neither is it an individual phenomenon, it is product of society. It originates and develops through social interact. It is shared by the members of society. No man can acquire culture without association with other human beings. Man becomes man only among men. It is the culture which helps man to develop human qualities in a human environment deprivation is nothing but deprivation of human qualities.

Culture is Shared:
Culture in the sociological sense, is something shared. It is not something that an individual alone can possess. For example customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals etc. are shared by people of group or society. The invention of Arya Bhatta or Albert Einstein.

Charaka or Charles Dante, the philosophical works of Confucious or LaoTse, Shankaracharya or Swami Vivekananda, the artistic work of Kavi Verma or Raphall etc. are all shared by a large number of people, culture is something adopted used, believed, practised or possessed by more than one person. It depends upon group life for its existence (Robert Brerstedt).

Culture is Transmissive:
Culture is capable of being transmitted from one generation to the next. Parents pass on culture traits to their children and they in turn to then- children and so on. Culture is transmitted not through genes by means of language. Language is the main vehicle of culture.

Language in its different forms like reading, writing and speaking makes it possible for the present generation to understand the achievements to earlier generation. But language itselfs is apart of culture. Once language is acquired it unfolds to the individuals it wide field. Transmission of culture may take place by imitation as well as by interaction.

Culture is Continuous and Cummulative:
Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it tends to become cummulative culture is growing whole which includes in itselfs, the achievement of the past and present and makes provision for the future achievements of mankind. Culture way thus be conceived of as a kind of stream flowing down through the centuries from one generation to another.

Hence some sociologists like Lotion called culture the social heritage of man. As Robert writes culture or the money of human race. It becomes difficult for its to imagine what society would be like without his accumulation of culture what lives would be without it.

Culture is consistent and inter-related:
Culture in its development has revealed tendency to be consistent. At the same time different parts of culture are inter-connected For examples the value system of a society. A society is closely connected with its other aspects such a morality, religion, customs, traditions, beliefs and so on.

Culture is Dynamic and Adoptive:
Though culture is relatively stable it is not altogether static. It is subject to slow but constant, change. Change and growth are latent in culture. We find amazing growth in the present Indian culture when we compare it with the culture of the Vedic times. Culture is hence dynamic.

Culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world. It is adoptive. It also intervence in the natural environment and man in his process of adjustment. Just as our house shelter us from the storm, so also does our culture help us from natural changes and assist us the service. Few of us indeed could survive without culture.

Culture is Gratifying:
Culture provides proper opportunities and prescribes means for the satisfaction our need and desires. These needs may be biological or social in nature our need for food, shelter and clothing on the one hand our desire for status,’ name formed money mates, etc. are all for example, fulfilled according to the culture ways, culture determines and guides the varied activities of man. In fact culture is defined as the process through which human beings satisfy their wants.

Culture varies from Society to Society:
Eyery society has a culture on its own. It differs from society to society. Culture of every society is quite to itself Cultures are uniform. Culture elements such as customs, tradition, ideals, values, ideologies, beliefs practice philosophic institutions, etc. are not uniform everywhere, ways of eating, speaking, greeting, dressing, entertaining, living etc. of different specialities differ significantly. Culture varies from time to time also.

No culture ever remains constant or changeless. It Manu were to come back to see the Indian society, today he would be bewildered to witness the vast changes that have taken place in our culture.

Culture is super-organic and identical:
Culture is sometimes called the super-organic. By super organic Herbert Spencer meant that culture is neither organic, nor inorganic nature but above those two, the term implies the social meaning may be independent of physiological and physical, properties and characteristics for example the social meaning of a national flag is not just a piece of coloured cloth.

The flag represents a nation, similarly, priests and prisoners professors and professionals, players, engineers are not just biological beings. There social status and role can be understood only through culture.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is family?
Answer:
The family is the most important primary group in society. It is the most simplest and elementary form of society. It is the first and the most immediate social environment to which a child is exposed.

Question 2.
Give one definition of family.
Answer:
Ogburn and Ninkoff say that “Family is a mere or less a durable association of husband and wife with or without a child or of man or a woman alone with children.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of family and from which is it is derived?
Answer:
The term family has been derived from the Roman word Famulus which means servant. The servants enjoyed the status of members of the household in ancient times. Thus originally family consisted of a man and a woman with a child or child servant.

Question 4.
Mention the main characteristic of the family.
Answer:
As a social unit family has the following characteristics such as:

• Emotionality
• Universality
• Limited size
• Social Control
• Formative influence
• Responsibility of member

Question 5.
What is a matriarchal family?
Answer:
A matriarchal family is also known as mother centered family. Her mother or woman is the head of the family who exercises her authority. She is the owner of the property and the manager of the household. All the other members are subordinate to her.

Question 6.
What is a patriarchal family?
Answer:
The patriarchal family is also known as father dominant family. Here the father or the eldest man is the head of the family and we exercise authority. He is the owner and the administrator ofthe family property. On all family matters, he is the final voice and opinion.

Question 7.
What is a single-family or nuclear family?
Answer:
The nuclear family is one that consists ofthe husband, wife, and their unmarried children. It is an autonomous unit and frees all control of elders. The Anevecian family is a typical example of a modern-independent nuclear family. The size of the nuclear family is very small.

Question 8.
What is a joint family?
Answer:
The joint family is also known as an undivided family and sometimes as an extended family. It consists of the husband, wife, their married and unmarried children uncles, aunts, grandfather, grandmother, etc. The members of a joint family belong to several generations. The eldest member is the head of a joint family. In India, this family system is prevailing among the Hindus.

Question 9.
What is a patrilocal family?
Answer:
A patrilocal family is a type of family in which after marriage the wife goes and lives in the family of her husband.

Question 10.
What do you mean by matrilocal family?
Answer:
A matrilocal family is such type of family in which after marriage the husband goes and lives in the family of his wife. In this family, the husband occupies the secondary position. This type of family is only found among the Khasi tribes of Assam.

Question 11.
What is a monogamous family?
Answer:
A Monogamous family is composed of one man and one woman. In this family, one man marries one woman. Both spouses can’t marry for a second time. This type of family is regarded as an ideal family.

Question 12.
What is a polygynous family?
Answer:
In a polygynous family, one man marries more than one woman at a time and lives with them and their children in the same house. This type of family is found among the Eskimo tribes, African Negroes, and Muslims.

Question 13.
What is a polyandrous family?
Answer:
A polyandrous family is composed of one woman and many men. In this type of family one woman marries many men and lives with all of them alternatively. The Pandav family is a polyandrous family.

Question 14.
What is a patrilineal family?
Answer:
In the patrilineal family, the descent is traced through the father. An entry also continues through the male members or father. Father is the center of authority patrilineal family – is regarded as the best type of family in modem India.

Question 15.
What do you mean by matrilineal family?
Answer:
In a matrilineal family, the descent is traced through the matter. An entry also continues to female members throughout the family. Here female members enjoyed all rights and privileges including the right of property and inheritance.

Question 16.
Define kinship.
Answer:
Man is social. He doesn’t live alone in society. From birth till death he is surrounded which a number of persons. They are relatives, friends, neighbors, and strangers. Some are known while others were unknown persons the lie is bound to all those persons who are related to him in one way or the other. This relationship is based on blood and married. The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a group is called kinship.

Question 18.
How many types of kinship?
Answer:
Kinship is two types.

• Affinal kinship.
• Consanguineous kinship.

Question 19.
What is Affinal kinship?
Answer:
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship when a person marries he establishes a relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but also with a number of persons in the girl’s family.

Question 20.
What is consanguineous kinship?
Answer:
The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. The consanguineous kin is related through blood whereas in affinal kin are related through marriage.

Question 21.
What is sarhaj?
Answer:
The wife of the brother-in-law (sala) is called sarhaj.

Question 22.
Two examples of primary kinship.
Answer:
Sister, Father.

Question 23.
Give two examples of secondary kinship.
Answer:
Father, Brother, Sister’s husband.

Question 24.
What is Education?
Answer:
Education is that which makes one’s life harmonious with all existence and thus enables the mind to realize the ultimate truth which gives us a wealth of inner light and love and gives significance to life.

Question 25.
What is economics according to Marx?
Answer:
The economy is at the center of Marx’s sociological theories, he considered society to be the result of an economic base and a social superstructure. It is the economic base that determines all other social structures including ideology, politics, and religion.

Question 26.
What is the role of the economy as a social institution?
Answer:
The economy is a fundamental part of contemporary society. It contributes to the administrative, educational, ethical, legal, and religious organization of society. It is a social superstructure.

Question 27.
What does Marx claim about the forms of the state’s interest?
Answer:
Marx claim that the modern form of the state serves the interest of the ruling economic class by oppressing the collective interest of the proletariat.

Question 28.
What is class according to Weber?
Answer:
Class is defined in terms of market situation a class exists when a number of people have in common economic interest in the possession of goods and opportunity for income in commodity or labor markets.

Question 29.
What is your view of Weber on the economy?
Answer:
Economies result from communities that are arranged in such a way that goods, tangible and intangible, symbolic and material are distributed.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Family.
Answer:
Family is a unique and universal social institution. The word Family has come from the Roman word Famulus which means servant. Because in those days family consisted of a man and a woman with her children and servants. According to Maclver, a Family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.

Question 2.
Explain any three general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
A mating relationship :
Family is the outcome of the mating relationship between a man and a woman. Man and woman’s sexual desire is satisfied through this.

Forms of marriage :
The mating relationship is established through different forms of marriage like monogamy, polygamy, etc.

An Economic Provision :
Family provides for some sort of economic provision by which different economic needs of its members are met.

Question 3.
Explain any three distinctive features of the family.
Answer:
As a social organization par- excellence family has the following distinctive features as
Universal nature :
Family is a universal social institution that is found all over the world and at all stages of development.

Nucleus position :
Family is the nucleus, of all other social organizations and the whole social structure is built around it.

Emotional basis :
Family is grounded on human emotions. In other words, family is built upon love affection, sympathy, cooperation, and sentiments.

Question 4.
Explain Monogamous family.
Answer:
A monogamous family is based on a monogamous marriage system. It consists of a husband, a wife, and their children. Both husband and wife are prohibited to have an extramarital relationship. It is regarded as an ideal form of family.

Question 5.
Explain the Polygynous family.
Answer:
A Polygynous family is based on a polygyny system of marriage. In this family, a man has more than one wife at the same time. And all the wives may stay under one roof along with their children or each wife may have a separate house.

Question 6.
Explain the Polyandrous family.
Answer:
A polyandrous family is based on a polyandry system of marriage. In this family, a woman marries more than one husband at a time. Here the wife lives with her husband during the term. It is found among the Todas and Kuta Tribes.

Question 7.
Explain the Patrilineal family.
Answer:
The family in which the ancestry family name and property are determined on the basis of the male line or father’s called a patrilineal family. The family name as well as the right to property is handed over from father to son.

Question 8.
Explain the Matrilincal family.
Answer:
On the basis of rules of descent or ancestry, the family may be divided into matrilineal or patrilineal. In this family system ancestry or descent is traced through the mother. The family name, as well as the right to property, is handed over from mother to daughter. Here, female members enjoy all rights and privileges.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary kins.
Answer:

• The relatives which are very close, direct, near, and are related through blood are called primary kins whereas the primary kins of a primary kins are called secondary kins.
• Father, son, and brother are called primary kins whereas father’s brother or father’s sister are examples of second kin.
• Primary kins are close blood relatives but secondary kins are related through primary kins.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Affinal kinship and Consanguineous kinship.
Answer:

• The relations created through marriage are known as affinal kins but kins related through blood are known as Consanguineous kins.
• Wife and sister-in-law are examples of affinal kins whereas parent’s sons and daughters are examples of consanguineous kins.

Question 11.
Explain Kinship.
Answer:
The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in groups is called kinship. Kinship includes socially recognized relationships. Kinships are of two types Affinal kinship and Consanguineous kinship. Kinship is based on both blood relationships and marital relationships.

Question 12.
Explain Religion.
Answer:
Religion refers to a belief in supernatural or mysterious powers which express themselves in overt activities. It is a unified system of beliefs and practices relating to sacred things. It establishes a unit in society.

Question 13.
Explain the functions of the family.
Answer:
As a universal social institution family performs several functions on the basis of important functions of the family are divided into essential and non-essential functions. Satisfaction of sex needs reproduction protection provision of home care of the young are the essential functions of the family. Non-essential functions of the family are economic, educative, religious, and recreational in nature.

Question 14.
Explain affinal Kinship.
Answer:
The bond- of blood or kinship that kinds people together in a group is called kinship. It includes socially recognized relationships. The relations created through marriage are called affinal kinship.

Question 15.
Explain Consanguineous Kinship.
Answer:
Kinship includes socially recognized relationships. It kinds people together in a group. Kinship may be divided on the basis of blood or marriage. The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. These kins are related to each other through blood.

Question 16.
Explain the social roles of Religion.
Answer:
Religion refers to that institutionalized system of beliefs symbols, values, and practices that provide group of men with solutions to their questions of ultimate being. Religion acts as a source of social cohesion and brings social welfare. Religion acts as an agency of social control and enhances self-importance.

Question 17.
Explain the Patriarchal family.
Answer:
On the basis of authority, the family may be divided into patriarchal and matriarchal types. When all the authority is vested in the oldest male member calls outs the patriarchal family.

Question 18.
Write a short note on the social role played by religion.
Answer:
Religion explains and rationalizes individual suffering and makes it bearable. Religion acts as the most important source of social cohesion. Religion brings social welfare to society. Religion acts as an important agency of social control and exercises control both over individuals and society.

Question 19.
Write short notes on the functions of the family.
Answer:
As an important social institution family performs several functions. Kins Davis has divided functions into four heads such as reproduction, maintenance, placement, and socialization. Similarly, OgbumandNimkoff mentioned six functions of the family such as affectionate, economic recreational protective, religious and educational.

But Maclverhas made only two divisions of functions, such as essential and non-essential functions. Essential functions include stable satisfaction of sex needs production and rearing of children. Under non-essential functions, they include educational, economic, recreational, religious, and others.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 5 Intelligence Objective Questions.

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CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 5 Intelligence Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
The intelligence of a person can be accurately assessed from his _________.
(a) eyes
(b) performance
(c) conversation
(d) intelligence test scores
Answer:
(d) intelligence test scores

Question 2.
I.Q. is calculated by the following formula
(a) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Age }}{\text { Mental Age }}\)x100

(b) I.Q\(\frac{\text { Mental Age }}{\text { Chronological Age }}\)x100

(c) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Chronological Age }}{\text { Mental Age }} \)x100

(d) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Mental Age }}{\text { Chronological Age }}\)
Answer:
(b) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Mental Age }}{\text { Chronological Age }}\)x100

Question 3.
The term intelligence is derived from the _________.
(a) Latin word
(b) Greek word
(c) German word
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Latin word

Question 4.
Intelligence refers to the _________.
(a) Effective capacity
(b) thinking capacity
(c) Cognitive capacity
(d) Conative capacity
Answer:
(d) Conative capacity

Question 5.
That intelligence is a capacity of the ‘O’ to adjust itself to an increasingly complex environment is believed by _________.
(a) Gallon
(b) Spencer
(c) Binet
(d) Spearman
Answer:
(b) Spencer

Question 6.
The two-factor theory of intelligence was proposed by _________.
(a) Guilford
(b) Thurstone
(c) Stanford
(d) Spearman
Answer:
(d) Spearman

Question 7.
Intelligence is influenced by _________.
(a) Hereditary factors
(b) Environmental factors
(c) Organic factors
(d) both hereditary and environmental factors
Answer:
(d) both hereditary and environmental factors

Question 8.
Accurate assessment of intelligence is possible through _________.
(a) Observation of behavior
(b) Abstract performance
(c) Mathematical ability
(d) Standardised intelligence test
Answer:
(d) Standardised intelligence tes

Question 9.
Edward’s personal preference schedule is a _________.
(a) Open-end inventory
(b) True/False questionnaire
(c) Forced choice inventory
(d) Multiple-choice inventory
Answer:
(d) Multiple-choice inventory

Question 10.
The factors of 16 PF questionnaires were selected through _________.
(a) Chi-square
(b) Factor analysis
(c) Rating
(d) Rank difference method
Answer:
(b) Factor analysis

Question 11.
When no language is used in an intelligence test it is called a _________.
(a) Performance test
(b) Non-performance test
(c) Verbal test
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Performance test

Question 12.
When the suitability of a particular person for a specific job is to be assessed he should be administered with _________.
(a) Power test
(b) Intelligence test
(c) Aptitude test
(d) Performance test
Answer:
(c) Aptitude test

Question 13.
A performance test is that which _________.
(a) Uses language
(b) Does not use language
(c) Assess special ability
(d) Assesses mechanical ability
(b) Does not use language

Question 14.
The progressive Matrices test is a test of _________.
(a) Aptitude
(b) Intelligence
(c) Attitude
(d) Language
Answer:
(b) Intelligence

Question 15.
Children’s progressive matrices test is a _________.
(a) Verbal test
(b) Non-verbal test
(c) Imagination test
(d) Creativity test
Answer:
(b) Non-verbal test

Question 16.
The capacity to perceive the relationship between the means and the end is called _________.
(a) Imagination
(b) Sensation
(c) Intelligence
(d) Learning
Answer:
(c) Intelligence

Question 17.
The first group test of intelligence was _________.
(a) W.A.T.
(b) T.A.T.
(c) The Standard Binet
(d) The Army Alpha
Answer:
(c) The Standard Binet

Question 18.
MMPI is a test of _________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Personality
(c) Aptitude
(d) Interest
Answer:
(b) Personality

Question 19.
Rorschach test is a test of _________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Power
(c) Personality
(d) Aptitude
Answer:
(c) Personality

Question 20.
Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposely, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. This definition of intelligence was given by _________.
(a) Binet
(b) Thurstone
(c) Wechsler
(d) Spearman
Answer:
(c) Wechsler

Question 21.
The concept of mental age was introduced by _________.
(a) Wechsler
(b) Spearman
(c) Binet
(d)Galton
Answer:
(c) Binet

Question 22.
The adult intelligence scale Of Wechsler constitutes of _________.
(a) Non-verbal scale
(b) Verbal scale
(c) Verbal and performance scale
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) Verbal and performance scale

Question 23.
Binet was a/an _________psychologist.
(a) French
(b) Germany
(c) English
(d)American
Answer:
(a) French

Question 24.
Binet with the help of another collaborator devised a scale consisting of 80 tests arranged from the simplest to the most complex. Who is that another collaborator?
(a) Galton
(b) Simen
(c) Terman
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Simen

