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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Short Answer Questions

Answer In One Sentence

Question 1.
What are three stages of August Comte?
Answer:
Three stages of August Comte are:
1. Theological or fictious.
2. The metaphysical or abstract.
3. The scientific or positive.

Question 2.
When the law of three stages appeared and where?
Answer:
This law appeared in the year 1822 in his book positive philosophy.

Question 3.
What is theological or fictious stage?
Answer:
The theological stage is the first and it characterised this would prior to 1300. Hence all theoretical conceptions whether general or special bear a supernatural impress.

At this level of thinking there is a marked lack of logical and orderly thinking. Overall theological thinking implies belief in supernatural power.

Question 4.
What is Fetishism?
Answer:
This is one of three stages of August ‘fetish’ means inanimate and ‘ism’ means philosophy. This is a philosophy which believes that super natural power dwells in inanimate object.

Question 5.
What is polytheism?
Answer:
This is the second stage of three stages of August Comte ‘Poly’ means many. So the belief in many Gods is called polytheism. Human beings received variety or diversity of natural phenomenon.

Each phenomenon was kept under the disposal of one God. One God was believed to be-in charge of one particular natural phenomenon.

Question 6.
What is Monolthcism?
Answer:
It means we belief in one single God. He is all in all. He controls everything in their world. He is the maker of human destiny. Monotheism is the climax of the theological stage of thinking. The monoltheistic thinking symmblics the victory of human intellect.

Question 7.
What is metaphysical?
Answer:
‘Meta’ means beyond and physical, means material world. So metaphysical means beyond physical word.

Question 8.
What are two main societies?
Answer:
Comte identified by his three stages. Comte identified two major types of societies they are, theological-mility society and scientific-industrial society.

Question 9.
Who has written the book suicide?
Answer:
French Sociologist Emile Durkheim in 1897 was written suicide.

Question 10.
Name the three types of suicide of Durkheim?
Answer:
Three types of suicide are anomic suicide, Altruistic suicide and Egoistic suicide.

Question 11.
What is Anomic suicide?
Answer:
Anomic suicide happens when the deint engrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone. Teenage suicide is usually cited as an example of this type of suicide, as is suicide committed by those who have been sexually abused as children or whose parents are alcoholic.

Question 12.
What is Altruistic suicide?
Answer:
Altruistic suicide happens when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces. An example is someone who commits suicide for the sake of religious or political cause.

Question 13.
What is Egoistic suicide?
Answer:
Egoistic suicide happens when people feel totally detached from society. Ordinarily people are entegrated into society by work roles, ties to tamely and community, and other social bonds.

When these bonds are weakened through retirement or loss of family and friends, the livelihood of egoistic suicide increases.

Question 14.
What is Sanskritization?
Answer:
Sanskritization is the process by which a low Hindu caste or tribal or other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology and way office in the direction of a ‘high’ and frequently a twice-born caste.

Question 15.
What is Applied Research?
Answer:
Applied research is focussed up on areal life problem requiring an action or policy decision.

Question 16.
Write the types of Action Research?
Answer:
Types of action Research are:

• Classical design
• Interdependence of action and research.
• Evaluate research built into action programme.
• Action for research.

Question 17.
Write four characteristics of observation research?
Answer:
It is physical and mental activity. It is selective and purposeful. It is a scientific tool of research. It is a direct study of situation or phenomenon.

Question 18.
What are the five sequential steps of observation method?
Answer:
They are:

• Preparation and tracing.
• Entry into the study of environment.
• Initial interaction.
• Observation and training.
• Termination of fieldwork.

Question 19.
Write types of observation?
Answer:

• Participant observation.
• Nonparticipant observation.
• Controlled observation.
• Uncontrolled observation.
• Direct observation.
• Indirect observation.

Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1.
What is August Comte’s law of three stages? Discuss?
Answer:
The Law of three stages is the comer stone of Auguste Comte’s approach. Comte’s ideas relating to the law of three stages reveal that man is becoming more and more rational and scientific in his approach by gradually giving up speculations, imagination etc.

He has shown that there is a close association between intellectual evolution and social progress.

The law of three stages is the three stages of mental and social development. It is the coordination of feeling, thought and action in individuals and society. There are three important aspects of our nature. Such as our feelings, our thought and our actions.

Our feelings:
The emotions and impulses which prompt us.

Our thought:
Which are undertaken in the service of our feelings but also helps to govern them.

Our actions:
Which are undertaken in the service of our feelings and thought. For the continuity and existence of society there must be some order of institutions, valiles, beliefs and knowledge which can successfully correlate the feelings, thought and activity of its members.

In the history of mankind during which the social order bringing these elements into relation with each other has been worked out three types,of solution, three, stages of development can be distinguished.

According to Comte, each of our leading conceptions-each branch of our knowledge passes successively through different theoretical conditions’.
1. The Theological or fictitious,
2. The Metaphysical or abstract,
3. The Scientific or positive.

Question 2.
Discuss the Comte’s three stages of observation?
Answer:
Comte considered his law of Three stages based upon belief in social evolution to be the most important. There has been an evolution in the human thinking, so that each succeeding stage is superior to and more evolved than the preceding stage.

It can hardly be questioned that Comte’s law of three stages has a strong mentalist or idealistic bias. He co-related each mental age of mankind with its characteristic accompanying social organisation and type of political dominance. This law appeared in the year 1822 in his book Positive Philosophy.

The Theological or Fictitious stage:
The theological stage is the first and it characterised the world prior to 1300. Here all theoretical conceptions, whether general or special bear a supernatural impress. At this level of thinking there is a marked lack of logical and orderly thinking. Overall the theological thinking implies belief in super natural power.

Metaphysical or Abstract Stage: The metaphysical stage started about 1300 A.D. and was short lived roughly till 1800. It forms a link and is mongrel and transitional. It is almost an extension of theological thinking. It corresponds very roughly to the middle Ages and Renaissance.

It was under the sway of churchmen and lawyers. This stage was characterised by Defence. Here mind pre-supposes abstract forces. ‘Meta’ means beyond and physical means material world.

Supernatural being is replaced by supernatural force. This is in form of essences, ideas and forms. Rationalism started growing instead of imagination.

The Positive or Scientific stage: Finally in 1800 the world entered the positivistic stage. The positive stage represents the scientific way of thinking. Positive thought ushers in an industrial age.

The positive or scientific knowledge is based upon facts and these facts are gathered by observation and experience. All phenomena are seen as subject to natural laws that can be investigated by observations and experimentation.

Question 3.
What is The Theological or Fictitious stage?
Answer:
The theological stage is the first and it characterised the world prior to 1300. Here all theoretical conceptions, whether General or special bear a supernatural impress.

At this level of thinking there is a marked lack of logical and orderly thinking. Overall the theological thinking implies belief in super natural power.

This type of thinking is found among the primitive races. In theological stage, all natural phenomena and social events were explained in terms of super natural forces and deities, which ultimately explaining everything as the product of God’s will. This stage is dominated by priests and ruled by military men.

Human mind is dominated by sentiments, feelings and emotions. Every phenomenon was believed to be the result of immediate actions of super-natural beings. Explanations take the form of myths concerning spirits and super natural beings.

Man seeks the essential nature of all beings, first and final causes, origins and purposes of all effects and the overriding belief that all things are caused by super natural beings. Theology means discourse in religion. Religion dominates in this state of development.

This state is characterised by conquest. The theological—military society was basically dying. Priests were endowed with intellectual and spiritual power, while military exercised temporal authority.

It has three sub-stages:
Fetishism:
‘Fetish’ means inanimate and ‘is’m’ means philosophy. This is a philosophy which believes that super natural power dwells in inanimate object. Fetishism as a form of religion started which admitted of no priesthood.

When everything in nature is thought to be imbued with life analogous to our own, pieces of wood, stone, skull etc. are believed to be the dwelling place of super natural powers, as these objects are believed to possess divine power.

But too many fetishes created confusion for people. Hence they started believing in several gods. Thus arose polytheism.

Polytheism:
‘Poly’ means many. So the belief in many Gods is called polytheism. Human being received variety or diversity of natural phenomena. Each phenomenon was kept under the disposal of one God.

One God was believed to be in charge of one particular natural phenomenon. In polytheism, there is an unrestrained imagination person the world with innumerable Gods and spirits.

People created the class of priests to get the goodwill and the blessings of these gods. The presence of too many gods also created for them mental contradictions. Finally they developed the idea of one God, i.e. monotheism.

Monotheism:
It means belief in one single God. He is all in all. He controls everything in this world. He is the maker of human destiny. Monotheism is the climax of the theological stage of thinking.

The monotheistic thinking symbolizes the victory of human intellect and reason over non-intellectual and irrational thinking. Slowly feelings and imaginations started giving place to thinking and rationality.

In monotheism a simplification of many gods into one God takes place, largely in the service of awakening reason, which qualifies and exercises constraint upon the imagination.

In theological stage, soldiers, kings, priests etc. were given respect in the society. Everything was considered in terms of family welfare. Love and affection bonded the members of a family together.

In this stage social organisation is predominantly of a military nature. It is the military power which provides the basis of social stability and conquest which enlarges the bounds of social life.

(a) Progress is observable in all aspects of society: physical, moral, intellectual and political.
(b) The intellectual is the most important. History is dominated by the development of ideas leading to changes in other areas.
(c) Auguste Comte says on the “Co-relations” between basic intellectual stages and stages of material development, types of social units, types of social order and sentiments.

Question 4.
What is Metaphysical or Abstract Stage?
Answer:
The metaphysical stage started about 1300 A.D. and was short lived roughly till 1800. It forms a link and is mongrel and transitional. It is almost an extension of theological thinking. It corresponds very roughly to the middle Ages and Renaissance.

It was under the sway of churchmen and lawyers. This stage was characterised by Defence. Here mind pre-supposes abstract forces. ‘Meta’ means beyond and physical means material world.

Supernatural being is replaced by supernatural force. This is in form of essences, ideas and forms. Rationalism started growing instead of imagination.

Rationalism states that God does not stand directly behind every phenomenon. Pure reasoning insists that God is an Abstract being. Under metaphysical thinking it is believed that an abstract power or force guides and determines the events in the world.

Metaphysical thinking discards belief in concrete God. It is characterised by the dominance of “ratiocination.”

In metaphysical stage speculative thought is unchecked by any other principle. Human body was considered to be the spark of divinity. This kind of thinking corresponded with the legal type of society; and law, lawyers and churchmen dominated the society; Law remained under the control of the state.

Question 5.
What is The Positive or Scientific stage?
Answer:
Finally in 1800 the world entered the positivistic stage. The positive stage represents the scientific way of thinking. Positive thought ushers in an industrial age.

The positive or scientific knowledge is based upon facts and these facts are gathered by observation and experience. All phenomena are seen as subject to natural laws that can be investigated by observations and experimentation.

The drawn of the 19th Century marked the beginning of the positive stage in which observation predominates over imagination. All theoretical concepts have become positive.

The concept of God is totally vanished from human mind. Human mind tries to establish cause and affect relationship. Mind is actually in search of final and ultimate cause.

The scientific thinking is thoroughly rational and there is no place for any belief or superstition in it. This stage is governed by industrial administrators and scientific moral guides. At this stage of thought, men reject all supposed explanations in terms either of Gods or essences as useless.

They cease to seek ‘original causes’ or ‘final ends’. This stage is dominated by the entrepreneurs, technologists etc. Unit of society was confined to the mankind as a whole, vision of mind was broad and there is no parochial feeling. Kindness, sympathy etc to the cause of the humanity prevailed.

This is the ultimate stage in a series of successive transformations. The new system is built upon the destruction of the old; with evolution, come progress and emancipation of human mind.

Human history is the history of a single man, Comte, because the progress of the man mind gives unity to the entire history of society. For Comte, all knowledge is inescapably human knowledge; a systematic ordering of propositions concerning our human experience of the world.

Corresponding to the three stages of mental progress; Comte identified two major types of societies. The theological-military society which was dying, the scientific-industrial society which was being born during his life time.

Flere the main stress is on the transformation of the material resources of the earth for human benefit and the production of material inventions. In this positive or scientific stage the great thought blends itself with great power.

Question 6.
Comte’s law of three stages have been criticized by different philosophers and sociologists. Discuss?
Answer:
According to Bogardus, Comte failed to postulate a fourth mode of thinking, i.e. socialized thinking, a system of thought which would emphasize the purpose of building the constructive, just and harmonious societies.

Bogardus also says, Comte however, should be credited with opening the way for rise of socialized thinking.

According to Prof. N.S. Timasheff, Comte’s law of three stages could not stand the test of facts. He opines, “Neither the later approaches (metaphysical and scientific) wholly supersedes the religious approach; rather there has been accumulation and often admixture of the three”.

C.E. Vaughan has said, “But its foundation is purely negative and destructive. It is powerless to construct and when credited with the ability to do so, it brings forth nothing but anarchy and bloodshed.”

Question 7.
Discuss the Emile Durkheim Suicide and its stages?
Answer:
Suicide, written by French sociologist Emile Durkheim in 1897, was a groundbreaking book in the field of sociology. It was a case study of suicide, a publication unique for its time that provided an example of what the sociological monograph should look like.

In it, Durkheim explored the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics, arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates.

He also found that suicide rates were higher among men than women, higher for those who are single than those who are married, higher for people without children than people with children, higher among soldiers than civilians, and higher at times of peace than in times of war.

Durkheim was the first to argue that the causes of suicide were to be found in social factors and not individual personalities. Observing that the rate of suicide varied with time and place, Durkheim looked for causes linked to these factors other than emotional stress.

He looked at the degree to which people feel integrated into the structure of society and their social surroundings as social factors producing suicide and argued that suicide rates are affected by the different social contexts in which they emerge. Durkheim also distinguished between three types of suicide:

Anomic Suicide: Anomic suicide happens when the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone. Teenage suicide is usually cited as an example of this type of suicide, as is suicide committed by those who have been sexually abused as children or whose parents are alcoholics.

Altruistic Suicide: Altruistic suicide happens when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces. An example is someone who commits suicide for the sake of a religious or political cause, such as the hijackers of the airplanes that crashed into the World Trade Centre, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania on 9/11/01.

People who commit altruistic suicide subordinate themselves to collective expectations, even when death is the result.

Egoistic Suicide: Egoistic suicide happens when people feel totally detached from society. Ordinarily, people are integrated into society by work roles, ties to family and community, and other social bonds.

When these bonds are weakened through retirement or loss of family and friends, the likelihood of egoistic suicide increases. Elderly people who lose these ties are the most susceptible to egoistic suicide.

Question 8.
What is the Concept of Sanskritisation?
Answer:
The term ‘sanskritisation ’ was conceived by M.N. Srinivas. It helps to describe the process of cultural mobility in the traditional social structure of India. Srinivas found empirical evidence for constructing sanskritisation in his study of religion and society among Coorgs in Mysore.

Caste system in theory is a closed system. Movement upwards or downwards within it is inadmissible, although there is some movement in practice. Despite this limitation of caste system, the concept of ‘sanskritisation’ helps to explain social change within the caste system.
The term ‘sanskritisation’ was conceived by M.N. Srinivas.

It helps to describe the process of cultural mobility in the traditional social structure of India. Srinivas found empirical evidence for constructing sanskritisation in his study of religion and society among Coorgs in Mysore.

He found that “lower castes, in order to raise their position in the caste hierarchy, adopted some customs of the Brahmins and gave up some of their own, considered to be impure by the higher castes.

For instance, they gave up meat-eating, consumption of liquor and animal sacrifice to their deities; they imitated the Brahmins in matters of dress, food and rituals. By doing this, within a generation or so, they could claim higher positions in the hierarchy of caste”. M.N. Srinivas, initially defined sanskritisation to denote Brahminisation.

Later on, he replaced it by sanskritisation. Brahminisation was limited in its scope and did not include other models, of caste mobility. His findings of Coorgs, thus, were of a specific kind and did not include the other non-Brahmin castes, which were twice-born. The concept of sanskritisation redefined by M.N. Srinivas runs as below:

Sanskritisation is the process by which a Tow’ Hindu caste or tribal or other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology and way of life in the direction of a ‘high’ and, frequently, ‘twice-born’ caste.

Generally, such changes are followed by a claim to a higher position in the caste hierarchy than that traditionally conceded to the claimant caste by the local community. The claim is usually made over a period of time, in fact, a generation or two, before the ‘arrival’ is conceded.

Sanskritisation, in fact, is the process of cultural and social mobility within the framework of caste. In this case, the source of social change lies within the caste system. In other words, the source of social change is indigenous.

In terms of general sociology it is a process of socialisation wherein the lower castes socialise themselves with the customs, rituals and ideology of the higher castes, i.e., the twice-born castes of Brahmins, Rajputs and Banias.

The scope of sanskritisation also extends beyond the cast system. It includes non-caste groups also, such as tribals. For social change, the caste of a local place makes its model of imitation. This imitation model could be any twice-born caste. Yogendra Singh applies the redefined concept of sanskritisation to the ‘varna’ system.

He says that the central idea of Sanskritisation is that of hierarchy in caste system, theoretically represented by varna. There are four names, viz., the Brahmin, the Kshatriya, the Vaishya and the Shudra in the same hierarchical order, and all individual castes or sub-castes, with the exception of the untouchables, can be classified on the basis of varna into a hierarchical order.

The untouchables have traditionally been outside the varna hierarchy and form the lowest rung of the caste stratification.

Question 9.
Discuss the Characteristics of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
When the concept of Sanskritisation emerged in sociological literature in 1952, it created much academic uproar among social anthropologists and sociologists.

It was agreed that the concept is useful to analyse social change among villagers, especially in terms of cultural change.

Both Indian and foreign social anthropologists reacted to the usefulness of the concept on the basis of whatever is available in sociological research material, we give below a few of the basic characteristics of Sanskritisation:

1. It is a cultural paradigm: Ideas, beliefs, traditions, rituals, and things of this kind constitute the culture of a caste. When there is a change in these aspects of social life, it is a change in cultural life. Thus, Sanskritisation is a cultural change among the lower castes and non-caste groups.