Question 25.
Binet and Simon revised the 1905 test scale in the year _________.
(a) 1908
(b) 1910
(c) 1913
(d) 1917
Answer:
(a) 1908

Question 26.
When the M.A. and the C.A. are the same, the I.Q. is _________.
(a) 95
(b) 98
(c) 100
Answer:
(c) 100

Question 27.
Mental age is calculated on the basis of _________.
(a) Chronological age
(b) Mental ability as calculated from the intelligence test score
(c) Ability calculated from the test of creativity
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Mental ability as calculated from the intelligence test score

Question 28.
Raven’s progressive Matrices test is _________.
(a) Verbal test
(b) Performance test
(c) Non-performance test
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Performance test

Question 29.
Raymond cattle’s IPTAtest is a _________.
(a) Culture fair intelligence test
(b) Culture-free intelligence test
(c) Structural test of intelligence
(d) Personality test
Answer:
(a) Culture fair intelligence test

Question 30.
The process of classifying all intellectual abilities into a systematic framework has been developed by _________.
(a) Guilford
(b) Stanford
(c) Jensen
(d) Thorndike
Answer:
(a) Guilford

Question 31.
The structure of intellect can be classified into _________.
(a) Three different ways
(b) Four different ways
(c) Five different ways
Answer:
(a) Three different ways

Question 32.
Intelligence reaches its peak by the age of 16-20 years and remains at the same level up to _________.
(a) 40 years
(b) 45 years
(c) 50 years
(d) 60 years
Answer:
(b) 45 years

Question 33.
Two children of the same age will have the same _________.
(a) Intelligence Quotient
(b) Mental age
(c) Chronological age
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Chronological age

Question 34.
Intelligence is the ability to _________.
(a) Perceive new situations and learn
(b) To adjust oneself to the new situations
(c) To think about the present situation
(d) To do all the three above
Answer:
(d) To do all the three above

Question 35.
Most of the infant intelligence tests are meant to measure _________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Sensory motor skills
(c) Perceptual ability
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Sensory motor skills

Question 36.
The score obtained by an infant in the infant intelligence test is called _________.
(a) Intelligence Quotient
(b) Mental Age
(c) Development Quotient
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Development Quotient

Question 37.
Mental age is a measure of the level of intelligence _________.
(a) Specific level
(b) Absolute
(c) General
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Absolute

Question 38.
The most outstanding study conducted to compare the Developmental Quotient and I.Q. of children was conducted by _________.
(a) fleidbrelder
(b) Gessel
(c) Bayley and Schaefer
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Gessel

Question 39.
The very earliest tests of intelligence were based on the assumption that intelligence has a _________.
(a) Physiological basis
(b) Hereditary basis
(c) Environmental basis
(d) Psychological basis
Answer:
(b) Hereditary basis

Question 40.
_________believed that the fine-tuning of the nervous systems of intelligent people extended to their bodies and made them physically vigorous.
(a) Binet
(b) Galton
(c) Simon
(d) Wechsler
Answer:
(b) Galton

Question 41.
Binet had developed a number of intelligence tests by _________.
(a)1890
(b)1900
(c)1905
(d)1910
Answer:
(c)1905

Question 42.
The book “Experimental study of intelligence” authored by Binet was published in _________.
(a) 1900
(b) 1903
(c) 1905
(d) 1913
Answer:
(c) 1905

Question 43.
The mental age is computed by first finding the age level at which the child passed all the test items which is called the _________.
(a) Basal age
(b) Fractional age
(c) Chronological age
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Basal age

Question 44.
The _________Psychologist Louis Stem suggested the division of mental age by Chronological age to asses relative intelligence.
(a) American
(b) Germanic
(c) Swiss
(d) English
Answer:
(c) Swiss

Question 45.
Terman issued the first American revision of the Binet scale in _________which was called the Stanford Binet intelligence scale.
(a) 1910
(b) 1912
(c) 1916
(d) 1918
Answer:
(a) 1910

Question 46.
Intelligence tests are so constructed that the average person will receive an I.Q. score of about _________.
(a) 90
(b) 100
(c) 105
(d) 110
Answer:
(b) 100

Question 47.
An I.Q. of _________indicates the role of the intellectual development of the average person in the population.
(a) 95
(b) 100
(c) 105
(d) 110
Answer:
(b) 100

Question 48.
A person having an I.Q. of 55 is called _________.
(a) Imbecile
(b) Moron
(c) Idiot
(d) Boarder line case
Answer:
(b) Moron

Question 49.
When the number and representatives of the individuals in the standardizing sample increased the adequacy of the standardizing procedure.
(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Does not change
(d) Remains moderate
Answer:
(b) Increases

Question 50.
That intelligence is best conceptualized as a large number of independent abilities held by__________.
(a) Galton
(b) Cattell
(c) Thorndike
(d) Guilford
Answer:
(c) Thorndike

Question 51.
One of the most elaborate schemes for classifying intelligence into specific abilities was proposed by _________.
(a) Gallon
(b) Guilford
(c) Cattell
(d) Hebb
Answer:
(d) Hebb

Question 52.
Guilford made a unique contribution to the understanding of intelligence by including in his model the operation of thinking _________.
(a) Convergent thinking
(b) Divergent thinking
(c) Abstract thinking
Answer:
(b) Divergent thinking

Question 53.
Guilford’s “Plot Title Test” is an example of a test of _________.
(a) Divergent thinking
(b) Convergent thinking
(c) Creative thinking
(d) Autistic thinking
Answer:
(a) Divergent thinking

Question 54.
The ability to think abstractly was the essential ingredient of intellectual effectiveness. This was the view of _________.
(a)Terman
(b)Galton
(c) Guilford
(d)Thurstone
Answer:
(a)Terman

Question 55.
_________ holds that intelligence consists of specific cognitive abilities that enable an individual to adapt to the environment.
(a) IIebb
(b) Guilford
(c) Gallon
(d) Charlesworth
Answer:
(c) Gallon

Question 56.
That intelligence changes with age was the general observation made for the first time by _________.
(a) Spearman
(b) Gallon
(c) Binet
(d) Simen
Answer:
(d) Simen

Question 57.
Most of the infant intelligence tests are constructed to measure _________.
(a) Perceptual skill
(b) Sensory motor skill
(c) Cognitive ability
(d) Abstract thinking
Answer:
(b) Sensory motor skill

Question 58.
The most important infant intelligence test was developed by _________.
(a) Clark
(b) Charles Worth
(c) Gessel
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Gessel

Question 59.
The infant intelligence scale developed by Gessel is called _________.
(a) Differential Schedule
(b) Generalised Schedule
(c) Developmental Schedule
(d) Specified Schedule
Answer:
(c) Developmental Schedule

Question 60.
Gessel’s tests measure not intelligence but the child’s level of _________.
(a) Growth
(b) Emotion
(c) Adaptive Capacity
(d) Divergent thinking
Answer:
(a) Growth

Question 61.
In Gessel’s test, the score obtained by a child is called _________.
(a) Developmental Quotient
(b) Intelligence Quotient
(c) Creativity Quotient
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Developmental Quotient

Question 62.
Turnstone identified _______ primary mental abilities.
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 9
(d) 11
Answer:
(b) 7

Question 63.
Guilford proposed a structure of intellect containing items _________.
(a) 100
(b) 110
(c) 120
(d) 130
Answer:
(c) 120

Question 64.
Intelligence develops most rapidly during _________.
(a) Infancy
(b) Childhood
(c) Adulthood
(d) Late adulthood
Answer:
(b) Childhood

Question 65.
Boys score _________ in intelligence tests compared to girls.
(a) Higher
(b) Similar
(c) Lower
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Similar

Question 66.
Multifactor theory of intelligence is given by _________.
(a) Binet
(b) Spearman
(c) Guilford
(d) Thurstone
Answer:
(d) Thurstone

True Or False Type Questions

Question 1.
All intelligence tests also test creativity. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Intelligence tests are measured of both intellectual ability and achievement although the emphasis clearly strives to be on the former. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Culture-free intelligence tests measure intelligence more accurately than culturally biased tests. Culturally unfair tests do not under asses a child’s intelligence. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
IPAT culture fair intelligence test was devised by Thurstone. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 5.
It is erroneous to define intelligence on the basis of abilities related to school performance. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Standard intelligence tests fail to measure all the cognitive abilities that contribute to intelligence, broadly defined. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 7.
I.Q. is only a measure of intelligence ‘B’. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 8.
According to Ilebb, the term intelligence ‘A refers to an innate potentiality for the development of intellectual capacities, and intelligence ‘B’ to die level of that development at a later time when the S’s intellectual functioning can be observed. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Spearman thought of intelligence as composed ofthe ‘g’ factor and a number of ‘g’ factors. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Guilford included in his model of intelligence the operation of convergent thinking. (True/False)
True

Question 11.
Guilford’s ‘Plot Title test’ ’ is an example of a test of convergent thinking. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Little relation has been found between scores obtained on standard I.q. tests and scores achieved on tests of divergent thinking. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 13.
The ability to think abstractly was according to Tennant the essential ingredient of intellectual effectiveness. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Charlesworth was an opinion that intelligence consists of specific cognitive abilities that enable an individual to adapt to the environment. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 15.
Intelligence changes with age. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Intellectual growth continues throughout the lifespan. (True /False)
Answer:
False

Question 17.
Most infant intelligence tests are constructed to assess sensory-motor skills. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 18.
The most important infant intelligence test was developed by Spearman. (True / False)
False

Question 19.
The most important infant intelligence test was developed by Gessel. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 20.
The infant intelligence test developed by Arnold Gessel is known as Developmental schedules. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Gessel’s developmental schedules contain items that show a clear age progression. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Gessel’s test measures not intelligence but the child’s level of development. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 23.
In Gessel’s test, the score obtained by an infant is called the developmental quotient. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 24.
The failure to find a strong relationship between infant DQs and their subsequent I.Qs suggests that two scores reflect different abilities. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Verbal reasoning grows with age. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 26.
Crystalised intelligence increases with age and declines only with the approach of very old age. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 27.
There is no difference between pure intelligence and measured intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 28.
Thurstone identified nine primary mental abilities. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 29.
Guilford proposed a structure of intellect containing 120 separate items. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Intelligence develops most rapidly during childhood. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 31.
General intelligence continues to increase until the later adult years. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 32.
The rate of increase in intelligence slows down as the person grows older. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 33.
Usually, boys score higher in standard intelligent tests than girls. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 34.
The scores of boys and girls are marked by similarity in standard intelligent tests. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 35.
Some personality traits are associated with the I.Q. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 36.
Aggression, competition, and self-reliance traits are found to but associated with the increase in I.Qs. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 37.
Social class does not influence the I.Q. of a person. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 38.
Intellectual development is a smooth and continuous process. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 39.
Extreme and prolonged social deprivation produces intellectual impairment. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 40.
Gifted individuals are those whose I.Qs are at the upper end of the distribution of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 41.
Creativity has no relationship with giftedness. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 42.
Creative persons have a high tolerance for ambiguity. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 43.
Children’s reasoning and their use of increasingly complex hypotheses in problem-solving tasks indicate a progression through cognitive stages. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 44.
Piaget has emphasized the biological and adaptive significance of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 45.
During the preparational state, children begin to use symbols like imagery and language. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 46.
The sensory-motor stage continues from birth to five years. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 47.
The stage of formal operations is the third stage of Piagetian stages of cognitive development. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 48.
The preparational stage lasts from three to seven years. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 49.
Cross-cultural studies have indicated that the stages Piaget has observed in western children are also found in children of very different societies. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 50.
Intelligence and creativity are highly co-related. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 51.
A maximum level of intelligence is required to be creative. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 52.
Flexibility is essential for creativity. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 53.
Intelligence can be greatly improved by competition. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 54.
The two-factor theory of intelligence was proposed by Stanford. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 55.
Accurate assessment of intelligence is possible, through standardized intelligence tests. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 56.
Accurate assessment of intelligence is possible, through standardized intelligence tests. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Edward’s personal preference schedule is a multiple-choice inventory. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 58.
When no language is used in an intelligence test, it is called a verbal test of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 59.
A performance test does not use language. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 60.
The Army Alpha test is the first group test of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 61.
M.M.P.I. is a test of intelligence. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 62.
The concept of mental age was introduced by Galton. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 63.
The adult intelligence scale of Wechsler deals with non-verbal scales. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 64.
Binet was an American Psychologist. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 65.
Binet and Simon revised the 1905 test scale in the year 1908. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 66.
When the M.A. and C.A. are the same the I.Q. is 100. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 67.
Mental ability is calculated from the intelligence test score. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 68.
Mental age is calculated from the chronological age. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 69.
Raymond Cattell’s IPTA test is a culture fair test. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 70.
A culture-fair test is otherwise called a culture-free test. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 71.
The process of classifying all intellectual abilities into a systematic framework has been developed by Stanford. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 72.
Intelligence reaches its peak by the age of 16 to 21 years. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 73.
Ordinarily, intelligence does not grow after 45 years. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 74.
Two children of the same age will have the same mental age. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 75.
Two children of the same age will have the same chronological age. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 76.
The actual age of a person and his chronological age are the same. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 77.
Intelligence quotient and mental age are the same. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 78.
Guilford included in his model the operation of thinking. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 79.
Guilford’s Plot title test is an example of convergent thinking. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 80.
Guilford was of opinion that the ability to think abstractly was the essential ingredient of intellectual effectiveness. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 81.
Charlesworth held that intelligence consists of specific cognitive abilities that enable the individual to adapt to the environment. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 82.
That intelligence changes with age was for the first time made public by Binet. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 83.
Thurstone identified nine specific mental abilities which according to him are the constituents of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 84.
Intelligence develops most rapidly during adolescence. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 85.
Boys are more intelligent compared to girls. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 86.
The sensory-motor stage Piaget continues from birth to two years. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 87.
F or Piaget the function of intelligence is the adoption to the world. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 88.
Children’s cognitive system change and grow to become more adaptive and hence provides a more realistic understanding of the world. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 89.
Accommodation is a change of the internal cognitive system to provide a better match to outside information. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 90.
Intelligence quotient and mental age are different concepts. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 91.
I.Q. and Developmental age are different. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 92.
Most infant intelligence tests are meant to measure sensory motor skills. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 93.
Mental age is a measure of the absolute level of intelligence. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 94.
Gcssel conducted the most brilliant study to compare the D.Q. of children with their I.Q. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 95.
The very earliest tasks of intelligence were based on the assumption that intelligence has a physiological basis. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 96.
The book experimental study of intelligence was authored by Binet. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 97.
The PASS Model of intelligence was developed by cattle. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 98.
The sensory-motor stage continues from birth to two years. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 99.
Piaget has chartered major stages of cognitive development three. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
From the remote past, the Indian villages are seen as which type of unit and which unit was strong in every village?
Answer:
From the remote past, the Indian villages are seen as small republics. The Economic organization was strong in every village.

Question 2.
Regarding village economy which view was given by English Historian Eiphiiie stone?
Answer:
According to the view of Elphine stone “The village clans were more or less capable of using all necessary things within their small Republics”.

Question 3.
What was the Chief necessity of villagers and what was their Chief Occupation?
Answer:
The chief necessity of villagers was food and cloth. Their Chief occupation was cultivation and knitting.

Question 4.
Before the British era crores of people in India were dependent upon which cottage industry?
Answer:
Before the British era crores of people in India were dependent upon the knitting cottage industry.

Question 5.
In the remote past, Muslim and velvet dresses were widely demanded by which country’s eminent people?
Answer:
In the remote past, Muslim and velveteen dresses were widely demanded by the royal, family of Egypt and eminent people of Rome.

Question 6.
When and where flying shuttle and steam Engine was invented?
Answer:
In 1760 Flying shuffles and in 1768 steam Engines were invented in England.

Question 7.
In 1780 which Governor-general has given the calculation that in every year near about how many amount’s gold was supplied to England.
Answer:
In 1780 Governor-general warren Hastings has given calculation that every year about 40 lakh amounts of gold were supplied to England.

Question 8.
Which English personality was aware of the Govt, that the construction of the railway in India would lead to the economic prosperity of Great Britain? At the time which Governor-general railway construction began in India?
Answer:
English personality Sir Row land Macdonald Stephenson was aware of the Govt, that the construction of the railway in India would lead to the economic prosperity of Great Britain. At the time of Governor-general Lord Dalhousie, railway construction began in India.

Question 9.
When the first railway in the world was opened and when the railway construction began in India?
Answer:
The first railway was opened in England in 1825. The railway construction began in India in 1850 A.D.

Question 10.
When was the first railway introduced in India and it connected from which place to which place?
Answer:
the first railway was introduced in India in 1853 A.D. It was the first railway track in Asia. It was connected from Bombay to Thane.

Question 11.
Which scientist Engineer took charge of the telegraph in India and by which A.D. the experimental telegraph lines were established?
Answer:
The scientist Engineer O’Shaughnessy took charge of the telegraph of India. By 1852 the experimental telegraph lines were established.

Question 12.
By which A.D. which gifted man of England introduced penny postage?
Answer:
By 1840 A.D. a gifted man named Rowland Hill introduced in England the system of penny postage.

Question 13.
On which A.D. India got permission to introduce the postal system at which cost?
Answer:
In 1852 A.D. India got permission to introduce the postal system at the cost of half-anna.

Question 14.
When Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement in India and which English administrator helped him?
Answer:
In 1793 A.D. Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement in India. In this work, the English administrator Sir John Shore helped him.

Question 15.
Which A.D. personnel introduced the Rayatwari system in the Baramahal district on an experimental basis?
Answer:
In 1792 A.D. English personnel Thomas Munro and captain Reed introduced the Rayatwari system at the Baramahal district on an experimental basis.

Question 16.
At the time of which Governor general and in which A.D. Mahalwari System was introduced in India?
Answer:
At the time of Governor-general William Bentick in 1833 A.D., the Mahalwari system was introduced in India.

Question 17.
What was defined regarding the “Drain of wealth” by Dadabhal Naroji?
Answer:
The drain of wealth means a part of India’s national wealth was being exported to England for which India got no adequate economic or material returns.

Question 18.
Regarding the sanyasi revolt which the famous novelist elaborately described and what was the name of his book?
Answer:
Regarding the sanyasi revolt, the famous novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee has elaborately described in his novel. The name of his book is “Anand Math’’.

Question 19.
When paik Revolt was constituted and who was the chief architect of this revolt?
Answer:
The paik Revolt was constituted in 1817. The Chief Architect of this revolt was Buxi Jagabandhu.