2. Sanskritisation is a change directed to twice-born castes: Though, initially, Sanskritisation meant Brahmiriisation, later on, Srinivas included other models of higher castes for imitation.

It was Milton Singer (1964) who had drawn the attention of Srinivas by saying that there existed not one or two models of Sanskritisation but three if not four.

He said that the local version of Sanskritic Hinduism may use the four labels Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra but the defining content of these labels varies with locality and needs to be empirically determined for any particular locality.

For instance, a particular village may ‘ imitate Brahmins as their model of change but looking at the historicity and contextuality, another village may decide on Kshatriya or Vaishya as their model. Brahmins not in all cases are homogeneous. Nor are the Kshatriyas.

There are Brahmins, such as the Kashmiri, Bengali, and Saraswat who are non-vegetarians. Similarly, there is variation among the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas.

It is, therefore, the local history and the contexts which determine the Sanskritic model for the lower castes. However, the Shudras do not make any model for imitation.

3. Sanskritisation also applies to tribals or non-caste groups: In his refined definition, Srinivas has stated that Sanskritisation is not confined to Hindu castes only but it also occurs among tribal and semi-tribal groups, such as the Bhils of western India, the Gonds and Oraons of central India, and the Paradise of the Himalayas.

These tribal groups claim to attain the status of a caste, i.e., to become a Hindu.

4. Sanskritic values, ideology, and beliefs belong to Indian tradition: When Srinivas talks of Sanskritisation of the lower castes, he has in his view the caste-Hindu traditions. Hinduism draws heavily from its scriptures, such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, Upanishads, and Brahmanas.

The values and beliefs held in these scriptures become the content material for the imitation of the lower castes. The Brahmins, i.e., the priestly caste, naturally interpret the traditions and, therefore, become the model of imitation for the lower castes.

Surely, the acquisition of wealth and power makes a group or person belonging to a caste, important. But, only wealth and power do not enhance the status of a caste.

The improvement in the ritual status can only help the lower caste to improve their hierarchy in the caste system. The imitation of the customs and habits of the higher caste, therefore, goes a long way in imparting Sanskritic status to the lower caste, if the latter has wealth and power.

5. Sanskritisation, in other words, also means teetotalism: Srinivas, to be fair to him, has always refined and redefined his understanding of Sanskritisation.

At a later stage, he found that the lower castes in Sanskritisation have a tendency to move higher in the caste hierarchy, and in a generation or two they could improve their status in the caste hierarchy by adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism.

Empirically no researcher has reported that a lower caste has improved its rank in the hierarchy despite having three generations.

Though there is no improvement in the rank it must be said that the lower castes have taken to the prohibition of alcoholism and many of the evils which traditionally characterized their caste.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Solutions Unit 3 Changing Traditions Objective & Short Answer Type Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class History Unit 3 Changing Traditions Objective & Short Answer Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Where was Jesus Christ born?
(a) Bethelham
(b) Galilee
(c) Nazareth
(d) Madina
Answer:
(a) Bethlehem

Question 2.
Who was the king of Judea during the time of Jesus’s birth?
(a) Herod
(b) B John
(c) Nero
(d) Constantine
Answer:
(a) Herod

Question 3.
By whom Jesus Christ was baptised?
(a) John
(b) Saint Peter
(c) Pontius Pillate
(d) Moses
Answer:
(a) John

Question 4.
Which of the following is called the temple of Jeusish?
(a) Pyramid
(b) Masque
(c) Church
(d) Synagogus
Answer:
(d) Synagogus

Question 5.
When did the Gospels come to be complied?
(a) 1st Century A.D.
(b) 2nd Century A.D.
(c) 3rd Century A.D.
(d) 4th CenturyA.D.
Answer:
(a) 1st Century A.D.

Question 6.
What was the previous name of Paul?
(a) Peter
(b) Saul
(c) Mark
(d) Mathew
Answer:
(b) Saul

Question 7.
When was Prophet Mohammed born?
(a) 570 A.D.
(b) 610 A.D.
(c) 622 A.D.
(d) 632A.D.
Answer:
(a) 570 A.D.

Question 8.
Who brought up Mohammed when he was a child?
(a) Abutalib
(b) Abu Bakr
(c) Omar
(d) AK
Answer:
(a) Abutalib

Question 9.
Which of the following events is called as“Hijrat”?
(a) Meditation at Mount Hira.
(b) Advice of Angel Gabriel.
(c) Journey of Mohammed to Medina.
(d) Mohammed’s acquisition of knowledge.
Answer:
(c) Journey of Mohammed to Medina.

Question 10.
How many chapters of suras are there in Koran?
(a) 112
(b) 113
(c) 114
(d) 115
Answer:
(c) 114

Question 11.
What is Haj?
(a) Holy tax giving on wealth.
(b) Visit to Mecca once in lifetime.
(c) Fasting in the month of Ramzan.
(d) Prayer for five times a day.
Answer:
(b) Visit to Mecca once in lifetime.

Question 12.
Who was the first caliph of Islamic religion?
(a) Abu Bakr
(b) Omar
(c) AH
(d) Abdulla
Answer:
(a) Abu Bakr

Question 13.
Who was the first order of society in Europe?
(a) Knight
(b) People ofState
(c) Clevgy
(d) Monk
Answer:
(c) Clevgy

Question 14.
Doon de Mayence a 13th century poem recounting the adventures of______.
(a) People
(b) Clergy
(c) Knights
(d) Soldier
Answer:
(c) Knights

Question 15.
The word monastery derived from the Greek word_______.
(a) Monos
(b) Mono
(c) Mana
(d) Manas
Answer:
(a) Monos

Question 16.
In Benedictine monastries of France this are________chapter of rules which were followed by monks.
(a) 74
(b) 73
(c) 75
(d) 80
Answer:
(b) 73

Question 17.
Who has written Canterbury tales?
(a) Geoflry Chaucer
(b) Beowolf
(c) Shakespeare
(d) Flowman
Answer:
(a) Geoflry Chaucer

Question 18.
Who has written piers Floman contrasting the ease and luxury lives of some monks.
(a) Geoflry Chaucer
(b) Langland
(c) Shakespeare
(d) Flowman
Answer:
(b) Langland

Question 19.
Which period is known as Black death?
(a) 1347-50
(b) 1347-58
(c) 1347-60
(d) 1347-90
Answer:
(a) 1347-50

Question 20.
In which year peasant revolted?
(a) 1380
(b) 1381
(c) 1375
(d) 1395
Answer:
(b) 1381

Question 21.
Who is given the ‘poet laureate’ title in Rome in the year 1341.
(a) Georflry Chaucer
(b) Ottonman
(c) Petrach
(d) Leonoardo
Answer:
(c) Petrach

Question 22.
What was the name of the painting of Leonardo da vinici?
(a) Monalisa
(b) The Last Super
(c) Manarch
(d) Both A&B
Answer:
(d) Both A&B

Question 23.
When Thomas More’s Utopia was published?
(a) 1516
(b) 1517
(c) 1522
(d) 1518
Answer:
(a) 1516

Question 24.
Who has published the Principia Mathematica book?
(a) Issac Newton
(b) Luther
(c) Gregorian
(d) Harvey
Answer:
(a) Issac Newton

Question 25.
When Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII?
(a) 1582
(b) 1583
(c) 1584
(d) 1589
Answer:
(a)1582

Question 26.
Where Academy of Science was set up?
(a) France
(b) Italy
(c) Paris
(d) England
Answer:
(c) Paris

Question 27.
Who translated the Bible into German?
(a) Luther
(b) Harvey
(c) Issac
(d) More
Answer:
(a) Luther

Question 28.
In which new Columbus discovered India?
(a) Santa Maria
(b) Santa Cruise
(c) Santa Merry
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Santa Maria

Question 29.
Where did Vasco da Gama reach in India?
(a) Calicut
(b) Kozhikode
(c) Both Calicut or Kozhikode
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both Calicut or Kozhikode

Question 30.
In which year Cortes defeats Aztecs?
(a) 1520
(b) 1521
(c) 1530
(d) 1533
Answer:
(b) 1521

True or False Type Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Jesus is not called Nazareth.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Jesus spent 25 years of Nazareth.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Christians sacred text is Bible.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Muslims sacred text is Koran.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Islam is based on principles of Namaz, Zakat, Ramzan and Haj.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Christians believe that three days after Jesus death, he came back to life.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
At age 40 years Jesus baptised by John.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
At age 30 years Jesus baptised by John.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Mohammed died in 630 AD.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
Mohammed died in 632 AD.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Clovis became king of France in 481.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Nomans defeat Anglo Saxons and conquer England in 1068.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
Nomans defeat Anglo Saxons and conquer England in 1066.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Leon Batista Albeti wrote an art theory and architecture.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Niccala Machiavelli wrote about human nature in his books Human’.
Answer:
False

Question 16.
Niccala Machiavelli wrote about human nature in his books “The Prince”.
Answer:
True

Question 17.
Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.
Answer:
True

Question 18.
Issac Newton’s Principia Mathematica was published in 1688.
Answer:
False

Question 19.
Issac Newton’s Principia Mathematica was published in 1687.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus sights pacific ocean in 1513.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
John Caborts Englishman explores North American coast.
Answer:
True

Question 22.
True History of the conquest of Mexico was written by Bernard Diaz Del Castello.
Answer:
True

Short type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Write some rules of Benedictine monasteries of 13 rules for monks?
Answer:
Rules are:
(a) Permission to speak should rarely be granted to monks.
(b) Humility means obedience.
(c) No monk should own private property.
(d) Idleness is the enemy of sould.

Question 2.
Where did monk lived?
Answer:
Monk lived in religious communities called abbeys or monasteries, often in places very far from human habitation.

Question 3.
What are two well known monasteries?
Answer:
Two of the well known monasteries were those establised by St. Benedict in Italy and of Cluny in Burgundy.

Question 4.
Why France and England were often at war?
Answer:
William, the Duke of Normandy, crossed the English Channel with an army and defeated the Saxon king of England often at war because of disputes over territory and trade.

Question 5.
What was the famous Catherdal in England then?
Answer:
Salisbury Cathedral.

Question 6.
Whom Historians called the new monarchs and why?
Answer:
In 15th and 16th centuries European kings strengthened their military and financial power. They created powerful new states in Europe. They are Louix XI in France, Maximellionin Austria Henry VII in England and Isabella and Ferdin and in Spain.

Question 7.
Who had written the book “The Prince”?
Answer:
Niccola Machiavelli wrote about the human nature in fifteenth chapter of his book “The Prince”.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of Nao?
Answer:
Nao means a heavy ship in Spanish. It is derived from Arabic and this is explained by the fact of Arab occupation of the region till 1492.

Question 9.
Which place does Calumbus claim to be Spain?
Answer:
Bahama Island and Cuba.

Question 10.
Who is Dona Marina?
Answer:
The people of Tabasco gave Cortes a woman attendant called Dona Marina. She was fluent in three local languages and was able to play a crucial role as an interpreter of Cortes. Without Dona Marina, we could not have understood the language of New Spain and Mexico.

Question 11.
What is the meaning of Malinchista?
Answer:
It means someone who slavishly copies the costumes and language of other people.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Ambassador Al-Beruni belongs to which country?
(a) Middle East
(b) Arab
(c) Europe
(d) China
Answer:
(b) Arab

Question 2.
At the time of Al-Beruni’s tour to India who was the administrator of Gajni?
(a) Mohammad-Bin-Quasim
(b) Hand Rashid
(c) Dahir
(d) Mamud
Answer:
(d) Mamud

Question 3.
Al-Beruni was expert in which education?
(a) Philosophy
(b) History
(c) Mathematics and astrology
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(c) Mathematics and astrology

Question 4.
In which language Al-Beruni took education at India?
(a) Hindi
(b) English
(c) Tamil
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(d) Sanskrit

Question 5.
How many books about India wrote by Al-Beruni?
(a) 22
(b) 19
(c) 20
(d) 15
Answer:
(c) 20

Question 6.
Which Indian language was translated to Arabic by Al-Beruni?
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Pali
(c) English
(d) Devnagiri
Answer:
(a) Sanskrit

Question 7.
Regarding which area of India Al-Beruni has not given any information?
(a) Middle India
(b) North India
(c) South India
(d) Western India
Answer:
(c) South India

Question 8.
Name of the book of Arabic writer Al-Beruni?
(a) Tahiq-i-Hind
(b) Si-Yu-Ki
(c) Tamai-It-Tawarik
(d) Akalu-law-Vilat
Answer:
(a) Tahiq-i-Hind

Question 9.
During whose administration Ibn-Batuta came to India?
(a) Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaq
(b) Kutabuddin Aibak
(c) Firoz Tughlaq
(d) Iltutmish
Answer:
(a) Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaw

Question 10.
The social picture of India was eulogised in which book of Ibn-Batuta?
(a) Tahiq-i-Hind
(b) Tabaqat-i-Nasir
(c) Rihala
(d) Tughlaqnama
Answer:
(c) Rihala

Question 11.
Mohammad Bin-Tughlaw has sent Ibn-Batuta as ambassador to which country?
(a) Africa
(b) China
(c) Arab
(d) England
Answer:
(b) China

Question 12.
The personal doctor of which personality Francois-Berrier has appointed in India?
(a) Sahajahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Dara
Answer:
(d) Dara

Question 13.
In which book Francois Berrier has described regarding India?
(a) Tourism of Mughal empire
(b) Tabaqut-i-Nasir
(c) Rihala
(d) Tahiq-i-Hind
Answer:
(a) Tourism of Mughal empire

Question 14.
The Delhi sultanate state was which kind of state?
(a) Democracy
(b) Bureaucracy
(c) Theocracy
(d) Military state
Answer:
(c) Theocracy

Question 15.
The sultans were the representative of whom?
(a) Islam religion
(b) Prophet Mohammad
(c) Calipha
(d) Allah
Answer:
(c) Calipha

Question 16.
What is Shariat?
(a) Islamic Law
(b) Christian Law
(c) Hindu Law
(d) Sikh Law
Answer:
(a) Islamic Law

Question 17.
In 8th century under Calipha who was the ruler of Iraq?
(a) Hejaj
(b) Dahir
(c) Mohammad Bin Quasim
(d) Sabuktagin
Answer:
(a) Hejaj

Question 18.
In 8th century which Hindu king was the ruler of Sind?
(a) Harshavardhan
(b) Dahir
(c) Skandagupta
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer:
(b) Dahir

Question 19.
In 712 A.D. who invaded sind?
(a) Hejaj
(b) Mohammad Bin Quasim
(c) Sultan Mamu
(d) Sabuktagin
Answer:
(b) Mohammad Bin Quasim

Question 20.
In Sultani administration what was the designation of Prime Minister?
(a) Wazir
(b) Naib Wazir
(c) Ariz-i-Mamalik
(d) Diwan-i-Insa
Answer:
(a) Wazir

Question 21.
Minister who was engaged in Religious donation work was known as?
(a) Diwar-i-Kwaja
(b) Sadar-us-Sadar
(c) Ariz-i-Mamalik
(d) Barid-i-Mamalik
Answer:
(b) Sadar-us-Sadar

Question 22.
Designation of Defence Minister in Sultan Administration?
(a) Ariz-i-Mamalik
(c) Diwan-i-Kwaja
(b) Wazir
(d) Sadar-us-Sadar
Answer:
(a) Ariz-i-Mamalik

Question 23.
Name of the Agriculture minister in Sultan administration?
(a) Diwan-i-Kwaja
(b) Amir-i-Kohi
(c) Min-i-Ampat
(d) Sadar-us-Sadar
Answer:
(b) Amir-i-Kohi

Question 24.
Designation of Defence in charge Minister?
(a) Diwan-i-Insa
(b) Diwan-i-Rasayat
(c) Diwan-i-Wazrat
(d) Diwan-i-Ariz
Answer:
(d) Diwan-i-Ariz

Question 25.
Designation of External Affairs Minister in Sultan administration?
(a) Diwan-i-Ariz
(b) Diwan-i-Insa
(c) Diwan-i-Rasalat
(d) Mir-i-Amrat
Answer:
(c) Diwan-i-Rasalat

Question 26.
In Delhi Sultanate period the minister in charge of Royal correspondence was known as?
(a) Wazir
(b) Barid-i-Mamalik
(c) Diwan-i-Insa
(d) Sadar-us-Sadar
Answer:
(c) Diwan-i-Insa

Question 27.
In Sultan administration “Quazi-i-Mamalik” was in charge of which post?
(a) Chief Defence Minister
(b) Minister of Urban development
(c) Minister in charge of Religious institution
(d) Chief Justice
Answer:
(d) Chief Justice

Question 28.
In sultan administration head ofSpy and correspondence department was known as?
(a) Barid-i-Mamalik
(b) Diwan-i-Insa
(c) Dabir-i-Khas
(d) Mir-i-Amrat
Answer:
(a) Barid-i-Mamalik

Question 29.
Designation of Urban development minister?
(a) Amir-i-Kohi
(b) Diwan-i-Rasalat
(c) Mir-i-Amrat
(d) Aniz-i-Mamalik
Answer:
(c) Mir-i-Amrat

Question 30.
In sultan administration person in charge of capital administration was known as?
(a) Siyasat
(b) Chief Guard
(c) Karkoon
(d) Chief care-taker
Answer:
(b) Chief Guard

Question 31.
In Sultan administration designation “Wali” referred to whom?
(a) Chief administrator of state
(b) High official of state
(c) Administration of Sikh
(d) Village headman
Answer:
(a) Chief administrator of state

Question 32.
What is the meaning of “Usher”?
(a) One kind of Religious tax
(b) Land tax to the Muslims
(c) Land tax to the non-muslims
(d) Import duty
Answer:
(b) Land tax to the Muslims