Question 20.
Who was the king of Khurda at the time of the Khuda revolt and when the British captured khurda and took administration?
Answer:
Mukunda Dev II was the king of Khurda at the time of the Khurda Revolt. The British captured khurda and took administration in 1805 A.D.

Question 21.
Who was the magistrate of Cuttack at the time of the Khurda Revolt and after the Revolt who inquired regarding it?
Answer:
Impe was the magistrate of Cuttack at the time of the Khurda Revolt. After the Revolt magistrate water inquired about the cause of the Revolt.

Question 22.
When death occurred to Mukunda Dev II and after his death which son of him got permission from the English to settle at puri palace?
Answer:
In 1817 A.D. Mukunda Deva II was dead. After his death his son, Rama Chandra Dev II got permission from the English to settle in Puir Palace.

Question 23.
The zamindar or Land Lords of Bengal levied more taxes on the Santhals according to which policy and in which portion of the product they had to give as taxes?
Answer:
The zamindar on landlords of Bengal levied more taxes on the Santhalas according to the policy of permanent settlement. They had to give two third of the product as tax.

Question 24.
Who was the leader of the Santhal Revolt what belonged to which ‘village and what was the name of their revolting force?
Answer:
The leader of the Santhal Revolt was siddhu Murmu belonged to the village of Bhagradiha, He constituted a new “Guerilla Force”.

Question 25.
After how many years of the Plassey war which eminent revolt has broken in 1857 AD.
Answer:
After exactly on 100 years after the Plassey war, eminent revolt simply muting was broke in 1857 A.D.

Question 26.
After an eventful reign when Governor-general Dalhousie left India and in nis place who came?
Answer:
After an eventful reign, Governor-general Dalhouse left India on 1856 A.D. In his place, Lord canning came as Governor-general.

Question 27.
Which policy of Dalhousie created terror among the homely kings and which sons of the kings lost their kingdom?
Answer:
The policy “Doctrine of Lapse” created terror among homely kings. The adopted sons of kings lost their kingdoms.

Question 28.
Previously when Hindus were initiated to Christianity, they were debarred of getting hereditary health but in which Governor-general’s time it was reformed by law?
Answer:
Previously when Hindus were initiated to Christianity, they were debarred of getting hereditary wealth but at the time of Governor-general Dalhousie, it was preferred by law.

Question 29.
By the prevailing of which rifle revolt spanking emancipated within the sepoys and which numour continued against this?
Answer:
By the prevailing of Enfield rifle revolt spanking emancipated the sepoys. A rumor continued that in that rifle cow and pig fats assembled.

Question 30.
Where the first symptom of revolt was marked by sepoys early in 1857 and on which date did the open revolt of the sepoys force breaks out at Meerut?
Answer:
The first symptom of the revolt was marked at Barrackpore in Bengal early in 1857. On 10th May 1857, the open revolt of the sepoy force broke out at Meerut.

Question 31.
The rebels quickly captured which palace at Delhi and they proclaimed whom as the Emperor in India?
Answer:
The rebels quickly captured the Mughal palace at Delhi. They proclaimed the old Bahadur Saha II of the Mughal dynasty as the Emperor of India.

Question 32.
In sepoy muting which Rajput warrior directed the course of revolt in Bihar and which warrior gave direction his forces from Kanpur?
Answer:
In sepoy muting, the Rajput warrior Kunwar Singh directed the course of revolt in Bihar. Nana Saheb gave direction to his force from Kanpur.

Question 33.
The sepoys and the revolted people declared who as their Peshawar and followed his leadership how many English soldiers at Kanpur fought for somedays & lastly surrendered?
Answer:
The sepoys and the revolted people declared Natta Sahid as their Peshawar and followed his leadership. There were 400 English soldiers at Kanpur who fought for some days and lastly surrendered.

Question 34.
Which famous Maratha Brahmin where took the leadership of twenty thousand noble sepoys?
Answer:
The famous Maratha Brahmin Tantia Tope at liwalior took the leadership of twenty thousand rebel sepoys.

Question 35.
For which cause Rani Laxmi Bai became the agitator in sepoy mating?
Answer:
After the death of the husband of Rani Laxmi Bai, no permission was given to enthrone her adopted son of her. To agitate this Rani Laxmi Bai entangled herself in mutiny.

Question 36.
Which British General resisted Tantia Tope and was defeated and at last the forces of Tantia Tope joined with which forces?
Answer:
British General Windham resisted Tantia Tope and was defeated. At last, the forces of Tantia Tope joined with the forces of Rani Laxmi Bai.

Question 37.
At the time of the fall of Delhi which able administrators were in charge of Punjab and Bombay’s presidency and made their areas calm and quiet?
Answer:
At the time of the fall of Delhi the able administrator of Punjab was John Lawrence and in Bombay’s presidency was lord Elphinstone. They were capable to make their area calm and quiet.

Question 38.
Which India nucers helped the British in the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The Indian leaders who helped the British in the Revolt of 1857 were the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Begum of Bhopal, the kind of Nepal, and the Maratha leader Sindhia.

Question 39.
Which English General proceeded from Punjab to Delhi and blew up which famous Gate of Delhi?
Answer:
The English General Nicholson, a brave soldier proceeded from Punjab to Delhi and blew up the famous Kashmir Gate of Delhi.

Question 40.
Lastly, the English took which Emperor as a prisoner, and his two sons and a grandson were shot dead by which English General?
Answer:
Lastly, the English took Emperor Bahadur Shah II as a prisoner. His two sons and a graton were shot dead by English General Hudson.

Question 41.
The furious wars of which two rebels worried the British Generals greatly.
Answer:
The furious wars of two rebels i.e. Rani Laxmi Bai and Tantia Tope worried the British Generals Greatly.

Question 42.
When and in which battlefield did Rani Laxmi Bai become dead?
Answer:
In 17th June 1858 in the battlefield of Kalapitha at the time of war became dead.

Question 43.
In sepoy mutiny which warrior after some defeats was caught and hanged and what happened to Nana Saheb?
Answer:
In sepoy mutiny, the warrior Tantia Tope after some defeats was caught and hanged. Nana Saheb was defeated and fled away dense forests of Nepal and erased death.

Question 44.
At Orissa in which region the revolt continued for the next four years and which warrior took the leadership of this movement?
Answer:
At Orissa in the Sambalpur region, the revolt continued for the next four years. In this movement warrior, Bira Surendra Sai took the leadership.

Question 45.
In the furious condition of the revolt who was the only Englishman who showed some kindness towards the people and for this in which name he was famous?
Answer:
In the various condition of the revolt, Governor-general Lord Canning was the only Englishman who showed some kindness towards the people. For this, he was famous for “Benign canning”.

Question 46.
After the 1857 Revolt, the Indian administration withdrew from whom and entrusted upon with authority?
Answer:
After the 1857 Revolt, the Indian administration withdrew from the East India Company. The administration was entrusted to the British crown.

Question 47.
After the 1857 revolt, the representative of the British monarch got which designation and who was the first representative in India?
Answer:
After the 1857 revolt, the representative of the British monarch got designation as a “viceroy”. Lord Canning was the first viceroy in India.

Question 48.
At where viceroy Lord Canning when arranged the grand Durbar and read out the proclamation?
Answer:
At Allahabad viceroy Lord canning on 1st November. 1858 arranged the grand Durbar and read out the proclamation.

Question 49.
When and where Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi was born?
Answer:
Mohan das Karam Chand Gandhi was bom on 2nd October 1869 at Porbandar of Gujurat.

Question 50.
What was the name of the father of Mohandas and at where he secured the post of Dewan?
Answer:
Karamchand Gandhi was the name of the father of Mohandas. He sourced the post of Dewan at Porbandar.

Question 51.
Which author’s English translation of Geeta had a deep impact upon the mind of Mohandas and which great man’s life and message created a deep impression upon him?
Answer:
English author Edwin Arnold’s English translation of Geeta had a deep impact on the mind of Mohandas. Great men like Gautama Buddha’s life and Jesus Christ’s message created deep impressions upon his mind.

Question 52.
By whose request Gandhi went to South Africa and when he proceeded to South Africa?
Answer:
By a Muslim gentleman’s request, Gandhi went to South Africa. He proceeded to South Africa in 1853.

Question 53.
Where their public address of Gandhiji was the first in his life?
Answer:
The public address of Gandhiji at Pretoria in South Africa was the first in his life.

Question 54.
At South Africa, the English Government oppressed the Indians in which A.O. which law was declared?
Answer:
At South Africa the English Government oppressed the Indians in 1906 A.D. “Black Law” was declared.

Question 55.
At first which Indian enforced which title to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi?
Answer:
At first Rabindra Nath Tagore enforced the title of “Mahatma” to Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi.

Question 56.
The English Government appointed a committee under which justice and when?
Answer:
The English Government appointed a committee under justice Rowlatt on 1919 A.D.

Question 57.
Where and when the Jalliana-walating Massacre occurred?
Answer:
In the city of Amritsar of Punjab, Jallianawalabag Massacre occurred on the Hindu New years day i.e. 13th April 1919.

Question 58.
When Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms was declared and it came in which shape?
Answer:
On 1919 Montague Chelmsford Reforms was declared and it came in the shape of the Government of India Act 1919.

Question 59.
When by the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi which movement declared?
Answer:
On September 1920 the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi “Non-Co-operation, Movement”, was declared.

Question 60.
For which cause did the Indian – Muslims wage a Revolt against the British and this Revolt was famous as which Revolt?
Answer:
After the first world war, the victorious British Government prepared to punish Turkey’s Sultan. For this cause, the Indian Muslims wages a Revolt against the British and this Revolt was famous as the “Khilafat Movement”.

Question 61.
When and where at the session of congress the decision of the country vide non-cooperation movement was accepted? On that eventful session how many Odisha representatives joined?
Answer:
On 1920 last week of December at the Nagpur session of congress, the decision of the country-wide Non-cooperation movement was accepted. In that eventful session, 35 Odisha representatives joined.

Question 62.
In which session of congress “Utkal state congress committee” was formulated and who was the first president of this committee?
Answer:
In the Nagpur session of congress “Utkal state congress committee” was formulated. Gopabandhu Das was the first president of this committee.

Question 63.
When Mahatma Gandhi came to Odisha and what was the reason behind his coming to Odisha?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi came to Odisha in the last week of Mach 1921. One week staying at Odisha he urged his anticipation to all people of Odisha to involve in the Non-cooperation movement.

Question 64.
On which year Simon Commission entered in India and all over India which shout accelerated?
Answer:
In the year 1928 A.D. Simon commission entered in India. All over India the shouts “Simon, go back” accelerated.

Question 65.
On 1929 December 29 where an important session of congress was arranged and in that session who was the president?
Answer:
On 1929 December 29 at Lahore in Punjab, an important session of congress was arranged. In that historic session, Jawaharlal Nehru was the president.

Question 66.
At the last date of the Lahore session i.e. on 31st December 1929 who waged on an important proposal regarding which?
Answer:
At last date of the Lahore session i.e. on 31st December 1929, Mahatma Gandhi waged an important proposal of “ Pooma Swaraj” or complete independence.

Question 67.
At the beginning of the New year i.e. on 1930 A.D. January 26 was declared as which day? Who raised the National Flag?
Answer:
At the beginning of the New year i.e. on 1930 A.D. January 26 was declared as “Pooma Swaraj” on Independence Day. Congress president Jawaharlal Nehru raised the National Flag.

Question 68.
After how many years of the Non-cooperation movement which new movement began under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer:
After 10 years of Non- cooperation movement civil disobedience movement began under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 69.
On which year and on which date a long foot journey was held from Sabarmati Ashram to beach Dandi? What was the name of that historic journey?
Answer:
On 1930, March 12 a long foot journey was held from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. The name of that historic journey was “Dandi March”.

Question 70.
At which sea coast place of Baleswar District of Odisha the agitators broke civil law under whose leadership?
Answer:
At the sea coast place of Inchudi of Baleswar District of Odisha, the agitators broke civil law under Acharya Harihar Das’s leadership.

Question 71.
On which year the only representative of congress joined in the second Round Table conference?
Answer:
On 1931 the only representative of congress Mahatma Gandhi joined in the second Round Table Conference at London.

Question 72.
By disappointment, Mahatma Gandhi returned from London. On his way to India he met which French thinker and author and great dictator of Italy?
Answer:
By disappointment, Mahatma Gandhi returned from London. On his way to India, he met Roma Rolla, the famous French thinker, author, and great dictator of Italy Benito Mussolini.

Question 73.
After a judicial discussion in between Gandhi and Ambedkar which pact was signed? This pact was famous as which pact?
Answer:
After a judicial discussion in between Gandhiji and Ambedkar on 1932 September 24, a pact was signed. This pact was famous as the “Poona Pact”.

Question 74.
During the last part of 1932 at England once again a Round Table conference was held and that was which Round Table? In this conference a law was signed and what was that?
Answer:
During the last part of 1932 in England once again a Round Table Conference was held and that was Third Round Table Conference. In this conference, a law was signed as the 1935 India Administration Act.

Question 75.
Where and when at the Muslim league conference did Mohammad Ali Jinnah wage the proposal of Pakistan country?
Answer:
At Lahore in the Muslim League conference on 1940, Mohammad Ah Jinnah wages the proposal of Pakistan country.

Question 76.
After the acceptance of Mount Batten’s plan when the British Parliament recommended that plan and what was the name of that planning Law?
Answer:
After the acceptance of Mount Batten’s plan in 1947 July, the British Parliament recommended that plan. That plan came to be regarded as the “1947 Indian Independence Law”.

Question 77.
Regarding British sovereignty and the willingness of princely states what was written in “1947 India Independence Law”?
Answer:
In the “1947 India Independence Law” it was written that for all times to come England last its sovereignty of India. Regarding the princely state, it was noted that if. they want they can assemble with either to India or Pakistan or remain independent.

Question 78.
For the solution of princely state problems which leader’s bold step worked accurately? He was renowned as which name?
Answer:
For the solution of the princely state’s problems, Sardar Ballavbhai Patel’s bold steps worked accurately. He was renowned as the “Iron man of India”.

Question 79.
On August 7 Mohammad Ali Jinnah flew form Delhi to which place and he was coronated to which post?
Answer:
On August 7 Mohammad Ali Jinnah flew from Delhi to Lahore. After seven days he was coronated to Governor general of Pakistan.

Question 80.
Before independence, Mahatma Gandhi declared to whom as his political successor. After independence who got the portfolio of Prime Minister in the largest democracy of the world?
Answer:
Before independence, Mahatma Gandhi declared Jawaharlal Nehru as his political successor. After independence Jawaharlal Nehru got the portfolio of Prime Minister in the largest democracy of the world.

Question 81.
Which time is regarded as the “Gandhi Era” and in which important revolts was he involved?
Answer:
The time from 1920 A.D. to 1947 A.D. is regarded as the “ Gandhi Era”. By his leadership important revolts like the non-cooperation movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement was organized.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The precondition of permanent settlement in India.
Answer:
Clive, the founder of the British Empire, could not give to Bengal a good land system. The revenue was collected from peasants through oppressive agents. Warren Hastings tried his best to bring a better system. He established a Board of Revenue. He appointed European District collectors to remain in charge of revenue collection.

But still, the difficulties continued. The real problem of the Government was how to go to the countless villages and get land revenue from millions of peasants according to the size and nature of their lands. It was impossible for the European District collector, who was only one for each district to do that work through his subordinate officers.

Question 2.
Sir Johan shore and active participation in introducing permanent settlement.
Answer:
In this work, the Governor General was helped by an able administrator of that time, John Shore. He justified the need for a permanent class of landlords or zamindars for the security of government with respect to its revenues and the security and protection of its subjects. In Bengal before the British conquest, there were old zamindar families who enjoyed hereditary rights on lands for a long.

But after the country was conquered by the English those zamindars disappeared. Their lands were taken over by the Government and the Government collected revenues by various methods as already discussed. Cornwallis and Shore wanted to receive that class and give them the responsibility of revenue collection. So at last Cornwallis issued a proclamation in 1793, introducing the permanent settlement.

Question 3.
An important episode in Sanyasi Rebellion.
Answer:
The sannyasi and Fakir Rebellion is an important episode in the early colonial rule in Bengal, The rebellion started in 1750 onwards but took a violent turn in 1773 when warren Hastings assumed the Governor Generalship of Bengal. The Movement covered a wide range of Bengal and Bihar and continued for a long time. There is also a distorted reflection of rebellion in Bankim Chandra’s Anandamath for which Bankim Chandra has been accused.

The present article implores how the sannyasi is and Fakirs launched their campaign in an anti-colonial attitude against the British Raj and their trusted zamindars. It was only possible due to their wide range of activities and networks. The religious pilgrimage was no doubt a factor in combining the sanyasis and Fakirs to launch a spontaneous movement for a long time.

Question 4.
Involvement of Bihar region in Sanyasi Rebellion.
Answer:
Bihar was situated in such a geographical location that it was not difficult for the Fakirs and sannyasis to establish close links with Morung and the territories adjoining Nepal. This explains why the Fakirs and Sannyasis were chased, in northern or eastern Bengal by the company’s forces, they took shelter in Bihar and from there they escaped either to northern India or to Nepal.

From their centers in Northern India like Allahabad, Benaras, and Mirzapur, their routes to their principal spoliation in Bengal ran through Bihar, and herein lies the importance of Bihar in the history of Fakir and Sannyasi uprising. Besides they had to fortify their subsidiary centers in various parts of Bihar and maintained active contacts with Nepal for purpose of trade and religious pilgrimage.

Question 5.
Introduction of paik movement.
Answer:
The paiks were the traditional landed militia of Odisha. They served as warriors and were charged with policing functions during peacetime. The paiks were organized into three ranks distinguished by their occupation and the weapons they wielded. These were the Paharis the bearers of shields and the khanda (sword), the Banuas who led distant expeditions and used matchlocks, and the Dhenkiy as archers who also performed different duties in Odisha armies.

The conquest of Odisha by the East India Company in 1803 and the dethronement of the Raja of Khurda began the fall of the power and prestige of the paikas. The attitude of the company to the paiks was expressed by Walter Ewer on the commission that looked into the causes of the Rebellion, thus.

Now there is no need for the assistance of paiks at Khurda. It is dangerous to keep them in the British armed forces. Thus they should be treated and dealt with as common Ryots and land revenue and other taxes should be collected from them. They must be deprived of their formed Jagir lands (rent-free land given to the paiks for their military service to the state).