Question 33.
In Sultan administration the land tax collected from Non-muslims was known as?
(a) Zakat
(b) Kharaz
(c) Usher
(d) Rashad
Answer:
(b) Kharaz

Question 34.
Who was regarded as the real founder of Sultan administration?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allaudin Khilji
(c) Kutubuddin Aibak
(d) Giyasuddin Bulban
Answer:
(a) Iltutmish

Question 35.
Which Sultan of Delhi administration paid utmost importance in organisational matter and efficiency of military?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allaudin Khilji
(c) Mohammad Bin-Tuglaq
(d) Firoz Tughlaq
Answer:
(b) Allaudin Khilji

Question 36.
At the time of Allaudin Khilji the given sign in horse back was known as?
(a) Khairat
(b) Ikta
(c) Hulia
(d) Murkadam
Answer:
(c) Hulia

Question 37.
In sultan administration “Ikta” was known to?
(a) State
(b) District
(c) Country
(d) Village
Answer:
(a) State

Question 38.
What was known to union territories in sultan administration?
(a) Ikta
(b) Khalsa
(c) Sik
(d) Adan
Answer:
(b) Khalsa

Question 39.
In sultan administration who was the chief of district administration?
(a) Sikdar
(b) Amir
(c) Kanoongo
(d) Nazir
Answer:
(a) Sikdar

Question 40.
Name of the Religious duty referred to Non-muslims?
(a) Zakat
(b) Ziziya
(c) Ushar
(d) Kharaj
Answer:
(b) Ziziya

Question 41.
In Delhi Sultan administration which type administration praised?
(a) Religious administration
(b) Generous administration
(c) Democratic administration
(d) Autocratic administration
Answer:
(d) Autocratic administration

Question 42.
Which sultan constructed Vandegan-i-Chihilgan (Army or Fourty)?
(a) Balban
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Kutubuddin Aibak
Answer:
(c) Iltutmish

Question 43.
Which sultan rested upon “Divine Autocratic Theme”?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Giyasuddin Balban
(d) Kutubuddin Aibak
Answer:
(c) Giyasuddin Balban

Question 44.
Which sultan introduced the principles of “Sizda” and “Pibus”?
(a) Giyasuddin Balban
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Kutabuddin Aibak
Answer:
(a) Giyasuddin Balban

Question 45.
The renowned family members of Muslim society were known as?
(a) Khalaq
(b) Awam
(c) Ulema
(d) Umar
Answer:
(d) Umar

Question 46.
Which sultan of Delhi prevailed market control policy?
(a) Allauddin Khilji
(b) Firozsah Tughlaq
(c) Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
(d) Ibrahim Lodi
Answer:
(a) Allauddin Khilj

Question 47.
To whom “Ulema” was told?
(a) Muslim Religious experts
(b) Revenue Minister
(c) Defence Minister
(d) Prime Minister
Answer:
(a) Muslim Religious experts

Question 48.
Who was the head of Islamic society?
(a) Khalifa
(b) Ulema
(c) Sultan
(d) Amir
Answer:
(a) Khalifa

Question 49.
What is the meaning of “Shariat”?
(a) Head of Law Department
(b) One type tax
(c) Islamic Law
(d) Punishment system
Answer:
(c) Islamic Law

Question 50.
What we understand regarding “Zakar”?
(a) Revenue officials of sultanate period
(b) Religious tax
(c) Some village
(d) Punishment system
Answer:
(c) Religious tax

Question 51.
Which sultan was not a slave from the beginning of his life?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Mohammad-Bin-Tughiaq
(c) Giyasuddin Balaban
(d) Allauddin Khilji
Answer:
(a) Iltutmish

Question 52.
What do we understand regarding “Zital”?
(a) Copper coin of sultan age
(b) One type of tax in sultan period
(c) Business centre in sultan age
(d) Ministry of sultans
Answer:
(a) Copper coin of sultan age

Question 53.
Which sultan of Delhi sultanate had rejected the system of amputation from the empire?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Balban
(d) Firoz Saha Tughlaq
Answer:
(d) Firoz Saha Tughlaq

Question 54.
Which sultan has appointed the Indian Muslims in various spheres of his administration?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Balban
(c) Allauddin Khilji
(d) Giyasuddin Tughlaq
Answer:
(c) Allauddin Khilji

Question 55.
When the Arabs captured Sind province?
(a) 709 A.D.
(b) 710 A.D.
(c) 711 A.D.
(d) 712 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 712 A.D.

Question 56.
Which Italian ambassador has came to India in Sultanate period?
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) Mahuan
(c) Marco Polo
(d) Francois Berrier
Answer:
(c) Marco Pol

Question 57.
Which Mughal king has transferred capital from Agra to Delhi?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Babur
(d) Sahajahan
Answer:
(d) Sahajahan

Question 58.
Many things regarding the diet system of Amirs of sultanate period are known the accounts of which ambassador who came to India at the time of Jahangir?
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) AbulFazl
(c) Francois Berrier
(d) Sir Tomas Roe
Answer:
(d) Sir Tomas Roe

Question 59.
In Mughal society who secured the highest position?
(a) Ulema
(b) Honourable class
(c) King
(d) Middle class
Answer:
(c) King

Question 60.
In Mughal count the higher officials were renowned in which name?
(a) Mansabadari
(b) Ekhazari
(c) Panchhazari
(d) Das hazari
Answer:
(a) Mansabadari

Question 61.
Who was the author of Ain-i-Akbari?
(a) Akbar
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Fayaji
(d) Abdul Nabi
Answer:
(b) Abul Fazl

Question 62.
Who wrote “Humayun Nama” ?
(a) Gulbadan Begum
(b) Salima Sultana
(c) Sitiunnisha
(d) Jebaunisha
Answer:
(a) Gulbadan Begum

Question 63.
In which year Akbar exempted the pilgrimage tax from the Hindus?
(a) 1560 A.D.
(b) 1561 A.D.
(c) 1562 A.D.
(d) 1563 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1563 A.D.

Question 64.
In which year Akbar exempted the henious Zizya tax from the Hindus all over India?
(a) 1562 A.D.
(b) 1563 A.D.
(c) 1564 A.D.
(d) 1565 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1564 A.D.

Question 65.
When Akbar introduced a new religious Cult “Din-i-Illahi”?
(a) 1580 A.D.
(b) 1581 A.D.
(c) 1582 A.D.
(d) 1583 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1582 A.D.

Question 66.
Among the Hindus who has initiated in the new religious cult “Din-i-Illahi”?
(a) Birbal
(b) Bhagwan Das
(c) Mansingh
(d) Badauni
Answer:
(a) Birbal

Question 67.
For what purpose Akbar has constructed “Ibadat Khanna’ at Fatehpur Sikri?
(a) Smooth running of administration
(b) Religious discussion
(c) Shelter for poor
(d) Rest house for Ulemas
Answer:
(b) Religious discussion

Question 68.
Which two Hindu pundits were invited by Akbar and engaged in religious discussions?
(a) Purusottam and Devi
(b) Abdul Nabi and Sultanpuri
(c) Hirabijay Suri and Bhanu Upadhyaya
(d) Bihari Malla and Mansingh
Answer:
(a) Purusottam and Devi

Question 69.
Which two Pundits of Jaina Religion has invited by Akbar to Ibadat Khanna?
(a) Biharimall and Mansingh
(b) Hiravijay Surin and Vijaysen-Sun
(c) Abdul Nabi and Sultanpuri
(d) Purusottam and Devi
Answer:
(b) Hiravijay Surin and Vijaysen Suri

Question 70.
By whom the precious structure “Taj-Mahal” was built?
(a) Humayun
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahajahan

Question 71.
For tower structure which Monarch has brought the disciples of Veteran architect Siiian from Constantinople to India?
(a) Babar
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Sahajahan
Answer:
(a) Babar

Question 72.
The Sasanam grave tomb was built in Islamic style but its inner system was of Hinduist formulla by whom it was built?
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Sher Saha
Answer:
(d) Sher Saha

Question 73.
The grave of Humayun was built in the style ofTaimurlang who was the architect?
(a) Sinar
(b) Mirza Giyas
(c) Kasim Khan
(d) Istadlasa
Answer:
(b) Mirza Giyas

Question 74.
The Agna Red Fort of Akbar was in of new structural system basing upon old. Under whose jurisdiction it was built?
(a) Kasim Khan
(b) Akbar
(c) Bairam Khan
(d) Istadisa
Answer:
(a) Kasim Khan

Question 75.
“Buland Darwaza” was built for which ruler’s southern victory memory?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Sahajahan
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 76.
Who told “Fatepur architecture is of occeleration of stone. Under any time and any circumstance it is unthinkable and impossible”?
(a) Iswari Prasad
(b) V. A. Smith
(c) S. R. Sharma
(d) R. C. Majumdar
Answer:
(b) V. A. Smith

Question 77.
Which Mughal king has constructed “Mod Maszid’ for the honour of his own daughter Jahannara?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahazahan

Question 78.
Who said “Taj-Mahal is a memorable tower of love and affection in between husband and wife”?
(a) V. A. Smith
(b) Percy Brown
(c) Iswari Prasad
(d) S. P. Sharma
Answer:
(c) Iswari Prasad

Question 79.
What was the excellent monument of Mughal administration?
(a) Taj-Mahal
(b) Red Fort
(c) Moti Masjid
(d) Buland Darwaza
Answer:
(a) Taj-Mahal

Question 80.
Who was the founder of “Din-i-Illahi”?
(a) Sahajahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Akbar

Question 81.
Who constructed Fatepur Sikri?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(a) Akbar

Question 82.
By whom Red Fort was built?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahazahan

Question 83.
Where “Round Tower” was constructed?
(a) Jayapur
(b) Bijapur
(c) Gwalior
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(b) Bijapur

Question 84.
Where ‘“Mana Temple” was built?
(a) Agra
(b) Gwalior
(c) Jayapur
(d) Punjab
Answer:
(b) Gwalior

Question 85.
Who was Agareja?
(a) Renowned painter
(b) Famous poet
(c) Renowned architect
(d) One king
Answer:
(a) Renowned painter

Question 86.
For what Bishan Das was famous?
(a) Architecture
(b) Poem
(c) Painting
(d) Drama
Answer:
(c) Painting

Question 87.
By whom the “Peacock Throne” was constructed?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahazahan

Question 88.
Where “Hawa Mahal” is situated?
(a) Rajsthan
(b) Delhi
(c) Bombay
(d) Jaipur
Answer:
(d) Jaipur

Question 89.
Who built “Juma Maszid” at Delhi?
(a) Sahajahan
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Humayun
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Sahajahan

Question 90.
Where the grave tower of Sher Saha is seen?
(a) Fatepur Sikri
(b) Rajsthan
(c) Sasaram
(d) Jaypur
Answer:
(c) Sasaram

Question 91.
Who has wrote “Ramcharita Manas”?
(a) Sarala Das
(b) Valmiki
(c) Tulasi Das
(d) Jagannath Das
Answer:
(c) Tulasi Das

Question 92.
In Mughal architecture which place is regarded as “An epic of red Sandstone”?
(a) Old Fort
(b) Fatepur Sikri
(c) Taj Mahal
(d) Itmaudola grave
Answer:
(b) Fatepur Sikri

Question 93.
Who constructed Itmoudola grave?
(a) Sher Saha
(b) Nurjahan
(c) Humayun
(d) Mumtaz
Answer:
(b) Nuijahan

Question 94.
Where Auragzeb built his own grave?
(a) Sasharam
(b) Agra
(c) Sambal
(d) Aurangabad
Answer:
(d) Aurangabad

Question 95.
Which Mughal emperor has given utmost importance to indigenous painting and freed it from foreign influence?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Question 96.
By 1510 A.D. which European power was powerful at Goa?
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(d) Portuguese

Question 97.
Who was an eminent painter at the time of Jahangir?
(a) Asaf Khan
(b) Mir Sayad Ah
(c) Abul Hasan
(d) Abdul Samad
Answer:
(c) Abul Hasan

Question 98.
Which Mughal emperor has converted Delhi city to Marble city?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Shersaha
Answer:
(c) Sahajahan

Question 99.
By whom “Moti Masjid” of Agra was constructed?
(a) Akbar
(b) Sahajahan
(c) Jahangir
(d) Jurjahan
Answer:
(b) Sahajahan

Question 100.
Who was the builder of Agra Fort?
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Akbar

Question 101.
Which Mughal emperor celebrated “Raksha Vandhan” festival in his court premises?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Sahajahan
(c) Humayun
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 102.
Which system of Hindu principle was opposed by Din-i-Illahi?
(a) Early marriage
(b) Purda system
(c) Polygamy
(d) Sati burning system
Answer:
(a) Sati burning system

Question 103.
In Mughal period which Indian text was famous and translated into various Islamic languages?
(a) Ramayan
(b) Mahabharat
(c) Meghadoot
(d) Panchatantra
Answer:
(d) Panchatantra

Question 104.
Which Mughal emperor’s reign is regarded as the golden age of painting?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(a) Jahangir

Question 105.
By whose endeavour the small drawings of Mughal age are seen in security at the London city’s library?
(a) Dara Siko
(b) Nurjahan
(c) Mumtaz
(d) Suja
Answer:
(a) Dara Siko

Question 106.
In the century who advocated the theory of omnism from the philososphy of Upanishad and Propounded it?
(a) Harisena
(b) Vishnu Sharma
(c) Sankaracharya
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(c) Sankaracharya

Question 107.
Who said “Hindus believed in omnism and omnisciency of God. They prayed stone image or tree or sun for the cause it were all created by God”?
(a) Amir Khusru
(b) Ziauddin Barani
(c) Nizamuddin Aulia
(d) Baba Farid
Answer:
(a) Amir Khusru

Question 108.
Which language was known primarily as “Jabar-i-Hindvi”?
(a) Hindi
(b) Urdu
(c) Arabi
(d) Persian
Answer:
(b) Urdu

Question 109.
Which Muslim saint was the founder of Chisti clan?
(a) Shaikh Hamiuddin
(b) Shaikh Fariuddin
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti
(d) Nizamuddin Aulia
Answer:
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti

Question 110.
Which Sufi saint was in Ajmir at the reign of Prithviraj Chauhan?
(a) Baba Farid
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
(c) Muiuddin Chisti
(d) Shaik Hamiuddin
Answer:
(c) Muiuddin Chisti

Question 111.
Who was the first preacher of Sufi cult at India?
(a) Saikh Salim
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
(c) Nizamuddin Chirag
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(d) Muinuddin Chisti

Question 112.
Name of the eminent young disciple of Muinuddin?
(a) Shaikh Hamiuddin
(b) Shaikh Fariduddin
(c) Nizamuddin Aulia
(d) Shaikh Nasiruddin Aulia
Answer:
(a) Shaikh Hamiuddin

Question 113.
Which Sufi saint born at Badaun in 1236 A.D.?
(a) Shaikh Salim
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
(c) Baba Farid
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 114.
Which Sufi saint began his working life as Giyaspur near Delhi?
(a) Shaikh Salim
(b) Baba Farid
(c) Nizamuddin Aulia
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(d) Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 115.
Which Sultan of Delhi contacted many times Nizamuddin Aulia to meet him?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Alauddin Khilji
(c) Balaban
(d) Kutabuddin Aibak
Answer:
(b) Alauddin Khilji

Question 116.
Which sultan ordered Nizamuddin Aulia to leave Delhi?
(a) Alauddin Khilji
(b) Kutabuddin Aibak
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Giyasuddin Tughlaq
Answer:
(d) Giyasuddin Tughlaq

Question 117.
Which sufi saint is regarded as the “Chirag of Delhi”?
(a) Shaikh Narsiruddin
(b) Baba Farid
(c) Shaikh Salim
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(a) Shaikh Narsiruddin

Question 118.
Which sufi saint wandered many places of India and made popular the sufi cult?
(a) Shaikh Nasirudin
(b) Nizamudding Aulia
(c) Shaikh Allaudin Mohammad Sabir
(d) Shaikh Salim
Answer:
(c) Shaikh Allaudin Mohammad Sabir

Question 119.
Which sufi saint established sufi cult at Daulatabad?
(a) Shaikh Alluddin Mohammad Sabir
(b) Moulana Gharib
(c) Sayad Mohammad Zafar Ah
(d) Khwaja Banda Nawaj
Answer:
(b) Moulana Gharib

Question 120.
Which sufi saint was an eminent writer and philosopher?
(a) Moulana Gharib
(b) Khwaja Banda Nawaj
(c) Nizamudding Aulia
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(b) Khwaja Banda Nawaj

Question 121.
Which Sufi saint has established branch of sufi cult at Bengal?
(a) Shaikh Sherazuddin Usman
(b) Moulana Gharib
(c) Khwaja Banda Nawaj
(d) Saikh Allauddin Mohammad Sabir
Answer:
(a) Shaikh Sherazuddin Usman

Question 122.
Name of the introducer of suravardi branch of sufism?
(a) Khawaja Banda Nawaj
(b) Moulana Gharib
(c) Shaikh Shiabuddin
(d) Shaikh Sherazuddin Usman
Answer:
(c) Shaikh Shiabuddin

Question 123.
Which saint preached Vaishnavism during the first part of 12th century and introduced Bhakti movement?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Nimbark
(c) Ramananda
(d) Kabir
Answer:
(a) Ramanuja

Question 124.
Which saint was famous for his “Dis-similitary policy”?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Nimbark
(c) Madhab
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(b) Nimbark

Question 125.
Which Bhakti cult saint first preached Bhakti message in Hindi language?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Nimbark
(c) Madhab
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(d) Ramananda

Question 126.
When Kabir was born?
(a) 1434 A.D.
(b) 1435 A.D.
(c) 1438 A.D.
(d) 1440 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1440 A.D

Question 127.
Who was the first preacher of Bhakti cult at North India?
(a) Kabir
(b) Nimbark
(c) Ramanuja
(d) Nanak
Answer:
(a) Kabir