Within a short period of time, the name of paik has already been forgotten. But still now where the paiks are living they have retained their previous aggressive nature. But still now where the paiks are living they have retained their previous aggressive nature. In order to break their poisonous teeth the British police must be highly alert to keep the paiks under their control for a pretty long period, unless the paik community is rained completely the British rule cannot run smoothly.

Question 6.
Cause of paik Rebellion.
Answer:
The paik rebellion had several social, economic, and political reasons. The paiks were alienated by the British regime who took over the hereditary rent-free lands granted to them after the conquest of Khurda. They were also subjected to extortion and oppression at the hands of the company government and its servant.

Had conciliatory measures been adopted towards the paiks from the beginning, it is possible that they would have become a source of strength to the company rule in Odisha. The extortionist land revenue policy of the company affected the peasants and the zamindars alike. A source of much consternation for the common people was the rise in price of salt due to taxes imposed on it by the new government.

The company also abolished the system of courier currency that had existed in Odisha prior to its conquest and required that taxes be paid in silver. This caused much popular hardship and discontent. In 1804 the Raja of Khurda planned a rebellion against the British in alliance with the paiks. But the plot was soon discovered and the Raja’s territory was confiscated.

Question 7.
Leader and participants in paik rebellion.
Answer:
The paiks were led by Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar Mohapatra, Bhramarabar Ray the formed Bakshi or commander of the forces of the Raja of Khurda. Jagabandhu’s familiar estate of killa Rorang was taken over by the British in 1814, reducing him to penury. When the Rebellion broke in March 1817, paiks came together under his leadership.

Raja Mukunda Deva, the last king of Khurda was another leader of the Indian rebels. The rebellion enjoyed widespread support in Oriya Society with feudal Chiefs, Zamindars, and the common people of Odisha participating in it. The Zamindars of Haripur, Mrichpur Golra, Balarampur, Budnakera, and Rupsa Supported the paiks – while the revolt started from Banapur and Khurda.

It quickly spread to other parts of Odisha such as Puri, Pipili, and Cuttack and to several remote villages, including Kanika, Kujang, and Pattamundai. The Rajas of Kanika, Kujang, Nayagarh, and Ghumusur aided Jagabandhu and Dalabehera Mirhaidar Ali of Jadupur was an important Muslim rebel.

Question 8.
The effects of Paik Rebellion.
Answer:
In May 1817, the British Posted Judges to Khurda to sentence the captured rebels. The rebels were awarded sentences of death, transportation, and long-time imprisonment. Between 1818 and 1826, the company’s forces undertook combing operations in the jungles of Khurda to capture and put to death rebels who had managed to escape.

In these operations, numerous paiks were killed. Their leader Jagabandhu surrendered to the British in 1825 and lived as their prisoner in Cuttack until 1829 when he died. On capturing Puri, Jagabandhu offered to rain state Raja Mukunda Deva. Whom the British had dethroned in 1804 and exiled to Puri as the Raja of Khurda.

Although the turned down the other and asked for British assistance, he was arrested when the British retook the town and was imprisoned at Cuttack. The Raja died a British prisoner in November 1817. The East India Company also appointed a commissioner of Cuttack Robert Ker to ensure. Such a rebellion would not repeat itself.

These attempts remained half-hearted at best, the British viewing Odisha largely as a convent land link between their presidencies of Madras and Bengal. Odisha continued to be wracked by localized insurgencies including at Tapanga in 1827 and the Banapur Rebellion of 1835. The revenue policies of the company in Odisha, which was a major cause of hardship to the people, remained unchanged.

Question 9.
The background of the Santhal Rebellion.
Answer:
The uprising of the Santhals began as a tribal reaction to and despotic British revenue system, usury practices, and the Zamindari system in India, in the tribal best of what was then known as the Bengal presidency. It was a revolt against the oppression of the colonial ruse propagated through a distorted revenue system, enforced by the local Zamindars, the police, and the courts of the legal system set up by the British.

Before the British advent in India, residing in the hilly districts of Manbhum, Barahum, Chhotanagpur, Palamu, and Birbhum. They lived an agrarian lifestyle by clearing forest patches, cultivating, and hunting for subsistence. But as the agents of the new colonial rule. Claimed their rights on the lands, the Santhal retreated to the hills of Rajmahal. After a brief period, the British operatives with their native undersigns i.e. the local landlords lay claim on this new land as well.

Zamindars and the money lenders all used them for goods lent to them on loans, through corrupt practices of the money lenders, the loan grew to prohibitive proportions, for repaying which entire families had to work as bonded laborers. This dispossession turned the Santhals into nebess and finally, they took on oath to launch an attack on the ruling authority i.e. the British.

Question 10.
Mangal Pandey and Nana Sahib.
Answer:
He was spray served under the English East India Company. He provided the immediate spark to the revolt of 1857. He shut at the chief of the 34th regiment at Barrackpore. Nana Saheb was a rebel in the revolt of 1857. He was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. He remained in charge of the Kanpur center during the Revolt of 1857.

Question 11.
Reason for modern means of communication.
Answer:
In order to facilitate the shipment of raw material at a low cost facilitate the shipment of raw materials at a low cost, the British constructed roads, and railways so that goods could be sent to ports quickly. In order to promote their own commercial interest in India.

Question 12.
Ryotwari and Mahalwari system.
Answer:
It was a land revenue system introduced by the British in the Madres region. Under this, the govt made settlements directly with the ryots or cultivators to pay the revenue for a period of 30 years. It was a land revenue system. In the northern part of India, the British introduced the malware system. The settlement was made between the govt and the mahals or groups of villages.

Question 13.
Laxman Naik.
Answer:
Laxman Naik was a hero of the Quit India movement in Odisha. He was the leader of the tribal groups of Koraput. The tribal people under the leadership of Laxman Naik defied the Govt, most heroically while the course of the revolution of 1942 was in full swing in other places of Odisha.

Question 14.
Non-cooperation Movement in Odisha.
Answer:
Utkal Pradesh congress committee was formed and Gopabandhu Das became its president. The Utkal Pradesh Congress committee prepared grounds in Odisha for the Non-Cooperation movement.

Question 15.
The immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
An immediate cause was provided by the introduction of cartridges that had greased paper covers. At that time a new rifle called the Enfield rifle was supplied to the soldiers. The cartridges to be used in die rifles were greased with fat. Before fitting in the cartridges in the refile, the soldiers had to bite off their ends with their teeth. A rumor spread that the cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs.

The soldiers easily believed that it had been intentionally done by the British to defile their religions. It is clear that it was taboo for a Hindu Soldier to bite the Fat of a cow and for a Muslim soldier to bite the fat of a pig. Both refused to use these cartridges. When force was used against them they were further angered by the British.

Question 16.
Queen Victoria’s proclamation.
Answer:
Queen victoria’s proclamation was made by lord canning in a grand Durbar at Allahabad on 1st November 1858. According to it. The decision was taken to end the company’s rule in India. Henceforth the Indian territories would not be annexed to the British crown. The Indian princes were given the right to adopt sons and successors.

The people of India would be eligible for all Public offices. People were guaranteed full religious freedom. Henceforth; the GoVt. would not interfere in their religious beliefs and practices. The last not the least, the proclamation promised that the Govt, of India, would do its best to benefit and benevolence of the Indians.

Question 17.
Development of communication.
Answer:
The British built a network of roads and railways in order to promote their own commercial interest in India. The vast network of roads and railways and postal system helped the British to maintain rigid administrative control over India. The first railway line ran between Bombay and Thane. Lord Dalhousie promoted this system, which benefited the British administration and business.

On the contrary, people living in faraway places could travel freely and mix with one another. Regional feelings began to disappear and people felt for the first time that they belonged to one country. Thus, it made it possible to mobilize public opinion on a national scale, Indeed it was a factor in the rise of Nationalism in India.

Question 18.
Drain of wealth.
Answer:
Drain of wealth means a part of India’s national wealth was being exported to England for which India got no adequate economic or material returns. It was the root cause of poverty in India. Dada Bhai Naoroji the grand old man of India, was the first person who propounded this theory. The Indian wealth was siphoned of to the British municipality drain. The moderate leaders drew the attention of the mass.

They emphasized that the drain was not only the loss of wealth but also the loss of capital. The drain caused a loss of employment and income. It was responsible for the slow growth of modern industry in India. The drain of wealth also affected the peasants directly. The high rate of land revenue was due to the drain. Thus, this drain theory created awareness among the common people later on.

Question 19.
Jalianawalla Bagh Massacre.
Answer:
On 13 th April 1919 people organized a peaceful general meeting in a small garden in Amritsar, Punjab against the proclamation issued by General Dyer which, forbade public meetings and processions. People were not adequately informed of this proclamation. The meeting place was an enclosed plot of ground known as JalianawaflaBagh.

General O Dyer came with troops blocking the only exit of the compound and ordered his troops 40 open fire on the crowd without warning. A large number of people were killed and wounded in cold blood. This mass killing is known as the Jalianawalla Bagh massacre in history.

Question 20.
Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
The policy of non-violent, noncooperation was used in India for the first time is the Khilafat movement. Turkey had fought against the British in the First World War. At the end of the war, Turkey was defeated. The British divided the Turkish empire and abolished the epithet ‘khalifa’ who was regarded as the spiritual head of the Muslim world. Asa an impact of it Turkey started a movement against the British.

To support the people of Turkistan, Gandhiji started Khilafat Movement in India. Undoubtedly the khilafat movement launched by Gandhiji strengthened national feeling, fostered sentiments of Hindu – Muslim unity, and led afresh to political awakening. Thus, this movement prepared the ground for Non-Cooperation Movement in India in 1921.

Question 21.
Chouri Chaura incident.
Answer:
While Noncooperation Movement was going on violence broke out at Chori Chaura – a village near Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh in the year 1922 in the month of February, where evident mob stormed and burnt a police station and killed twenty-two policemen Gandhiji was the opposite of violence. He was, therefore, visibly moved and very disappointed. He realized that the country was not yet ripe for a non-violent struggle. Suddenly, he announced the suspension of the Movement.

Question 22.
Utkal Pradesh congress committee.
Answer:
The Utkal Pradesh congress committee prepared grounds in Odisha for the Non-Cooperation Movement Gopabandhu Das was its president. The committee served twin purposes. First to make a grand success of the Non-Cooperation Movement and second for the linguistic unity of the Oriya people.

It directed the people to total Non-Cooperation with the Government, Hundred Oriyas enrolled in to the committee as volunteers to become congress workers. Most parts of Odisha came under the spell of the Gandhian Struggle due to the effects of the Utkal Pradesh Congress committee.

Question 23.
Dandi March.
Answer:
The civil Disobedience Movement began with the Dandi march of Mahatma Gandhi. He began his historic movement.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 5 Intelligence Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 5 Intelligence Questions And Answers

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1:
Creativity
Answer:
Creativity is a kind of cognitive activity that results in a new way of solving problems. The concept of creativity needs special attention.

Question 2:
Artificial Intelligence
Answer:
In the stage of information technology and computer science artificial intelligence. The computer’s performance is done by artificial intelligence.

Question 3:
Hereditary factors
Answer:
Several studies have been conducted on identical twins to determine the role of hereditary. Holzinger identicals this twins.

Question 4:
Age and Intelligence
Answer:
I.Qs tend to be erratic in the first few years of life, whole intellectual ability. Binet’s intelligence tests were first administered to individuals of different age groups.

Question 5:
Emotional Intelligence
Answer:
The concept of emotional intelligence is quite a novel one. Current researchers have started recognising that in the world.

Question 6:
Distribution of intelligence in the population
Answer:
When intelligence test is administered to thousands of children of the same age the population. In the OX axis, the amount of I.Q. is presented.

Question 7:
Sternberg’s briarchic theory of approach.
Answer:
Sternberg (1985) has attempted to explain the concept of intelligence. Componential intelligence. Experiential intelligence emphasizes insight and involves the ability to formulate new 7 ideas. Contextual intelligence it is 3rd aspect. Sternberg’s view of intelligence is purposive adaption.

Question 8:
Emotional intelligence
Answer:
The concept of emotional intelligence is quite a novel one. Current researchers have started recognising that in the practical world. This is in fact very encouraging and illuminating research in the finding in the area of intelligence. Intelligence is the capacity to adapt and adjust quickly to-varied circumstances of life. This is more necessary and required in life than theoretical or abstract intelligence.

Question 9:
Artificial Intelligence
Answer:
In the age of information technology and computer science, artificial intelligence demonstrates intelligent performance. Intelligence is created by human beings. Examples computerisation, calculations perceptual tasks etc. We can solve problems and play complex games on computers. We can plan everything easily through the computers.

Question 10:
Mental age (M.A.)
Answer:
Mental age is a measure of the absolute level of intelligence. A 6-years old child who performs the intelligence test of a 5-year-old child is said to have mental age, of 5 years. In short, mental age refers to a type of norm. The Stanford-Binet test result indicates that mental ability increases as the child grows older. In the case of children with normal intelligence mental age increases at the same rate as chronological age.

Question 11:
Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)
Answer:
The ratio which states the relationship between mental age and chronological age is called I.Q. The I.Q. or the intelligent Quotient is computed by the formula. The I.Q. as a ratio gives a figure for any person that remains more or less constant for a period of years. An intelligent person is referred to in the term I.Q. Children who are above average will receive an I.Q. above 100.

Question 12:
Infant intelligence tests
Answer:
Some intelligence tests have also been constructed to measure the intelligence of infants and babies. Most of these are meant to measure sensory motor skills. Arnold GeseU’s development schedules like Binet and Wechsler Scaler indicate a clear age progression. The age levels vary from one month to two years. At each age level, the tests are divided into four categories such as motor, adaptive, and language.

Question 13:
Contextual intelligence
Answer:
This is the 3rd aspect of stemborg’s theory. If centres around that intelligence which deals with the inter environment and external world. Persons who rate high on the dimension of contextual intelligence. Stenberg’s, theory puts emphasis on the basic knowledge about cognition. Sternberg’s view of intelligence is purposive adaptation.

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define intelligence and its definitions.
Answer:
Nature and operational definition of Intelligence.
Geeta is the brightest child I ever saw. Look at her big black eyes; how sharp and 1 expressive they are! She learns a thing almost before you have told it to her. Oh! see how smart Sushil is, you would think he was two years instead of one year. He is S-0-0 intelligent and sharp. These are the common expressions we hear from parents, teachers, neighbours and friends regarding various children.

Brightness, sharpness, and cleverness all refer to some sort of intelligence, which is recognized universally as one of the most important attributes of any person at any age. Those who are most alert mentally, who can react and respond very quickly to any stimulation and cap grapes at the earliest and can understand things before you complete your sentence are l said to be very intelligent.

An intelligent person is always in an advantageous position in society. He can adjust to various circumstances of life in the most appropriate way, can solve problems quickly, can achieve things at a greater speed, can perceive the relationship between different things in the field and can give shape, an organisation to any perception.

On the whole, an intelligent person usually becomes the most successful person, keeping other factors constant. The term intelligence is so commonly used, but it is so complex that it is difficult to give a comprehensive and precise definition of intelligence which would be accepted by most.

As years, pass, volumes of research on intelligence make it so complicated that it becomes difficult to embrace all attributes of intelligence in a single definition. However, psychologists have defined intelligence in their own characteristic way, according to their own conceptions and theories. There still prevails a controversy about its exact meaning although the country’s definitions of intelligence have been there.

The term ‘intelligence’ is derived from a Latin word, framed by Gicepo to translate a Greek word used by Aristotle to include all cognitive processes. This cognitive capacity was called ‘ Intelligence’ and it was thought to be inherited, innate and general to nature. Spencer believes that intelligence is the capacity of the organism to adjust itself to an increasingly complex environment.

Thus, he believed biological adjustment to be a sign of intelligence. Solving complex situations of life means solving the problems of engineering, science, medicine, mathematics, economics, social science, agriculture, business and management”. Galton (1900) was of the opinion that intelligence refers to the general cognitive, innate ability of an organism which was accepted by Binet.

Intelligence is a trait of personality which every living organism possesses to a greater or lesser degree. It is innate, given by birth. Whatever may be the meaning of intelligence, it definitely refers to the individual’s effectiveness or ability to carry on real tasks of day-to-day life successfully and efficiently.

Hence, a person who is able to meet the demands and challenges of life successfully, one who is able to carry out the duties of life effectively is said to be more intelligent than one who does not. According to Binet (1905), the pioneer in the construction of intelligence tests “Intelligence refers to comprehension, intention, direction and criticism”.

Intelligence, therefore, refers to the capacity to comprehend the interrelationship between two things when many other things are present, being more akin to insight. The comprehensive capacity of a less intelligent person or an idiot is superficial, his power to invent is limited. An intelligent person can direct things in a successful manner and can criticise and appreciate things.

Wyatt defines intelligence as the power of apprehending the relationship. According to Stem “Intelligence is a general mental adaptability to new problems and conditions”. In Thorndike’s opinion intelligence is the combination of certain specific abilities. Terman defined intelligence as the capacity to carry out abstract thinking.

Terman is of opinion that we are able to act until gently in proportion we are able to think in abstract terms. But this is quite a narrow definition of intelligence as it does not involve other psychological processes such as perception, imagination etc. Superman (1904) suggested that intelligence is the capacity for constructive thinking, a discovery of appropriate qualities and relations of the ideas that are before us.

Spearman also believes intelligence to be the capacity by which the entire cognitive life is built. According to him, intelligence depends upon the clarity with which he apprehends his own experience, the speed with which he deduces relations and correlations and the complexity of the relation and correlations he deduces.

Most of the modem tests of intelligence are based on these lines. David Wechsler defines intelligence as the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully to think rationally and deal effectively with the environment. Precisely, he says that intelligence characterises the individual’s behaviour as a whole. But acting purposefully is not an intelligent behaviour because it refers to the conative aspects of one’s behaviour, while intelligence is related to the cognitive process.

According to Thurstone (1930), intelligence consists of many primary abilities. Some have also defined intelligence as “flexibility or versatility in the use of symbolic processes”. A person who is more flexible and versatile in his reasoning, understanding of concepts, recall, perception and learning is said to be more intelligent.

The theme of these definitions advanced by different psychologists can be summarized as follows:

• Intelligence is the ability of the organism to adjust consciously to new conditions and problems of life.
• It is the capacity to leam, to solve higher kinds of mental activities, to do harder tasks in a shorter time and to profit from past experience.

Question 2.
Critically examine the necessity of infant intelligence tests.
Answer:
Infant intelligence tests according to Gesell these tests do not measure intelligence but the level of development of the child. Thus, the score obtained by an infant in these tests is called Development Quotient (DQ). This is calculated with the same formula used to calculate I.Qs. Performance is scored in months which becomes D. A. (Development Age) like M. A. That is, if a child of two years is able to perform the tests meant, a baby of one year, his D. A. is one year and C. A. is two years and his DQ=\(\frac{12 \times 100}{24}\)=50.

Studies, however, indicate that D.Qs found during infancy do not correlate with I.Qs. achieved at maturity level (16-20 years). The most outstanding study to support this assumption is the Berkeley Growth Study by Bayley and Schaefer (1964) in which children were tested from the first month to the age of 16,17 and 18 years and their D.Qs were compared.

The lack of correlation between these studies explained the fact that the two scores reflect different abilities. This study also strongly supports the assumption that intelligence is not a single capacity growing with age; but rather a collection of several abilities some found in the young child and others found in the older child.

In one study by Hotstaetter(1954) early test scores were found to depend mostly on sensory-motor alertness whereas measures of persistence were important in determining test scores from ages 2-4. Verbal reasoning ability increased rapidly through the pre-school years and as the child grew they became the more important determinants of test scores. All these results suggest that with the growth of intelligence, mental functioning changes qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

Mental Age (M.A.):
Mental age is a measure of the absolute level of intelligence. A 6-year-old child who performs the intelligence test of a 5-year-old child is said to have a mental age of 5 years. When a child of 10 years passes all the tests of a 6-year-old child and half of the tests of 7 year old and none for those of 8 years, his mental age is calculated as 6 years + 6 months + 0 = 78 months.

His chronological age is 10 years. Thus, the mental age is calculated by first finding the age level at which the child passed all the test items, this is called the basal age and then adding up the values for the I remaining items correctly answered. In short, the mental ages refer to a type of norm.

The Stanford-Binet test results indicate that mental ability increases as the child grows older. In the case of children with normal (average) intelligence mental age increases at the same rate as chronological age. But in the case of bright children, there is a more rapid increase in mental ability as a result of which their mental age becomes greater than their chronological age.

On the other hand, in the case of less intelligent (slow) children, the mental age increases at a slower rate in comparison to their chronological age. Thus a six-year-old who performs the tests of a three-year-old only is said to be dull or an idiot. When a 5-year aid is able to answer the test of 10-year-old children, he is said to be very bright. For the calculation of I.Q. mental age is necessary.

Intelligence Quotient (I.Q):
The ratio which states the relationship between mental age and chronological age is called the I.Q. or the Intelligent Quotient. The I.Q. is computed by the following formula :

I.Q=\(\frac{M \cdot A}{C \cdot A}\)x100 if the M. A. and C. A. of an individual are the same, say 10, his I.Q. would be 100 which refers to the average intelligence: (M.A.=10, C.A.=10; I.Q.=\(\frac{10}{10}\)x100=100). Thus normal persons have an I.Q. of 100. If M.A. is 6 and C.A. is 5, I.Q. will be \(\frac{6}{5}\)x100=120, which means better than average intelligence.

Similarly, if one’s M.A. is 10 and C.A. is 15, his I.Q. would be \(\frac{10}{5}\)x100=66.66. This refers to the intelligence level of a moron. The I.Q. as a ratio gives a figure for any person that remains more or less constant for a period of years. Children who are above average will receive an I.Q. above 100. Those below the average will receive an I.Q. below 100.

The I.Q. is not only a measure of relative brightness, but it is also a measure ofthe individual’s rate of intellectual development. Usually, tire levels of intelligence of a person are referred to in terms of I.Q. ranges. The following table show levels of intelligence in terms of Stanford-Binet I.Q. ranges:

I.Q. Range
Idiot	0-25
Imbecile	25-50
Moron	50-70
Borderline	70-80
Low normal	80-90
Normal	90-100
Superior	110-120
Very Superior	120-140
Near genius	140 and over

In general, it can be assumed that the higher the economic standing of an occupational group, the higher would be the average I.Q. keeping other factors constant. It is a comparative rather than an absolute measure of intelligence. It is relative to the standardization group and the condition under which the groups were tested. If the individual’s I.Q. remains the same at yearly age levels it cannot be said that he maintains his relative position in the group.

Distribution of I.Qs. In The Population:
When an intelligence test is administered to thousands of children the same age as the population, their I.Q. can be represented graphically in the following manner: In the Ox axis, the amount of I.Q. is presented. In the OY axis percentage of children in each category of I.Q. is presented.

That is 2.15 percent of children’s scores. I.Q. between 0-70, 13.59 percent between 70 to 85 and 34.13 percent between 5 to 100, and 34.13 percent of children score between 100 and 115 I.Q. In short, the maximum number of children has an I.Q. between 85-115 population.

Constancy Of I.Q.
The entire concept of I.Q. suggests that an individual will maintain the same relative position in his group as he grows. I.Qs. are constant throughout childhood and adolescence. For one thing, I.Qs. are not very stable during pre-school years (Sontagetal, 1958). The findings of several studies indicate that on the whole I.Q. remains essentially constant.

When other conditions like health, type of education, home situation and other situational facilities do not have a significant change. But in the case of very young children, there may be some deviation from this general rule as their potentialities may still be more variable. Among many studies on the constancy of I.Q., the typical study by Hirt (1945) supports the view that the I.Q. remains relatively constant.

Although a few cases show a change of 50 or more I.Q. points, most studies, comparing the I.Qs. obtained after the pre-school years indicate an average fluctuation of about 5 points plus or minus. Adverse physical conditions like deficient thyroid gland, and insufficient food rand-nutrition may affect them. I.Q. level, though there is no clear-cut evidence in support of these views.

Unusual environmental conditions and lack of normal educational opportunities may lead to the decline in I.Q. to a limited point. But when normal educational opportunities are provided improvement in I.Q. is again found. Good enough (1940) has, however, found a progressive change in the I.Q. of children. The I.Q. changed at yearly intervals like 133,150,143,147 and 151. The child’s school progress also indicated arise.

Question 3.
Sternberg’s approach to intelligence.
Answer:
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Approach:
Sternberg (1985) has attempted to explain the concept of intelligence through his Triarchic theory or Triarchic model of intelligence. This theory holds that there are three types of human intelligence.

Componential Intelligence:
It emphasizes effectiveness in information processing. Persons who score high on this dimension are able to think analytically as well as critically. Meritorious students come under this category. These persons generally do excellent on standard tests of academic potential. Componential intelligence includes 3 types of components:

• Knowledge acquisition component
• Performance components for problem-solving methods or strategies
• Metacognitive components for selecting a strategy and monitoring programmes towards success.

Experimental Intelligence:
It emphasizes insight and involves the ability to formulate new ideas. Persons scoring high on this dimension of intelligence excel in knowing what information is important in a given situation and they also succeed at combining unrelated facts into a related one. Great scientists and inventors like Einstein, Newton, Freud etc. come under this category.

Various Nobel prize winners in science and medicine come under this category. Experiential intelligence helps in learning new things and then doing them in reality. It is reflected in creative works. It involves the ability to picture the external world by using and manipulating very different experiences in a unique and original manner. Artists, scientists, and fashion designers score high in this type of intelligence.

Contextual Intelligence:
This is the third aspect of Sternberg’s theory. It centres around that intelligence dealing with the outer environment and external world. It means man’s adjustment to his environment and outer or practical world. How we select our external world, how we change or manipulate our environment as per our needs and requirements and finally how capable we are to adjust to it, all come under conceptual intelligence.

This, in short, refers to practical intelligence. Persons who rate high on the dimension of contextual intelligence are highly adaptive in the practical field. They can adapt very quickly to their surroundings and environment. They can perceive quickly what is required from them in a particular situation and what type of behaviours or responses will bring them success and act accordingly.

People who prove to be very successful in their respective fields of life score very high in this component of intelligence. In a party or in a formal or informal meeting these people become the “man/woman of the day”. They succeed in making their presence felt by everybody. Practical management of day-to-day work come under this category. They shape the environment as per their needs.

Successful professionals and businessmen score high in this category. Stenberg’s theory thus puts emphasis on the basic knowledge about cognition. But if only the I.Q. scores are taken into consideration contextual and experimental intelligence will not be traced. Along with I.Q. tests observation of the behaviour of persons in day-to-day life are also essential. While solving mathematical problems a person also uses his past experience which is part of the intellectual ability according to Sternberg.

Sternberg (1985) divides this experience into two parts:

• Ability to deal with the new situation
• Development of autonomic mechanisms for processing information.

To emphasise this point Sternberg says “I propose that intelligence involves not merely the ability to learn and reason with new concepts, intelligence is not so much the ability to learn and within familiar conceptual systems as it is the ability to learn and think with new conceptual systems which can then be brought to bear upon already existing knowledge.”

In Sternberg’s view, Intelligence is a purposive adaptation to the appropriate environment and selection of an external environment required for living successfully in the environment. The knowledge acquisition component of Sternberg’s theory deals with adjustment to the external world of the organism.

Thus, intelligent people not only adapt to their existing environment but also make changes in their environment and shape it as and when necessary like social reformer Raj a Ram Mohan Ray or famous novelist Prem Chand, who have brought changes in society through their revolutionary works.

Question 4.
Define the Gardener multiple intelligence approach.
Answer:
Recently a few psychologists working in the area of intelligence have attempted to explain intelligence from different angles. These approaches may also be called models of intelligence.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Approach:
According to Gardner (1983) intelligence includes numerous abilities and each one is equally important. The value of each ability is culturally determined as per the need of society. Thus, Gardner has attempted to explain intelligence in terms of culture. Gardner’s theory of intelligence has seven separate abilities. They are briefly discussed below.

• Linguistic Ability:
  The verbal ability or the ability of a person to deal with grammar, speech and language etc. refers to linguistic intelligence.

Socio-Mathematical Ability:
It refers to the numerical ability of a person or the ability to deal with numbers and digits, solving arithmetic or problems related to mathematics and logical puzzles. According to this approach, good logicians are also good mathematicians. Logic and mathematics both deal with reasoning ability also. So there is a positive correlation between logic and the manipulation of symbols.

Spatial Ability:
It deals with orientation or ability in space reading. People having good spatial ability are hence good at map reading, visual arts, and playing different games like chess “Passa” which require good spatial ability.

Musical Ability:
The ability to be a good musician refers to musical intelligence which is a kind of very specialized ability. This ability is not found in all persons. Hence every one cannot be a good musician.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability:
Dancing, athletics, running, mountaineering, swimming activities and specialisation related to bodily movements even surgery depend upon the above ability. These intellectual abilities are located in the motor cortex. But whether these are abilities or skills is still controversial and needs further research in the area.

Inter-personal Ability:
It refers to the ability to deal with and understand others. Inter-personal intellectual abilities deal with understanding others’ behaviour, intentions, attitudes and temperaments. It is held that a successful salesman or a good sales representative, a politician, a doctor, a public relations officer, an insurance agent or a postal agent etc.

Who prove successful in their job and have good interpersonal abilities. These are commonly called skills, but in Gardner’s opinion, they are abilities by birth. So this type of ability determines the relationship between self and outsiders. But some people.

Question 5.
Discuss the studies on the role of the environment in intelligence development.
Answer:
Some studies have been conducted in Odisha on the role of the environment on intellectual development. Das, jaw chuck and Panda (1968) conducted a study on the high and low economic groups of Brahmin and Ilarijan children (High and low castes). They found that the poor Haorijan children scored lowest in the cognitive tests in comparison to children of all other groups.

Though the rich Harijan children performed better than the poor Harij children, they scored lower scores than the Brahim (High caste) children. Rath, Dash, and Dash (1973) conducted a comparative study on the cognitive and intellectual development of some Brahmin, Adivasi and Harij children of Odisha.

Das and Singh’s (1976) study on rural and urban Brahmin and Harijan children indicated that there was no difference in the intelligence of urban grade, Brahmin and Harijan children. But the rural Brahmin children scored higher in intelligence tests than the rural Harijan children. Jack and Mohanti (1974) conducted a study on Low Socioeconomic status and progressive Retardation in cognitive skills.

They found that children of high SES performed better in every respect in cognitive skills. Surprisingly, they found that lower SES children of higher age groups showed poor performance in comparison to lower age groups. Thus they found that children of higher age groups of low SES show slower progress in cognitive development in comparison to higher SES groups.

Culture:
There is very little empirical study on the influence of culture on the development of intelligence. But it has been observed that different cultures lead to the development of different patterns of ability. This is because a particular type of environment requires a particular type of adaptive behaviour. For this adjustment, one has to accelerate the development of certain abilities.

In another culture, certain other abilities are developed. ?Comparison of abilities necessary in different cultures proves this fact. In this connection, the study conducted by Straus (1951) is notable where intelligence test scores of college freshmen in Ceylon and the United States were compared. The Ceylonese students scored consistently higher scores than the United States students.

Secondly, the Ceylonese students scored higher in the language items compared to the Americans, although the test was given in English. This higher score on the Ceylonese people intelligence test is attributed to the emphasis on verbal achievement in Ceylonese culture. The influence of cultural factors on intelligence was also proved during I World War. In general, blacks did poorly than whites.

Sex Differences:
Although early studies do not point out any striking difference in the I.Q. of boys and girls, some recent studies indicate several interesting sex differences in intelligence. By using modem measuring instruments primary mental abilities have been measured. In a study by Hobson (1947) primary mental ability tests were conducted on three successive junior high classes in Brookline.

Results showed boys being superior in spatial intelligence, and in rote memory, reasoning and word fluency. Boys did better than girls in verbal comprehension. But no significant difference in numerical ability was noticed. Havighurst and Breese (1949) administered the Thurstone battery of primary mental abilities test to all thirteen years old children in amid western community of 6,000 persons.

Girls surpassed boys in number, word, fluency, reasoning and memory. Boys did better than girls in spatial ability. No significant difference was found in the verbal comprehension test. A study on college students by Sweeney (1953) showed men surpassed women in solving problems which required logic and ingenuity. All these studies indicate that girls show superiority in some abilities and boys in others.

These differences cancel each other when general tests are used leading to no general difference between the two sexes in the overall level of intelligence. However, the sex differences in these specific abilities are attributed by some to basic constitutional differences partly and partly to socio-cultural training. A study by Deborah (1977) indicates that the better spatial ability of men may be related to their physiological differences from women.

Health:
Innumerable studies show that health is positively correlated with intelligence. In other words, keeping other factors constant, good general health goes with high intelligence, because superior heredity is related to physical and mental superiority as pointed out by Terman (1925). The relationship between secretions from the endocrine glands and intelligence is not yet clearly established.

As such, there is no evidence, for the common belief that pituitary disorder lowers intelligence. Scholar (1938) has found that persons with a severe pituitary deficiency may actually be above average intelligence. The belief that intelligence does not improve by improving the diets of undernourished children has been supported by investigations on the effects of nutrition on intelligence.

But it has been found that a child’s intelligence may be affected by the quality of the mother’s diet during pregnancy (Harrell, Woodyard and Gates, 1955). The view of some that children suffer from tonsils and adenoids, decayed teeth and rickets have how intelligence is not supported by recent studies.

Family Size:
A low negative correlation has been found between intelligence and the number of siblings particularly in lower-income groups as found by Gille (1954), and Heuyer (1950).

Social Deprivation:
According to some, social experiences are of tremendous importance to intellectual development and this socio-cultural deprivation lowers I.Q. An investigation conducted by Skeels (1966) supplies evidence for this. He found that when the social environment of some children was changed, they received additional stimulation in the new environment.

Their average I.Q. increased by 28 points while the I.Q. of the children who remained in the deprived social environment (orphanage) dropped by 20 points. But this study has raised certain controversial issues regarding the relationship between social deprivation and intellectual development.

It has, however, been concluded that “the effects of social deprivation on the development of intelligence depends in part on how long it is endured”. When children live under deprived circumstances, it may not have any visible effect on their intellectual development, but deprivation for a longer period is assumed to have permanent and significant detrimental effects on intellectual development.

Socio-economic status:
People belonging to upper-class families get more intellectual stimulation and enriched environmental facilities in comparison to persons belonging to the lower class. This is believed to influence their intelligence level in a positive direction. Data collected during Second World War by Harrell and Harell (1945) show that people with higher I.Qs usually fill up professional posts.

The enriched environment included varied factors such as greater availability of educational and instructional materials like books charts, diagrams, and instruments and high parental aspirations. Moreover, the study by Yando, Seitz and Zigler (1979) indicates that children of higher and lower SES bring different attitudes and styles to problem-solving that could affect their performance in intelligence tests.

Question 6.
The determinants of intelligence or factors influencing intelligence.
Answer:
The determinants of intelligence also refer to the factors related to mental development. It is found that in the general population some are of superior intelligence, most are of average intelligence and some are below normal intelligence or are mentally retarded. What are the factors which lead to such variations in human intelligence?

Obviously, heredity and environment are two chief variables which influence the growth and development of intelligence. Intelligence varies with varying influences of heredity and environment. As observations and empirical findings show intelligence is determined by both heredity and environment.

Hereditary Factors:
Several studies have been conducted on identical twins to determine the role of heredity in the development of intelligence. Two important studies may be mentioned in this connection. Newman, Freeman and Ilolzinger (1937) took 19 pairs of identical twins, who were reared separately through adaption into different foster homes.

The findings showed that the intelligence test scores of identical twins reared separately were almost as similar to two scores achieved by the same person at different times. Besides, they were mostly like identical twins reared together. Thus, these investigators concluded that the possession of identical heredity was a factor operating system to determining the development of similar intelligence.

Another recent study was done by Shields (1962). He took 88 pairs of identical twins of which half were reared together and the other half were reared in different homes. The correlations between their intelligence test scores were 77 for those reared together and 76 for those brought up separately. This proves the role of heredity and not an environment in the development of intelligence.

In some other studies, the I.Q. of the child is studied by keeping him in a separate environment, particularly at an early age (pre-school age). But it retains its constancy thereafter even when there is a significant change in the environment. The constancy of I.Q, in spite of the change in the environment, supports the role of strong hereditary influences. A study by Blewett (1954) indicates that intelligence is largely determined by heredity.

Jensen’S Theory:
Prof. Arthur Jensen’s article “How much can we boost: I.Q. and Scholastic achievement” published in Harvard Educational Review (1969) brought a revolution and led to a lot of debate on the role of heredity in the development of intelligence. Jensen has evaluated the findings of ‘Project Head Start’ conducted as a compensatory project to help the socially disadvantaged Negroes and Asiatic origin lower class people.