Question 128. Muslim weaver Ninu and his wife Nima reared upon to whom?
(a) Nimbark
(b) Nanak
(c) Kabir
(d) Sri Chaitanya
Answer:
(c) Kabir

Question 129.
The divine songs of Kabir are known as?
(a) Stanza poem
(b) Doha
(c) Sun Sagar
(d) Divine epilogue
Answer:
(b) Doha

Question 130.
Which saint of Bhakti movement was the follower of “Nirguna” cult?
(a) Ramananda
(b) Kabir
(c) Nanak
(d) Dadu Dayal
Answer:
(d) Dadu Dayal

Question 131.
Who first preached Bhakti cult as south India?
(a) Ramanuja
(c) Kabir
(b) Nimbark
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(a) Ramanuja

Question 132.
Which preacher of Bhakti cult burn at Prayag?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ramananda
(c) Nimbark
(d) Nanak
Answer:(b) Ramananda

Question 133.
The followers of which Bhakti cult saint are known as “Kabirpanthi” (Followers of Kabir)?
(a) Nanak
(b) Sri Chaitanya
(c) Kabir
(d) Nimbark
Answer:
(c) Kabir

Question 134.
Who established Sikh religion?
(a) Kabir
(b) Nanak
(c) Sri Chaitanya
(d) Ramanuja
Answer:
(b) Nanak

Question 135.
In 1469 who born at Talwandi near Lahore?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ramananda
(c) Kabir
(d) Nanak
AAnswer:
(d) Nanak

Question 136.
Whose verses are indebted in Gugu Granth Sahib or Adi Grantha?
(a) Nanak
(b) Kabir
(c) Ramanuja
(d) Sri Chaitanya
Answer:
(a) Nanak

Question 137.
When the demise of Nanak occured?
(a) 1536 A.D.
(b) 1537 A.D.
(c) 1538 A.D.
(d) 1539 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1538 A.D

Question 138.
Which saint selected Angada as his succession before his death?
(a) Kabir
(b) Ramananda
(c) Nanak
(d) Sri Chaitanya
Answer:
(c) Nanak

Question 139.
The famous “Ram Charita Manas” is written by whom?
(a) Nanak
(b) Mirabai
(c) Suradas
(d) Tulasi Das
Answer:
(d) Tulasi Das

Question 140.
Which personality was born in 1486 A.D. at Nabadwip in West Bengal?
(a) Nanak
(b) Sri Chaitanya
(c) Kabir
(d) Ramanuja
Answer:
(b) Sri Chaitanya

Question 141.
Jagannath Mishra and Sachi Devi were the parents of whom?
(a) Nanak
(b) Sri Chaitanya
(c) Kabir
(d) Ramanuja
Answer:
(b) Sri Chaitanya

Question 142.
Who was popular as Biswambara and Nimain?
(a) Sri Chaitanya
(b) Kabir
(c) Nanak
(d) Nimbark
Answer:
(a) Sri Chaitanya

Question 143.
Who was famous as Gouranga Mahaprabhu”?
(a) Nanak
(b) Kabir
(c) Sri Chaitanya
(d) Ballavacharya
Answer:
(c) Sri Chaitanya

Question 144.
When at Puri the demise of Sri Chaitanya occured?
(a) 1530 A.D.
(b) 1531 A.D.
(c) 1532 A.D.
(d) 1533 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1533 A.D.

Question 145.
Which saint wrote Bhagvat Gita in Marathi language?
(a) Jnaneswar
(b) Namdev
(c) Tukai-am
(d) Nanak
Answer:
(a) Jnaneswar

Question 146.
Which saint was a culprit in his primary life?
(a) Jnaneswar
(b) Namdev
(c) Tukaram
(d) Angada
Answer:
(b) Namdev

Question 147.
Which saint was the contemporary to Eminent Shivaji?
(a) Jnaneswar
(b) Angada
(c) Namdev
(d) Tukaram
Answer:
(d) Tukaram

Question 148.
Which saint got initiation from the Godly man Iswarpuri?
(a) Nimbark
(b) Nanak
(c) Sri Chaitanya
(d) Kabir
Answer:
(c) Sri Chaitanya

Question 149.
Name of the Chief religious book of the followers of Kabir?
(a) Doha
(b) Bijaka
(c) Granth Sahib
(d) Gurumukhi
Answer:
(b) Bijaka

Question 150.
Which Muslim poet first composed poem in Urdu language?
(a) Abdul Fazl
(b) Fayaji
(c) Amir Khusru
(d) Amir Hasan
Answer:
(c) Amir Khusru

Fill in the Blanks.

Question 1.
Al-Beruni has come to India at the time of sultan______.
Answer:
Mamud

Question 2.
The book of AI-Beruni was _______.
Answer:
Tahiq-E-Hind

Question 3.
Alberuni has born in_______ state of middle Asia.
Answer:
Khwarijam

Question 4.
At the time of attacking _______temple, Al-beruni was with sultan Mamud.
Answer:
Somanath

Question 5.
“Tahiq-E-Hind” book divided in to________ parts.
Answer:
80

Question 6.
In the language of Al-beruni the new muslims of India were called as________.
Answer:
Savage or unholy

Question 7.
According to the description of Al-beruni Indian social system was conducted by mainly_______system.
Answer:
Caste system.

Question 8.
Al-beruni his not given any information regarding the________part of India.
Answer:
Southern

Question 9.
Al-beruni was expert in_______and study.
Answer:
Mathematics and Astrology.

Question 10.
At India Al-beruni acquired _______ language.
Answer:
Sanskrit

Question 11.
Regarding India_______books were composed by Al-beruni.
Answer:
20

Question 12.
Alberuni has translated many books to Arabian language from________language of India.
Answer:
Sanskrit

Question 13.
Ibanbattuta was the ambassador of _______country.
Answer:
Africa

Question 14.
Ibanbattuta reached at sind in_______ A.D.
Answer:
1333

Question 15.
According to the description of Ibanbattuta_______system was rigorous in Hindu society of India.
Answer:
Caste System

Question16.
According to Ibanbattuta_______system was hand and fast within the women of India.
Answer:
Parda System

Question17.
According to the description of Ibanbattuta the Muslim students got their education at________.
Answer:
Muktab

Question 18.
At the reign of_______ Sultan Ibanbattuta had come to India.
Answer:
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq

Question 19.
The social condition of India was described in the_________ book of Ibanbattuta.
Answer:
Rihla

Question 20.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq has send Ibanbattuta to________country.
Answer:
China

Question 21.
The book “Travels in the Mughal Empire” was written by _______.
Answer:
Francois Bernier

Question 22.
Francois Bernier was born in_______ country.
Answer:
France

Question 23.
According to Francois Bernier_was the chief food in the North India.
Answer:
Roti

Question 24.
Francois Bernier has come as the personal doctor of________.
Answer:
Dara

Question 25.
According to_________ law the Turkish Muslims administered in India.
Answer:
Duoran

Question 26.
In the Sultan administration at Delhi_______was the Supreme authority in administration and law.
Answer:
Sultan

Question 27.
The sultan kingdom of Delhi was the kingdom of________type.
Answer:
Religious

Question 28.
Sultans were regarded as the representative of________.
Answer:
Khalifa

Question 29.
According to Islamic law___________ was the representative of God.
Answer:
Sultan

Question 30.
In the beginning of Eighth century_________ was the administrator of Iraq under Khalifa.
Answer:
Hejaj

Question 31.
In eighth century _______ was the Hindu king of Sindh.
Answer:
Dahir

Question 32.
In 712 A.D________attacked sindhu province.
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-kasim

Question 33.
________ principle of Islam was given importance in sultan age.
Answer:
Sariyat

Question 34.
The religious crusade in sultan age was known at_______.
Answer:
Zihad

Question 35.
In sultan administration the knowledgious and eminent persons were called as _______.
Answer:
Ulem

Question 36.
In sultan times the muslims were taught in_______ language.
Answer:
Persian

Question 37.
In the name of Khalifas _______ was recited.
Answer:
Khutwa

Question 38.
_______ were realised utmost power at the time of sultan administration.
Answer:
Ulema

Question 39.
In sultan times the muslims were taught in language.
Answer:
Persian

Question 40.
Minister engaged in religious work was known as _______.
Answer:
Sadar-as-Sadar

Question 41.
Military Minister was called as _______.
Answer:
Ariz-E-Mamalik

Question 42.
Agriculture Minister was called as _______.
Answer:
Amin-E-Kohi

Question 43.
Defence Minister was called ________.
Answer:
Diwan-E-Ariz

Question 44.
Foreign Minister in sultan age was known as______.
Answer:
Diwan-E-Rishalat

Question 45.
Minister engaged in royal corresponding known as _______.
Answer:
Diwan-E-Insa

Question 46.
In sultan administration Kazi-E-Mamalik was installed in_______ posts.
Answer:
Chief Judg

Question 47.
Chief in spy and news corresponding was known as_______.
Answer:
Barid-E-Mamalik

Question 48.
Urban development minister was called________.
Answer:
Mir-E-Amrat

Question 49.
In sultan age was _________engaged peace and discipline in the urban area.
Answer:
Katuala