By means of special education programmes, provision of different incentives, enriched environmental facilities etc. In Jensen’s opinion because of these programmes, there has been no improvement in the intelligence Of disadvantaged and underdeveloped children. Since there has been no cognitive development, it is no use of continuing these developmental programmes, he opined.

But many thought this was an attack on the developmental work of the minority groups, or more correctly, an attack on the minority groups themselves. Jensen states that the I.Q. of Blacks is always less than that of Whites, the reason being that, the standard of living of black people is always lower than that of whites.

Low socio-economic status and deprived environmental facilities for ages have been responsible for this genetic difference in the I.Q. of blacks and whites, Jenson stated. Taking the help of several investigations Jensen has shown that abstract reasoning differs significantly on the basis of class and caste. Jensen’s theory has been severely criticised by many.

Whitten and Kagan (1969) have viewed this theory as “Jensen’s dangerous half-truth”. They hold that there are many other basic factors responsible for the difference in I.Q. of the Negroes and whites than actual intelligence itself and one of them is the cultural variation undoubtedly, they say. Secondly, they say that at least this compensatory project has been very successful in Israel. If it is not successful in other places it is due to organisational defects, they assert. More research in this area is necessary.

Environmental Factors:
Although strong hereditary influence on the growth of intelligence is obvious from these studies, they do not necessarily conclude that poor environmental facilities don’t retard the development of intelligence.

Question 7.
Define intelligence tests and individual tests and verbal or non-verbal tests.
Answer:
Intelligent tests:
Alford Binet (1867 -1911) is the first person who devised systematic tests to measure the intelligence of children the lie was particularly interested in the intellectual differences among individuals. Binet (1905), a french psychologist designed the very first test of intelligence at the request of the Paris school authorities to help them to select children of low intelligence, who could not gain from attending the gene classes in school.

Lewin Terman (1877 -1956) of Stanford University revised Binet’s scale intended for school children in the United States. Tennant, in fact, is responsible for bringing the Binet Test into the mainstream of academic life in America. This revised test was known as Stanford Binet Test. This test was similar to Binet’s 1911 version except that Terman made some changes and added the age placement of many items according to the performance of children in the United States. The test was standardized for the U.S.A. children. This Stanford-Binet test became the model for many intelligence tests developed after that.

Individual Tests:
Particularly those non-verbal tests which require the use of apparatus, become individual tests because it is not possible to conduct tests on 50-60 people using 50-60 pieces of equipment simultaneously. Since most of the non-verbal tests need paper and pencil, they are usually conducted in groups.

Verbal And Non-Verbal Tests:
All verbal tests require tire use of language, understanding and literacy. To avoid the limitations of verbal tests, when the person is illiterate and is of a different language, non-verbal or performance tests are applied. In non-verbal tests, some kinds of motor activity are involved. Motor activities of different difficulty levels are prepared so that they could measure different levels of intelligence. Some examples of verbal and non-verbal tests are given below:

Verbal Tests:

• Opposition in a fixed time limit – Opposite of certain words are to be given.
• Verbal comprehension – Meaning and short explanations have to be given for the words presented in the test.
• Analogies
• Classifications
• Reasoning Test
• Following directions

Non-Verbal Tests:

• Form Board
• Picture completion
• Drawing test
• Alexander’s Pass long test
• Cube Construction test
• Block design test, picture arrangement test
• Progressive matrices test
• Chatteijee’s non-verbal test of intelligence.

Bhogle, Sudha and Jai Prakash Indira (1992) in a study called the performance of Indian children on the Coloured Progressive Matrices developed norms for Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) for Indian children by administering it to 248 male and 252 female subjects in the age range of 5-12 years. Age-wise norms and working percentiles have been reported. Comparisons with original norms have been made. The performance of the children in the present sample is found to be comparable to that of the standardized sample.

Question 8.
Discuss theories of intelligence.
Answer:
There are several theories that explain the components of intelligence. There are:
Two-factors theory of spearman:
Spearman (1904) one of the greatest British Psychologists initiated the two-Tractor theory of intelligence. lie held that intelligence consisted of two factors, a general factor (G) and several specific factors (S). Spearman said that there was a general ability employed by people while adjusting to different sorts of intellectual tests. This is a general factor-specific ability called specific factors.

Theory of intelligence by Thorndike:
Thorndike an American Psychologist of eminence holds a different opinion regarding the theory of intelligence. In place of holding a single general factor common to all mental activities, he considers different kinds of mental activities as highly specific in themselves, though they have certain elements in common. These common elements are responsible for the correlation between different performances shown by the same person.

Thorndike holds that the common elements don’t make the whole of intelligence and intelligence into different kinds

• the ability to deal with ideas and symbols
• concrete intelligence or the ability to handle concrete things and situations
• social intelligence or the ability to get on with people.

Theory of Intelligence by Cattell:
According to Raymond B called general intelligence can be divided into two independent parts fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

Points to remember

Question 1.
Nature and operational definition of Intelligence.
Answer:
Geeta is the brightest child I ever saw. Look at her big black eyes; how sharp and expressive they are! She learns a tiling almost before you have told it her. Oh! see how smart Sushil is, you would think he was two years instead of one year. He is S-O- 0 intelligent, so sharp. These are the common expressions we hear from parents, teachers, neighbours and friends regarding various children.

Question 2.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Approach.
Answer:
Sternberg (1985) has attempted to explain the concept of intelligence through his Triarchic theory or Triarchic model of intelligence. This theory holds that there are three types of human intelligence.

Question 3.
Intelligent tests.
Answer:
Alfred Binet (1867 -1911) is the first person who devised systematic tests to measure the intelligence of children. He was particularly interested in the intellectual differences among individuals. Binet (1905), a french psychologist designed the very first test of intelligence at the request of the Paris school authorities to help them to select children of low intelligence, who could not gain from attending the general classes in school.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1.
According to which historian it is known that “the village groups of small republics used the necessary goods properly and enjoyed it”?
(a) Elphinstone
(b) H. G Wells
(c) Lord Acton
(d) Henry Adams
Answer:
(a) Elphinstone

Question 2.
Which system was famous in the village industry?
(a) Iron industry
(b) Gold industry
(c) Cloth weaving
(d) Wood Industry
Answer:
(c) Cloth weaving

Question 3.
For which raw material India was famous in the world?
(a) Coffee
(b) Tobacco
(c) Cotton
(d) Jute
Answer:
(c) Cotton

Question 4.
In ancient times which country’s emperors and empresses prefer to use Indian Muslim and velvet clothes?
(a) Arab
(b) China
(c) Greek
(d) Egypt
Answer:
(d) Egypt

Question 5.
After victory in the battle of Plassey the English people at first captured which region?
(a) Bengal
(b) Punjab
(c) Odisha
(d) Maharastra
Answer:
(a) Bengal

Question 6.
At first in which country of the world machinery industrial system took place?
(a) France
(b) England
(c) German
(d) China
Answer:
(b) England

Question 7.
When flying shuttle invented in England?
(a) 1757 A.D.
(b) 1758 A.D.
(c) 1760 A.D.
(d) 1764 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1760 A.D.

Question 8.
When the steam engine was invented at England?
(a) 1760 A.D.
(b) 1764 A.D.
(c) 1768 A.D.
(d) 1770 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1768 A.D.

Question 9.
To see the misfortune of the weavers of India which Governor-general has said “Such type of distress is rarely available in history. The skeleton of the Indian weavers make the plain lands white”?
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord William Bentick
(c) Lord Ripon
(d) Lord Curzon
Answer:
(b) Lord William Bentick

Question 10.
At the time of the English administration which Governor-general introduced permanent settlement?
(a) Lord Clive
(b) Lord Wellesley
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(d) Lord Dalhousie
Answer:
(c) Lord Cornwallis

Question 11.
In 1780 which Governor-general has given the calculation that “In every year gold costing value of 40 lakh rupees supplied to England”?
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Wellesley
(c) Lord William Bentick
(d) Lord Waren Hastings
Answer:
(d) Lord Waren Hastings

Question 12.
By whose reference Lord Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement?
(a) Captain Reed
(b) Sir John Shore
(c) Thomas Munroe
(d) Henry Mekenjee
Answer:
(b) Sir John Shore

Question 13.
In which year Lord Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement in India?
(a) 1790 A.D.
(b) 1781 A.D.
(c) 1793 A.D.
(d) 1757 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1793 A.D.

Question 14.
In the reign of which Governor general for the first time Railway system prevailed in India?
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Lord William Bentick
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Curzon
Answer:
(c) Lord Dalhousie

Question 15.
When world’s first passenger Railway line inaugurated in England?
(a) 1757 A.D.
(b) 1795 A.D.
(c) 1805 A.D.
(d) 1825 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1825 A.D.

Question 16.
Which England personality made wakeful to English government that “If the railway system began in India then a massive rise of the economy in England”?
(a) Roland Macdonald Stephenson
(b) Nikolson
(c) Sir Lawrence
(d) Sir John Shore
Answer:
(a) Roland Macdonald-Stephenson

Question 17.
In which year did railway line work began and accelerated in India?
(a) 1830 A.D.
(b) 1850A.D.
(c) 1852 A.D.
(d) 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1850 A.D.

Question 18.
In which year was the railway line of India and the entire Asia continent inaugurated?
(a) 1852 A.D.
(b) 1840 A.D.
(c) 1851 A.D.
(d) 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1853 A.D.

Question 19.
Railway line inaugurated in India connected which two places?
(a) Bombay to Thane
(b) Pune to Bombay
(c) Bombay to Delhi
(d) Kolkata to Raniganj
Answer:
(a) Bombay to Thane

Question 20.
When telegraph line installed in India?
(a) 1850A.D.
(b) 1852 A.D.
(c) 1853 A.D.
(d) 1866 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1852 A.D.

Question 21.
For the prevailing telegraph system in India which scientific engineer took charge?
(a) Sir John shore
(b) Sir Rutherford
(c) Sir O.Sanesi
(d) Sir Stephenson
Answer:
(c) Sir O.Sanesi

Question 22.
At the time of Dalhousie’s departure from India how many miles of telegraph line were installed?
(a) 2000 miles
(b) 3000 miles
(c) 4000 miles
(d) 5000 miles
Answer:
(c) 4000 miles

Question 23.
By 1840 which gifted man introduced in England the system of Penny postage?
(a) Sir Roland Hill
(b) Sir John Shore
(c) Sir Rutherford
(d) Sir O.Sanesi
Answer:
(a) Sir Roland Hill

Question 24.
In which year the half-penny postal system permitted by the English government in India?
(a) 1850A.D.
(b) 1852 A.D.
(c) 1845 A.D.
(d) 1860A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1852 A.D.

Question 25.
Which Governor-general prevailed postal system in India?
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Hastings
(c) Lord Wellesley
(d) Lord Dalhousie
Answer:
(d) Lord Dalhousie

Question 26.
When Lord Dalhousie prevailed new postal system?
(a) 1850 AD.
(b) 1852 A.D.
(c) 1853 A.D.
(d) 1854 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1854 A.D.

Question 27.
To whom importance was given in the Rayatwari land revenue system?
(a) Village Committee
(b) Government
(c) Cultivator
(d) Landlord
Answer:
(c) Cultivator

Question 28.
In which region Rayatwari system first introduced?
(a) Madras, Bombay, East Punjab & Assam
(b) Bengal and Bihar
(c) Odisha & Madhyapradesh
(d) Uttarpradesh
Answer:
(a) Madras, Bombay, East Punjab & Assam

Question 29.
When Mahalwari system introduced in India?
(a) 1832 A.D.
(b) 1833 A.D.
(c) 1852 A.D.
(d) 1857 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1833 A.D.

Question 30.
At the time of which Governor-general Mahalwari system was introduced?
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Warren Hastings
(c) Lord William Bentick
(d) Lord Curzon
Answer:

Question 31.
In India, in which region Mahalwari system came into force?
(a) Agra and Ayodhya
(b) Bombay and Thane
(e) Bombay and Pune
(d) Delhi and Ghaziabad
Answer:
(a) Agra and Ayodhya

Question 32.
Which personality is involved in the Mahalwari system?
(a) Thomas Munroe
(b) Holt Mekengi
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Sir Hobbes
Answer:
(b) Holt Mekengi

Question 33.
Which type of revenue system prevailed in the Ottawa district of Uttar Pradesh?
(a) Talukdari system
(b) Mahalwari system
(c) Rayatwari system
(d) Permanent settlement
Answer:
(a) Talukdari system

Question 34.
Which European country exempted import duty on Indian clothes?
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Holland
(d) Spain
Answer:
(c) Holland

Question 35.
For the development of which cultivation the court of Directors has sent American – experts to India?
(a) Tea
(b) Wheat
(c) Oil seeds
(d) Cotton
Answer:
(d) Cotton

Question 36.
Novelist Bankim Chandra Chaterjee has given information regarding “saint rebellion” in which of his book?
(a) Eminent Indian struggle
(b) Anand Math
(c) External flow of wealth
(d) Jaganana
Answer:
(b) Anand Math

Question 37.
How many saints were Saint in Bengal for which the “Saint rebellion” began in force?
(a) 140
(b) 130
(c) 150
(d) 120
Answer:
(c) 150

Question 38.
Khurda revolt is known in which other name?
(a) Paika revolt
(b) Cultivator revolt
(c) Saint revolt
(d) Rayat revolt
Answer:
(a) Paika revolt

Question 39.
When English government confiscated the wealth of Buxi Jagabandhu?
(a) 1813 A.D.
(b) 1814 A.D.
(c) 1803 A.D.
(d) 1824 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1813 A.D.

Question 40.
Who was the king of Puri at the time of the Khurda revolt?
(a) Mukunda Deva
(b) End Mukunda DeVa
(c) Prataprudra Deva
(d) Rudrasena
Answer:
(b) End Mukunda Deva.

Question 41.
By which law of the East India Company the Santals were debarred to collect jungle products?
(a) Charter law of 1713
(b) Charter law of 1733
(c) Jungle Law
(d) Land settlement law
Answer:
(c) Jungle Law

Question 42.
In which area of the Sahibganj districts the English traders got permission for trade?
(a) Rajmahal
(b) Buzar
(c) Plassey
(d) Wadh
Answer:
(a) Rajmahal

Question 43.
Leader of Santala revolt Siddhu Murmu belongs to which village?
(a) Rajrnahal
(b) Santaladiha
(c) Bhagnadiha
(d) Pabnagrama
Answer:
(c) Bhagnadiha

Question 44.
After how many years Sepoy mutiny of 1857 took place?
(a) Hundred years
(b) One hundred fifty years
(c) Fifty years
(d) Two hundred years
Answer:
(a) Hundred years

Question 45.
Who was the Governor-general of India at the time of the 1857 Sepoy mutiny?
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord William Bentick
(d) Lord Canning
Ans.
(d) Lord Canning

Question 46.
Which Governor-general adopted the “Doctrine of Lapse” policy in order to assimilate local states into the English empire?
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord William Bentick
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(c) Lord Daihousie

Question 47.
Who was the Mughal Emperor by name at the time of Sepoy’s mutiny?
(a) Bahadur Saha I
(b) Bahadur Saha II
(c) Saha Alam U
(d) Farook Sayar
Answer:
(b) Bahadur Saha II

Question 48.
Which policy of Dalhousie made revenge to the local emperors against the British administration?
(a) Doctrine of Lapse
(b) Subsidiary Alliance
(c) Permanent Settlement
(d) Military Law
Answer:
(a) Doctrine of Lapse

Question 49.
Which policy of Lord Wellesley made the Indian emperor’s revolt oriented?
(a) Doctrine of Lapse
(b) Subsidiary Alliance
(c) Permanent Settlement
(d) Mahalwari system
Answer:
(b) Subsidiary Alliance

Question 50.
Which Governor general ousted the “Sad system” from India?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Ripon
(e) Lord William Bentick
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(e) Lord William Bentick

Question 51.
At the time of which Governor-general widow remarriage act was introduced in India?
(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord William Bentick
(e) Lord Curzon
(d) Lord Dalhousie
Answer:
(d) Lord Dalhousie

Question 52.
In which Governor-general time the conyentçI Chjjstians got the property right according to law?
(a) Lord William Bentick
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Weilselley
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(b) Lord Dathousie

Question 53.
For which incident the course of the Sepoy mutiny sparked off immediately?
(a) Widow’s remarriage
(b) Oust of “Sati” system
(e) Prevailing of Enfield rifle
(d) Prevalence of English language
Answer:
(c) Prevailing of Enfield rifle

Question 54.
When Lord William Bentick prevailed in English education in India?
(a) 1854 A.D.
(b) 1855 A.D.
(e) 1834 A.D.
(d) 1835 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1835 A.D.

Question 55.
Who propounded the concept of the “Drain of wealth”?
(a) Dadabhai Naroji
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Gopal Krushna Gokhale
(d) Surendranath Baneijee
Answer:
(a) Dadabhai Naroji

Question 56.
Who was the first martyr of the Sepoy mutiny?
(a) Mangal Pandey
(b) Laxmi Bai
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Tantia Tope
Answer:
(a) Mangal Pandey

Question 57.
By the beginning of 1857 was the first sign of revolt begun among the sepoys?
(a) Kanpur
(b) Barakpur
(c) Jhansi
(d) Lucknow
Answer:
(b) Barakpur

Question 58.
In May 10 of 1857 where the manifested system of revolt begun?
(a) Meerut
(b) Kanpur
(c) Gwalior
(d) Jhansi
Answer:
(a) Meerut

Question 59.
The revells captured the Mughal palace and to whom they declared as the emperor of India.
(a) Bahadur Saha I
(b) Bahadur Saha II
(c) SahaAlamll
(d) Kanwar Singh V
Answer:
(b) Bahadur Saha II

Question 60.
In Bihar, the Revolt of 1857 was laid by which of the following rebels?
(a) Tantia Tope
(b) Kanwar Singh
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Rani Laxmibai
Answer:
(b) Kanwar Singh

Question 61.
Who provided the immediate spark to the Revolt of 1857?
(a) Mangal Pandey
(b) Rani Laxmibai
(c) Surendra Sai
(d) Tantia Tope
Answer:
(a) Mangal Pandey

Question 62.
When does the spark begin by Mangal Pandey in the Revolt?
(a) 1857 February 27
(b) 1857 March 29
(c) 1857 May 11
(d) 1857 September 21
Answer:
(b) 1857 March 29

Question 63.
Which rebeller was in charge of the Kanpur center?
(a) Kanwar Singh
(b) Tantia Tope
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Laxman Singh
Answer:
(c) Nana Saheb

Question 64.
The rebellons declared whom as the “Peshwa of war”?
(a) Nana Saheb
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Kanwar Singh
(d) Tantia Tope
Answer:
(a) Nana Saheb

Question 65.
At Gwalior which veteran took charge of the leadership of twenty thousand rebellions?
(a) Nana Saheb
(b) Tantia Tope
(c) Kanwar Sing
(d) Bira Surendra Sai
Answer:
(b) Tantia Tope

Question 66.
Which English commander protected Tantia Tope but adorned defeat?
(a) Nikolson
(b) Campbell
(c) Windham
(d) Hyavlec
Answer:
(c) Windham

Question 67.
At the time of revolt when the failure of Delhi occurred which able administrator was the governor of Punjab?
(a) Lord Elphinstone
(b) Sir Kolin Campbell
(c) Sir John Lawrence
(d) Sir Outram
Answer:
(c) Sir John Lawrence

Question 68.
At the time of revolt acceleration which clever governor made calm to the Bombay Presidency?
(a) Lond Elphinstone
(b) Lord Outram
(c) Sir Colin Campbell
(d) Sir John Lawrence
Answer:
(a) Lord Elphinstone

Question 69.
Which brave English commander came from Punjab to Delhi and blew up the famous Kashmir Tower of Delhi?
(a) Campbell
(b) Hyavolec
(c) Nicholson
(d) Lawrence
Answer:
(c) Nicholson

Question 70.
Which English commander shot dead two sons and a grandson of Bahadur Sahan?
(a) Hudson
(b) Nicholson
(c) Campbell
(d) Hyavlee
Answer:
(a) Hudson

Question 71.
Who was in charge of the sepoy mutiny at Jhansi?
(a) Surendra Sai
(b) Nana Saheb
(c) Rani Laxmibai
(d) Kanwar Singh
Answer:
(c) Rani Laxmibai

Question 72.
Which English historian has given comments regarding the murder of the son and grandson of Bahadur Saha II “A more brutal or a more unnecessary outrage was never committed? It was a blunder as well as a crime”?
(a) Malleson
(b) David Hannay
(c) William Fraser
(d) John Bigland
Answer:
(a) Malleson

Question 73.
When is Rani Laxmibai dead on the battlefield while fighting on horseback in the dress of a man?
(a) March 29, 1857
(b) May 10, 1857
(c) June 17, 1858
(d) November 1, 1858
Answer:
(c) June 17, 1858

Question 74.
Mostly in all the restrained areas of India revolt dominated in spite of Sambalpur of Odisha. For how many more years it continued?
(a) 2 years
(b) 3 years
(c) 4 years
(d) 5 years
Answer:
(c) 4 years

Question 75.
Who was the leader of the Odisha Sepoy mutiny?
(a) Jagabandhu Singh
(b) Gopabandhu Das
(c) Nilakantha Das
(d) Bira Surendra Sai
Answer:
(d) Bira Surendra Sai

Question 76.
Which English commander has given an opinion about Rani Laxmibai that “She is the most vigilant and brave military except among the leaders of revolt”?
(a) Sir hiue Rose
(b) Sir Hiue Gao
(c) Nicholson
(d) Campbell
Answer:
(b) Sir Hiue Gao

Question 77.
When the Indian Administration Act was passed In England Parliament?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1858 A.D.
(ç) 1859 A.D.
(d) 1860 AD.
Answer:
(d) 1858 A.D.

Question 78.
When did East India company’s administration ended in India?
(a) 1854 A.D.
(b) 1856 A.D.
(c) 1857 A.D.
(d) 1858 AD.
Answer:
(d) 1858 A.D.

Question 79.
After imprisonment Bahadur Saha All, leader of the Revolt of 1857 was deported to?
(a) Rangoon
(b) Nepal
(c) Siberia
(d) Kashmir
Answer:
(a) Rangoon

Question 80.
In November 1, 1858, who read out the proclamation of Queen Victoria at the arranged Durban of Allahabad?
(a) Lord Minto
(b) Lord Canning
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Wellesley
Answer:
(b) Lord Canning

Question 81.
Who was the first viceroy of India?
(a) Lord William Bentick
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(d) Lord Canning

Question 82.
When the Indian police Act proclaimed?
(a) 1855 A.D.
(b) 1861 A.D.
(e) 1862 A.D.
(d) 1864 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1861 A.D.

Question 83.
When Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi, (Mahatma Gandhi) was born at Porbandar of Gujurat?
(a) 3 December 1884
(b) 5 September 1888
(c) 2 October 1869
(d) 14 November 1889
Answer:
(e) 2 October 1869

Question 84.
Name of the parents of Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) Moulai & Swaruprani
(b) Mahadev and Kamaiesvar Dcvi
(c) Bhiraswami and Sua Maa
(d) Karamchaxd Gandhi àñd Putuli Bai
Answer:
(d) Karamchand Gandhi and Putuli Bai

Question 85.
In which age did Mahatma Gandhi married?
(a) 13
(b) 18
(c) 24
(d) 30
Answer:
(a) 13

Question 86.
Name of the wife of Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) Kamala
(b) Yasodhara
(c) Git.a
(d) Kasturbai
Answer:
(d) Kasturbai

Question 87.
When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi went to London to study Law?
(a) 1886 A.D.
(b) 1888 A.D.
(c) 1901 A.D.
(d) 1919 A.Ð.
Answer:
(b) 1888 A.D.

Question 88.
Which English writer’s Bhagbat Gita translated text deeply Influenced and enlightened Mohandas?
(a) Edwin Arnold
(b) Virginia Wolf
(c) T.S. Eliot
(d) Wales Stevens
Answer:
(a) Edwin Arnold

Question 89.
When Mahatma Gandhi proceeded to South Africa?
(a) 1892 A.D.
(b) 1893 A.D.
(c) 1902 A.D.
(d) 1918 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1893 A.D.

Question 90.
For the first time in his life where Mahatma Gandhi delivered his political speech.
(a) England
(b) India
(c) South Africa
(d) Australia
Answer:
(c) South Africa

Question 91.
For the first time who described Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as ‘Mahatma’?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Edwin Arnold
(c) Abdul Gafar Khan
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
Answer:
(d) Rabindranath Tagore

Question 92.
When Indian National Congress got its birth?
(a) 1880 A.D.
(b) 1882 A.D.
(c) 1883 A.D.
(d) 1885 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1885 A.D.

Question 93.
At Amritsar city or Punjab when the heinous Jallianawala Bagh pathetic and magic massacre occurred?
(a) April 6, 1919 A.D.
(b) April 13, 1919 A.D.
(c) August 20, 1917 A.D.
(d) December 23, 1920 A.D.
Answer:
(a) April 13, 1919 A.D.

Question 94.
When was Montegue Chemsford resort passed by England Parliament and envisaged as the “Indian Administration Act”?
(a) 1917 A.D.
(b) 1919 A.D.
(c) 1920 A.D.
(d) 1921 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1919 A.D.

Question 95.
When did the Non-cooperation Movement begin with the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) 1919 A.D.
(b) 1920 A.D.
(c) 1921 A.D.
(d) 1922 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1920 A.D.

Question 96.
At the time of the Non-Co-operation Movement which Muslim agitation was heartily supported by Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) Kidwai Movement
(c) Muslim agitation of Gujurat
(d) Muslim agitation at Bombay
Answer:
(a) Khilafat Movement

Question 97.
In which session of the Indian National Congress Non-Co-operation proposal was accepted against the English government?
(a) Calcutta Session
(b) Nagpur Session
(c) Lahore Session
(d) Bombay Session
Answer:
(b) Nagpur Session

Question 98.
How many representatives of Odisha joined to Nagpur Congress session in December 1920?
(a) 15
(b) 25
(c) 35
(d) 50
Answer:
(c) 35

Question 99.
Name of the President of the newly formed “Odisha State Congress Committee”?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Bhagirathi Mohapatra
(c) Jadumani Manga Raj
(d) Mukunda Prasad
Answer:
(a) Gopabandhu Das

Question 100.
When Mahatma Gandhi came in Odisha?
(a) December 1920
(b) March 1921
(c) November 1921
(d) February 192
Answer:
(b) March 1921

Question 101.
By December 1921 where Congress Session took place?
(a) Gwalior
(b) Kolkata
(c) Pune
(d) Ahmedabad
Answer:
(d) Ahmedabad

Question 102.
For what purpose Mahatma Gandhi cried a halt to the Non-Co-operation movement?
(a) Request of the English government
(b) Chaurichaura incident
(c) Breakage of Khilafat Movement
(d) Non-Co-operation of people
Answer:
(b) Chaurichaura incident

Question 103.
For the circulation of the Non-Cooperation Movement who published “Weekly Samaj” in Odisha?
(a) Acharya Harihar .
(b) Godabarisha Mishra
(c) Gopabandhu Das
(d) Harekrushna Mahatab
Answer:
(c) Gopabandhu Das

Question 104.
When was Satyabadi Vanavidyalaya converted to National School?
(a) 1919
(b) 1920
(c) 1021
(d) 1922
Answer:
(c) 1921

Question 105.
Who organized the Non-Cooperation movement in Odisha?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Gopabandhu Chaudhury
(c) Harekrushna Mahatab
(d) Bhagirathi Mohapatra
Answer:
(a) Gopabandhu Das

Question 106.
Where “Swaraj Ashram” was established in order to impart education and give shelter to the workers involved in the Non-cooperation movement?
(a) Jagatsinghpur
(b) Sakhigopal
(c) Cuttack
(d) Baleswar
Answer:
(c) Cuttack

Question 107.
Where “Swaraj Temple” was built at the time of the Non-cooperation movement?
(a) Baleswar
(b) Bhadrak
(c) Puri
(d) Cuttack
Ans.
(a) Baleswar

Question 108.
Who established ‘Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya’ at Sakhigopal?
(a) Karunakar Panigrahi
(b) Madhusudan Das
(c) Gopabandhu Das
(d) Harekrushna Mahatab
Answer:
(c) Gopabandhu Das

Question 109.
When Simon Commission entered India?
(a) 1922 A.D.
(b) 1926 A.D.
(c) 1927 A.D.
(d) 1928 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1928 A.D.

Question 110.
Who presided over in the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Answer:
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 111.
In which session of the Indian National Congress “Puma Swaraj” proposal was accepted?
(a) Lahore Session
(b) Nagpur Session
(e) Kolkata Session
(d) Ahmedabad Session
Answer:
(a) Labore Session

Question 112.
When was Gopabandhu Das demised?
(a) 1921 A.D.
(b) 1928 A.D.
(c) 1929 AD.
(d) 1930 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1928 A.D.

Question 113.
January 20, 1930, was performed on which day?
(a) Day of Law Disobedience
(b) Non-Cooperation day
(c) Puma Swaraj Day
(d) Black Day
Answer:
(è) Puma Swaraj Day

Question 114.
When did Civil Disobedience begin?
(a) l2March 1930
(b) l2March 1929
(c) 12 March 1931
(d) 12 March 1928
Answer:
(a) 12 March 1930

Question 115.
What is told about the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram towards the sea beach at Dandi?
(a) Sabarmati Journey
(b) Dandi March
(e) Non-VioLence March
(d) Go back to English in March
Answer:
(b) Dandi March

Question 116.
Who was the Governor-general of India at the time of the Civil Disobedience movement?
(a) Lord Irwin
(b) Lord Linlithgo
(c) Lord Minto
(d) Lord Merle
Answer:
(a) Lord Irwin

Question 117.
Who was the congress president of Odisha at the time of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Gopabandhu Das
(b) Acharya Harihar Das
(c) Smt. Raina Dcvi
(d) Harekrushna Mahatab
Ans.
(d) Harcknishna Mahatab

Question 118.
Which place of Odisha is regarded as the second Dandi?
(a) Huma
(b) Kujanga
(c) Astaranga
(d) Inchudi
Answer:
(d) Inchudi

Question 119.
When Gandi-Irwin pact was signed?
(a) 27 February 1930
(b) 27 February 1929
(c) 27 February 1931
(d) 27 February 1932
Answer:
(e) 27 February 1931

Question 120.
In the second round table conference as England In 1931 who was the only Indian representative to attend it?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Abdul Gafar Khan
(c) Gopalkrushna Gokhle
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(d) Mahatma Gandhi

Question 121.
Gandhi on a serious disappointment at the Round Table Conference and on the way to India met the famous thinker Roma Rolla of which country?
(a) Russia
(b) Japan
(c) Italy
(d) France
Answer:
(d) France

Question 122.
On the way to India from England Gandhi also met the dictator Mussolini of which country?
(a) Italy
(b) France
(c) Greece
(d) Russia
Answer:
(a) Italy

Question 123.
The Depressed caste policy of the English disappointed Mahatma Gandhi so that he was engaged in fasting till death at the jail when?
(a) 12 March 1930
(b) 27 February 1931
(c) 15 March 1932
(d) 20 September 1932
Answer:
(d) 20 September 1932

Question 124.
Who among the following formed the Depressed Class Association?
(a) B. R. Ambedkar
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) C. R. Das
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
(a) B. R. Ambedkar

Question 125.
After deep consultation, Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar signed in which pact on 24 September 1932?
(a) Depressed Pact
(b) Independence Pact
(c) Poona Pact
(d) Upliftment Pact
Answer:
(c) Poona Pact

Question 126.
By the approval of England Parliament in which year the Indian Administration Act formulated?
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1934 A.D.
(d) 1935 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1935 A.D.

Question 127.
According to the Indian Administration Act of 1935 in which year common election was held?
(a) 1935 A.D.
(b) 1936 A.D.
(C) 1937 A.D.
(d) 1938 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1937 A.D.

Question 128.
In the first constituted Congress ministry at Odisha which Independence worker took the charge of Prime Minister?
(a) Harekrushna Mahatab
(b) Malati Choudhury
(c) Biswanath Das
(d) Jadumani Mangaraj
Answer:
(c) Biswanath Das

Question 129.
Who was the Governor-general of India at the time of the second world war?
(a) Lord Irwin
(b) Lord Marley
(c) Lord Canning
(d) Lord Linlithgo
Answer:
(d) Lord Linlithgo

Question 130.
By observing the depressed caste policy of the English government the congress ministry all over India when gave mass resignation.
(a) March 1, 1938
(b) October 1, 1938
(c) October 1, 1939
(d) January 26, 1940
Answer:
(c) October 1, 1939

Question 131.
When Mohammad Ali Jinnah left congress and became the president of the Muslim League?
(a) 1919A.D,
(b) 1920 A.D.
(c) 1922 A.D.
(d) 1925 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1920A.D.

Question 132.
In which year Mohammad All Jlnnah surprised India by demanding Pakistan?
(a) 1935 A.D.
(b) 1940 A.D.
(c) 1945 A.D.
(d) 1946 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1940 A.D.

Question 133.
Who Is popular as Frontier Gandhi?
(a) Soukat All
(b) Mohammad 11
(e) Khan Abdul Gafar Khan
(d) Abul Kalam Aiad
Answer:
(c) Khan Abdul Gafar Khan

Question 134.
When Crips Mission came on an India tour?
(a) 1940 A.D.
(b) 1941 AD.
(c) 1942 A.D.
(d) 1943 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1941 A.D.

Question 135.
When Mahatma Gandhi indulged in the proposal of the “Quit India Movement”?
(a) August 7, 1941
(b) August 7, 1942
(c) August 7, 1943
(d) August 7, 1944
Answer:
(b) August 7, 1942

Question 136.
The Quit India Movement is known by which other name?
(a) February movement
(b) July movement
(c) August movement
(d) October movement
Answer:
(e) August movement

Question 137.
After the acceptance of the Quit India Movement which the congress led in Odisha was protected in Ahmed Nagar tower.
(a) Laxman Nayak
(b) Birsa Munda
(e) Harekrushna Mahatab
(d) Achaiya Harihar Das
Answer:
(ç) Harekrushna Mahatab

Question 138.
Which massacre at Odisha is regarded as the 2nd Jalianawala Bagh massacre?
(a) Bhandari Pokhari
(b) Inchudi
(c) Khajradtha
(d) Iram
Answer:
(d) Iram

Question 139.
When Laxman Nayak was hanged?
(a) 29 March 1943
(b) 22 March 1943
(e) 25 March 1943
(d) 27 March 1943
Answer:
(a) 29 March 1943

Question 140.
When second world war came to an end?
(a) 1943A.D.
(b) 1944 A.D
(c) 1945 A.D.
(d) 1946 A.Ð.
Answer:
(e) 1945 A.D.

Question 141.
Who was the Prime Minister of England after sçond World war?
(a) Clement Richard Atlee
(b) Winston Churchill
(e) Sir Staford Cripps
(d) Pethick Lawrence
Answer:
(a) Clement Richard Atlee

Question 142.
When Prime Minister Atlee sent a cabinet Mission to India?
(a) March 1945
(b) March 1946
(c) November 1946
(d) January 1947
Answer:
(b) March 1946

Question 143.
In which day Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered the Indian Muslims to perform “Direct Action Day”?
(a) August 16,1945
(b) December 25, 1945
(c) August 16, 1946
(d) December 9, 1946
Answer:
(c) August 16, 1946

Question 144.
When did the constituent Assembly meet to form the Indian constitution?
(a) November 19, 1945
(b) July 16, 1946
(c) December 9, 1946
(d) February 8, 1947
Answer:
(c) December 9, 1946

Question 145.
Who took the charge of Governor-general of India in March 1947?
(a) Lord Waved
(b) Pethick Lawrence
(c) Lord Mountbatten
(d) A. V. Alexander
Answer:
(c) Lord Mountbatten

Fill In the Blanks.

Question 1.
According to __________ historian, it was believed that the people of all village communities of India had used all types of essential goods.
Answer:
Elphin stone

Question 2.
__________ system was prominent in village industry.
Answer:
Weaving

Question 3.
For __________ raw materials, India got a reputation all over the world.
Answer:
Cotton

Question 4.
In ancient India, the Muslim and elvet finer clothes were demanded by the kings and their families __________ of the country.
Answer:
Egypt

Question 5.
After victory over the pissy war the English people first captured and developed in __________ state of India.
Answer:
Bengal

Question 6.
In the world at first in __________ country machinery industrial revolution took place.
Answer:
England

Question 7.
In England in __________ A.D. flying shuttle was invented.
Answer:
1760

Question 8.
By seeing the precarious condition of weavers in India __________ Governer General opined that “In the business history such type of precarious condition is not seen.
Answer:
Lord William Bentinck

Question 9.
At England, the steam engine was invented in __________ AD.
Answer:
1768

Question 10.
At the time of the English administration, ¡n India __________ Governor General introduced permanent settlement.
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis

Question 11.
In 1780 Governer General __________ gave data that every year nearly gold of Forty lakh rupees was exported to England.
Answer:
Lord Warren Hastings

Question 12.
By the recommendation of __________ Lord Cornwallis Introduced permanent settlement in India.
Answer:
Sir John Shore

Question 13.
In __________ year Lord Cornwallis Introduced permanent settlement.
Answer:
1793

Question 14.
In India Railway system began at the time of Governor General __________.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie

Question 15.
The First Railway Passenger system was Introduced In England in __________ A.D.
Answer:
1825

Question 16.
English personality __________ gave a proposal to the British government that an enormous economic development will rise in England if the railway system developed at India.
Answer:
Roland Macdonald Stephenson.

Question 17.
In __________ A.D. railway line construction began in India.
Answer:
1850

Question 18.
In __________ A.D. first railway system was inaugurated ¡n India so also In Asia.
Answer:
1853

Question 19.
The first Inaugurated railway connected from __________ to place __________.
Answer:
Bombay to Thane

Question 20.
In ______________ AD. Telegraph installed ¡n India.
Answer:
1852

Question 21.
Telegraph Introduction In India was guided by scientific __________ engineer.
Answer:
O.Sanessy

Question 22.
At the time of Daihousie’s departure from India, the Telegraph line covered mostly __________ thousand miles.
Answer:
4000

Question 23.
In 1840 __________ important personality invented the “Penny Postal System” In England.
Answer:
Sir Roland Hill

Question 24.
In __________ AD. Half-Anna postal system was introduced in India by England Parliament.
Answer:
1852

Question 25.
Governor General __________ prevailed postal system in India.
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 26.
In __________ A.D. Dalhousie introduced the new postal system in India.
Answer:
1854

Question 27.
In Rayitwarl land revenue system __________ had given utmost importance.
Answer:
Cultivation

Question 28.
Mahaiwarl system was introduced in __________ A.D. in India.
Answer:
1833

Question 29.
In the administration of __________ Governor General Mahaiwarl, the system has prevailed in India.
Answer:
William Bentick

Question 30.
At first Mahalwarl system lntrduced in __________ and __________area of liidIa.
Answer:
Agra and Ayodhya

Question 31.
__________ was Involved In the Mahaiwari system.
Answer:
Holt Mevenji

Question 32.
In the Oudh district of Uttar Pradesh __________ type revenue prevailed.
Answer:
Talukdar

Question 33.
After permanent settlement Introduction of system __________ candiled the land allotment of some landlords.
Answer:
Sunset law

Question 34.
__________ Governor General Introduced fifth-year settlement with landlords.
Answer:
Lord Waren Hastings

Question 35.
__________ European country abandoned ¡mort duty on Indian clothes.
Answer:
Holland

Question 36.
For the development __________ cultivation the court of directors send to India the American experts.
Answer:
Cotton

Question 37.
In __________ war, Robert Clive defeated Nawab Shiraz-up-doula and Installed an English administration in India.
Answer:
Plassey

Question 38.
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s “Anand Math” nóvel published on __________ A.D.
Answer:
1882.

Question 39.
Bankim Chandra Chaterjee in his __________ book gave importance to the sanyasi revolt.
Answer:
Anand Math

Question 40.
__________ numbers sanyasi were slain by the English at Bengal and for it the revolt rigorously proclaimed.
Answer:
150

Question 41.
Buxar war fought in __________ A.D.
Answer:
1764

Question 42.
__________ introduced dual government in Bengal.
Answer:
Robert Clive

Question 43.
Dynamic Naya hermits were involved in __________ works at Bengal.
Answer:
Lending

Question 44.
Khurda revolt was known in another name as __________.
Answer:
Paika revolt

Question 45.
The king of Puri was __________ at the time of the khurda revolt.
Answer:
Mukunda Dev II

Question 46.
The full name of Buxi Jagabandhu was __________.
Answer:
Jagabandhu Bidyadhar Mohapatra Bhramarbar Ray

Question 47.
__________ were the heroic and adventurous class of men in Odisha.
Answer:
Paikas

Question 48.
Before coming of English to Odisha __________ was commander-in-chief of khurda
king.
Answer:
Buxi Jagabandhu

Question 49.
Paika Chiefs were reputed as __________.
Answer:
Khandayat

Question 50.
English government confiscated the property of Buxi Jagabandhu on __________.
Answer:
1813

Question 51.
Santa revolt constituted in __________ A.D.
Answer:
1855

Question 52.
On __________ law of East India Company, the Santals were prohibited to collect jungle products.
Answer:
Jungle Law

Question 53.
In __________ place of Sahibganj district, the English trader got facilities for trading purposes.
Answer:
Rajmahal

Question 54.
The leader of santala revolt Siddhu murmur belongs to __________village.
Answer:
Bhagnadiha

Question 55.
After the Plassey battle in exactly __________ many years, sepoy mutiny came into existence.
Answer:
100

Question 56.
__________was the Governor General at the time of the 1857 sepoy mutiny.
Answer:
Lord Canning

Question 57.
To annex the kingly states with the British empire Governor Dalhousie adopted __________ policy.
Answer:
Doctrine of lapse

Question 58.
At the time of sepoy, mutiny __________ was the nominal Mughal Samrat.
Answer:
Bahadur saha II

Question 59.
The doctrine of Lapse of __________ made the kingly state leaders as relentless foes to
British.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 60.
Previously the principle __________ of Lord Wellesley made the leaders foes to the British.
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance

Question 61.
Governor General __________ displaced the sati system in India.
Answer:
William Bentick

Question 62.
At the time of Governor General __________, widow remarriage law came into existence.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie

Question 63.
At the time of Governor General __________, the people accepted Christianity and got their property rights.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie

Question 64.
According to __________ incident sparking atmosphere in the revolt of 1857 came to existence.
Answer:
Prevalence of Enfield rifle

Question 65.
In 1857 in the Bengal regiment of Barakpur __________brahmin sepoy shoot to English officer.
Answer:
Mangal Pandey

Question 66.
In __________ A.D. Lord William Bentick Promulgated the English language in India.
Answer:
1835.

Question 67.
__________Was the orator of “Drain of Wealth”.
Answer:
Dadabhai Naroji

Question 68.
In 1857 sepoy mutiny __________ was the first martyr.
Answer:
Mangal Pandey

Question 69.
By the order of General, Hearsay __________ was given a hanging sentence.
Answer:
Mangal Pandey

Question 70.
According to legend in __________ rifle, there was a coat of cow and pig fat.
Answer:
Enfield

Question 71.
On __________ A.D. English government introduced the Enfield rifle.
Answer:
1856

Question 72.
In the early part of 1857 at __________, the symptom of revolt was marked within the sepoys.
Answer:
Barakpore

Question 73.
On May 10, 1857, the sepoy force broke out in open revolt at __________.
Answer:
Meerut

Question 74.
By capturing the Mughal palace the rebels declined __________ as the Emperor of India.
Answer:
Bahadur Saha II

Question 75.
__________ warrior took charge of the course of the revolt at Bihar.
Answer:
Kanwar Singh

Question 76.
On __________day Mangal Pandey fired at Sergent Major at Barrackpore which led to the beginning of the revolt in 1857.
Answer:
March 29, 1857

Question 77.
Warrior __________gave direction to his forces from Kanpur in the revolt.
Answer:
Nana Sahab

Question 78.
__________was the adopted son of Pesva Bajirao II.
Answer:
Nana Saheb

Question 79.
The revolt-oriented sepoys declared __________ as the Pesva and followed his leadership.
Answer:
Nana Saheb

Question 80.
The taluqdars and peasants of Oudh took up arms to fight __________the warfare against the British enemy.
Answer:
Guerilla

Question 81.
At Gwalior, __________ warrior took the leadership of twenty thousand rebel sepoys.
Answer:
Tantia Tope

Question 82.
English commander __________ came to resist Tantia Tope but was defeated.
Answer:
General Windham

Question 83.
At the time of the sepoy, revolt __________ was the administrator of Punjab.
Answer:
Sir John Lawrence

Question 84.
In the accelerated time of sepoy revolt __________ skillful governor made quiet and calm to Bombay Presidency.
Answer:
Lord Elphinstone

Question 85.
__________ brave English commander came from Punjab to Delhi and demolished the famous Kashmir tower there.
Answer:
Nicholson

Question 86.
__________English commander shoot the two sons and one grandson of Bahadur Shah II.
Answer:
Hudson

Question 87.
At Jhansi, __________ took charge of the revolt of the 1857 mutiny.
Answer:
Queen Laxmibai

Question 88.
On __________ day at the time of war in male dress, Queen Laxmibai breathed her last.
Answer:
June 17, 1858

Question 89.
Mostly in allover aggravated areas of India, the revolt came to standstill still it continued into __________ year at Odisha.
Answer:
4

Question 90.
__________had taken leadership of Odisha sepoy mutiny.
Answer:
Bira Surendra

Question 91.
English commander __________ opened regarding Queen Laxmibai that “She was the eminent and most brave among the revolutionists of sepoy mutiny”.
Answer:
Sir Hiue Gao

Question 92.
On __________ year Govt, of India act was proclaimed at England Parliament.
Answer:
1858

Question 93.
From __________year A.D., the administration of East India company came to an end.
Answer:
1858

Question 94.
Mughal emperor Bahadur Saha II was sent to place __________ as punishment.
Answer:
Rangoon

Question 95.
In 1858, on November 1 at Allahabad __________ read the proclamation of Queen victoria.
Answer:
Lord Canning

Question 96.
From 1858 the Governor General was named __________.
Answer:
Vice-Roy

Question 97.
__________was the first viceroy of India.
Answer:
Lord Canning

Question 98.
Indian Police Act introduced on __________ A.D.
Answer:
1861

Question 99.
__________was prohibited among the sepoys for its use.
Answer:
Sectarian mark on the forehead

Question 100.
1857 revolt against the British was the first “Independence revolt” said it.
Answer:
Surendranath Sen

Question 101.
Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) was born on at __________ Porbandar of Gujurat.
Answer:
October 2, 1869

Question 102.
The name of the parents of Mahatma Gandhi was __________.
Answer:
Karam Chand Gandhi and Putuli Bai

Question 103.
Mahatma Gandhi’s marriage occurred on __________ age.
Answer:
13

Question 104.
The name of the wife of Mahatma Gandhi was __________.
Answer:
Kastur Bai

Question 105.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to study law on __________ A.D. went to England.
Answer:
1888

Question 106.
Mohandas was deeply impressed by reading the English version of Gita which was written by writer __________.
Answer:
Edwin Arnold

Question 107.
Mohandas on __________ A.D. went to South Africa.
Answer:
1893

Question 108.
Gandhi in his life first gave a political speech in __________ country.
Answer:
South Africa

Question 109.
__________described Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as “Mahatma”.
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore

Question 110.
Indian National Congress was born on __________ A.D.
Answer:
1885

Question 111.
At Amritsar of Punjab, the heriouis Jalianawalabag massacre took place on __________.
Answer:
April 13, 1919

Question 112.
Montague Chelmsford’s report being approved by British Parliament came to be known as Indian Administration law on __________A.D.
Answer:
1919

Question 113.
By the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi on __________ A.D., the Non-corporation movement began.
Answer:
1920

Question 114.
At the time of the Non-cooperation movement, Mahatma Gandhi supported earnestly to __________ movement of the Muslims.
Answer:
Khilafat

Question 115.
In __________ congress conference, the non-cooperation proposal against the British was accepted.
Answer:
Nagpur

Question 116.
In 1920 Nagpur congress conference __________number representatives from Odisha attended.
Answer:
35

Question 117.
__________ was the first President of the newly constituted “Utkal State Congress Committee”.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das

Question 118.
__________ took leadership of the non-cooperation movement in the Puri district.
Answer:
Krupasindhu Mishra

Question 119.
In the non-cooperation movement, Bhagirathi Mishra took leadership of the district of __________.
Answer:
Cuttack

Question 120.
Mahatma Gandhi on __________A.D. __________ month came to Odisha.
Answer:
1921 March

Question 121,
On 1921 December at __________congress conference was held.
Answer:
Ahamadabad

Question 122.
Mahatma Gandhi for __________ gave a halt to the non-cooperation movement.
Answer:
Chouri Choura incident

Question 123.
Chori Choura is situated in the district of __________.
Answer:
Gorakhpur

Question 124.
To circulate non-cooperation news at Odisha __________ edited “weekly Samaj”.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das

Question 125.
“Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya” was established on __________ leadership at Sakshigopal.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das

Question 126.
On __________ A.D. “Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya” converted to a national school.
Answer:
1921

Question 127
__________ personality constituted a non-cooperation movement in Odisha.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das

Question 128.
To educate the Workers of the non-cooperation movement “Swaraj Ashram” was established at __________.
Answer:
Cuttack

Question 129.
At the time of the non-cooperation movement “Swaraj Temple” was established at __________.
Answer:
Baleswar

Question 130.
On __________ A.D. Simon Commission came to India.
Answer:
1928

Question 131.
On __________A.D. the Indian waged voice strongly as “Go back Simon”.
Answer:
1928

Question 132.
In the Lahore National Congress conference __________ Presided over the meeting.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 133.
On __________congress conference “Poorna Swaraj” proposal was accepted.
Answer:
Lahore

Question 134.
The death of Gopabandhu Das occured on __________ A.D.
Answer:
1928

Question 135.
1930 January 26 was celebrated as __________day.
Answer:
“Poorna Swaraj Day”l Hassan

Question 136.
Civil Disobedience movement began on A.D. __________ month __________ day __________.
Answer:
1930, March 12

Question 137.
The long foot journey from Sabarmati Ashram to near ocean place Dandi was called __________.
Answer:
Dandi Yatra

Question 138.
__________was Governor General at the time of the civil disobedience movement in India.
Answer:
Lord Irwin

Question 139.
At the time of civil disobedience, movement __________ was the President of the Utkal Congress Committee.
Answer:
Harekrushna Mahatab

Question 140.
__________ place of Odisha regarded as second Dandi.
Answer:
Inchudi

Question 141.
Mahatma Gandhi began Dandi March on __________1 AID.
Answer:
1930 March 12

Question 142.
For the law breakage at Inchudi __________took the leadership.
Answer:
Acharya Harihar Das

Question 143.
Gandhi Irwin pact was signed on A.D. __________ month.
Answer:
1930 February 7

Question 144.
On the first round table conference, __________ was not invited.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 145.
On 1931 A.D. at the second round table conference __________was the only invited congress representative who took part in it.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 146.
With a departed mentality, Mahatma Gandhi on his return way met __________country’s eminent thinkable personality Roma Rola.
Answer:
France

Question 147,
On his return way from England, Mahatma Gandhi met to dictator Mussolini of __________ country.
Answer:
Italy

Question 148.
The untouchable policy of the British Government affected deeply to Mahatma Gandhi and for it he began death fasting on __________ month __________ A.D.
Answer:
20 September 19326

Question 149.
At the time of Gandhi’s fasting __________ was popular as the unique leader of untouchable clim in India.
Answer:
B.R.Ambedkar

Question 150.
By consultation of Gandhi with Ambedkar at last __________ pact was signed in between them on 1932, September 24.
Answer:
Poona

Question 151.
With the approval of the British Parliament, English Government proclaimed Indian administration law on __________ A.D.
Answer:
1935

Question 152.
According to the 1935 Indian administration law on __________A.D. the general election was held.
Answer:
1937

Question 153.
On the first congress ministry at Odisha __________an independence fighter took charge as the Prime Minister.
Answer:
Biswanath Das

Question 154.
__________was the Governor General of India at the time of the second world war.
Answer:
Lord Linlithgo

Question 155.
By realizing the dividend policy the congress ministry all over India Oil __________ day gave mats resignation.
Answer:
1939 October 1

Question 156.
Muhammad Ali Zinah on __________A.D. left congress and became the President of the Muslim League.
Answer:
1920

Question 157.
On __________A.D. Muhammad Ali Zinah gave the proposal for Pakistan.
Answer:
1940

Question 158.
__________was popular as “Frontier Gandhi”.
Answer:
Khan Abdul Gafar Khan

Question 159.
On __________A.D Cripps mission visited India.
Answer:
1941

Question 160.
On __________day Mahatma Gandhi brought the “Quit India” proposal.
Answer:
1942 August 7

Question 161.
The “Quit India” movement was known otherwise in __________name.
Answer:
August revolution

Question 162.
After quitting India’s proposal the congress leader of Odisha __________ with handcuff surrounded at Ahmadnagar fort.
Answer:
Harekrushna Mahatab

Question 163.
The massacre of __________place of Alisha is considered the second Jalianawalabag.
Answer:
Iram

Question 164.
On __________day Laxman Nayak was hanged.
Answer:
1943 March 29

Question 165.
Second world war ended on __________A.D.
Answer:
1945

Question 166.
After Second World War __________was the Prime Minister of England.
Answer:
Clement Richard Attee

Question 167.
Prime Minister Atlee send a cabinet mission to India on __________A.D.
Answer:
1946 march

Question 168.
Zinah ordered the Muslims of India to observe a “Direct working day” on __________day.
Answer:
1946 August 16

Question 169.
On __________ day framing of the Indian constitution constituent Assembly was installed.
Answer:
1946 December 9

Question 170.
On 1947 march __________ took the charge of Governor General of India.
Answer:
Mountbatten

Question 171.
__________leader popularly known as the “Iron man of India”.
Answer:
SardarBallavbhai Patel

Question 172.
__________took charge as the first Governor General of Pakistan.
Answer:
Muhammad Ali Zinnah

Question 173.
Constituent Assembly gave appointment to __________as the first Governor General of India.
Answer:
Lord Mountbatten

Question 174.
Sardar Ballavbhai Patel is considered with __________ of Germany.
Answer:
Bismark

Question 175.
Jawaharlal Nehru born at Allahabad on __________A.D.
Answer:
1889

Question 176.
“Discovery of India” was written by __________.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 177.
Muslims got quiet on the “Quit India Movement” on the order of __________.
Answer:
Muhammad Ah Zinnah

Question 178.
Congress was the “Organisation of some people” __________said it.
Answer:
Dufllin

Question 179.
Mahatma Gandhi at first selected __________country as his working field.
Answer:
South Africa

Question 180.
The first Prime Minister of Independent India was __________.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

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