Question 50.
In sultan administration the wali designated persons were __________.
Answer:
Administration of states

Question 51.
_________is the meaning of “Ushan”.
Answer:
Revenue collected from Muslims

Question 52.
Revenue collected from non-muslims in sultan age was known as _________.
Answer:
Kharaz

Question 53.
Religious revenues collected from muslims known as_________.
Answer:
Zakat

Question 54.
Religious revenues collected from non-muslims known as__________.
Answer:
Ziziya

Question 55.
According to Islamic law people not giving ________revenue was not able to settle in the state.
Answer:
Ziziya

Question 56.
The real founder of Delhi Sultan administration was________.
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 57.
________sultan in Delhi administration given utmost importance in military activities and efficiency of soldiers.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 58.
To give maximum facilities to soldiers ________sultan introduced market regulatory system.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 59.
At the time of Allauddin Khilji a symbol was engraved in every horse and________was its name.
Answer:
Hulia

Question 60.
In sultan administration states were known as________.
Answer:
Ikta

Question 61.
The union territories in sultan administration called as_______.
Answer:
Khalsa

Question 62.
________were engaged in district administration in sultan age.
Answer:
Sikdar

Question 63.
Each State was divided into many_______.
Answer:
Sik

Question 64.
Officials engaged for moral character and market control policy in sultan administration called as_________.
Answer:
Mohatosib

Question 65.
Sultan administration based on ________power.
Answer:
Military power

Question 66.
Sultans of Delhi established_______type administration.
Answer:
Dictatorship

Question 67.
sultan constructed Bandegan-e-chihilgan (forty groups).
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 68.
________sultan believed “Divine Monarchical system”.
Answer:
Giyasuddin Balban

Question 69.
________sultan introduced “Sizda” and “Pybus” principles.
Answer:
Giyasuddin Balban

Question 70.
________sultan began the works of famous Kutab-Minar.
Answer:
Kutabuddin Aibak

Question 71.
________sultan finished the eminent Kutab-Minar work.
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 72.
Delhi sultan________prevailed market regulating system.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 73.
________sultan from beginning was not a slave.
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 74.
________sultan from kingdom abolished the system of amputation limbs.
Answer:
Firozsaha Tughlaq

Question 75.
_______sultan first employed the Indian Muslims in Govt, administration.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 76.
In sultan age _______foreign ambassador has come to India.
Answer:
Marcopolo

Question 77.
In sultan age both in Hindu and Muslim community, the position of _______deteriorated.
Answer:
Women

Question 78.
In sultan age in Muslim society________ system was developed.
Answer:
Slave

Question 79.
In sultan administration the status oriented people were called as_______.
Answer:
Umar

Question 80.
In sultan age_______ visitor come to India and stayed here from 1334 A.D. to 1342 A.D.
Answer:
Ibanbattuta

Question 81.
In India_______ was the founder of Mughal empire.
Answer:
Babar

Question 82.
_______Mughal emperor has transferred capital from Agra to Delhi.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 83.
Many things regarding the food menus are known from the description of the visitor_______ , who has come at the time of Jahangir.
Answer:
Sir Thomas Roe

Question 84.
In mughal society_________was secured the highest position.
Answer:
King

Question 85.
The higher officials of Mughal court were popular in________ name.
Answer:
Mansabadari

Question 86.
Aeen-E-Akbari was written by _______.
Answer: Abul Fazal

Question 87.
The book “Humayun Nama” was written by_______.
Answer:
Gulbadan Begum

Question 88.
Akabar ejected pilgrimage tax from Hindus on _______ A.D.
Answer:
1563

Question 89. In the entire kingdom Akabar abolished the Zizya tax on_A.D.
Answer:
1564

Question90.
On the grave of________ Akbar constructed a memorable Masjid.
Answer:
Salim Chisti

Question 91.
In ______A.D. Akbar constituted a new religioius particle “Din-I-IIlahi?
Answer:
1582

Question 92.
By assembling the cream of each religion Akbar created a new religion and it was _____.
Answer:
Din-I-Illahi

Question 93.
Akabars Din-I-Illahi was based upon_______“Ism”.
Answer:
“All-Isms”

Question 94.
Among the Hindus_______ accepted “Din-I-IIIahi” religion.
Answer:
Birbal

Question 95.
At Fatepur Sikri Akbar constructed Ibadat Khanna for _______ purposes.
Answer:
Religious discussion

Question 96.
_______ and______ Hindu Pundits invited by Akbar to Fatepur Sikri for religious discussions.
Answer:
Purusottam and Devi.

Question 97.
Ibadat Khanna built Taj-Mahal.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 98.
Tajmahal regarded as best Ibadat Khanna sculpture.
Answer:
Indo-Islamic

Question 99.
From the account of_______ it was known that for the construction of Taj-Mahal it took twenty two years time and expenditure of three crores rupees.
Answer:
Javenier

Question 100.
Eminent sculpturist _______has described the grave of Humayun as “persian emotion of Indian description”.
Answer:
Percy Brown

Question 101.
For the construction of various towers in India________had brought the disciples of sinan of Constantinople to India.
Answer:
Babur

Question 102.
Sasaram grave tower though build in Islamic style still its inner position shows Hinduist culture and its creator was _______.
Answer:
Shersaha

Question 103.
The Dome of Humayun was built in the style of Taimurlangs dome. Name of its sculpturist_______.
Answer:
Mirza Giyas

Question 104.
By__________ guidance the Red Fort of Akbar was built.
Answer:
Kasim Khan

Question 105.
To memorise the southern vistory of_________ emperor Buland Darwaza was built.
Answer:
Akabar

Question 106.
_______opined that the “Fatepur sculpture is the acceleration of stone under any circumstances it is unthinkable and impossible.
Answer:
V.A.Smith

Question 107.
_________ Mughal emperor had built Moti Masjid to commemorate his daughter Jahannara.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 108.
__________ told that “Taj Mahal is the eternal emmorable tower of love and affection in between husband and wife.
Answer:
Iswariprasad

Question 109.
The best cultural episode was__________ in Mughal age.
Answer:
Taj Mahal

Question 110.
The meaning of Dil-I-Illahi is __________.
Answer:
Eternal faith

Question 111.
Son of Sahajan__________was an eminent artist.
Answer:
Dara

Question 112
In Mughal age Mirsaysd Ali was famous for________.
Answer:
Art

Question 113.
The builder of Fatepr Sikri was _______.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 114.
The builder of Red Fort was _________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 115.
Sahajan spent the last stage of life at ___________.
Answer:
Musmumkunz

Question 116.
Mir Hasan was the best _________ in the time of Sahajahan.
Answer:
Artist

Question 117.
In _________ A.D near Delhi Sahajan constructed a new city Sahajahanabad.
Answer:
1638

Question 118.
Jahangir slain to _________.
Answer:
Aijun Singh

Question 119.
Chief artist of Taj Mahal was __________.
Answer:
Ustad Isa

Question 120.
The round tower constructed at__________.
Answer:
Bijapur

Question 121.
Mana Mandira was built at___________.
Answer:
Gwalior

Question 122.
Agareja was an eminent __________.
Answer:
Artist

Question 123.
Bishan Das was famous for __________.
Answer:
Drawing

Question 124.
Mayur throne was built by ___________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 125.
Hawa Mahal is seen at____________.
Answer:
Jaypur

Question 126.
At Delhi Juma Masjid constructed by_____________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 127.
At___________ the grave tower of Sher Saha came into existance.
Answer:
Sasharam

Question 128.
Ramcharita Manas was written by __________.
Answer:
Tulsidas

Question 129.
_____________ place is popular as “Land of Red sand stone’s epic”.
Answer:
Fatepur Sikri

Question 130.
Builder of Itmudoula dome was _____________.
Answer:
Nurjahan

Question 131.
Aurangzeb has built his dome at_____________.
Answer:
Ourangabad

Question 132.
______________ Mughal emperor has freed Indian art from foreign influence.
Answer:
Jahangir

Question 133.
By 1510 A.D.__________Europeans were powerful in Goa.
Answer:
Portuguese

Question 134.
_____________was an eminent artist at the time of Jahangir.
Answer:
Abul Hassan

Question 135.
_____________ Mughal emperor converted Delhi city to a manual city.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 136.
Moti Masjid of Agra was built by_____________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 137.
Builder of Agra Fort was ____________.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 138.
_____________ Mughal emperor had celebrated “Rakshayabandhan Festival” in his court premises.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 139.
In Din-I-Illahi ___________ Hindu system was vehemently protested.
Answer:
Sati system

Question 140.
In middle____________famous Indian text had its importance and it was translated into many Islamic language.
Answer:
Panchatantra

Question 141.
Reign of________ Mughal emperor regarded s the Golden age in art.
Answer:
Jahangir

Question 142.
By the endeavor and collection of ___________he small art particles of Mughal period are seen in the libraries of London.
Answer:
Dara shiko

Question 143.
In nineth century___________ preached the theory of unilaternalism from Upanishad.
Answer:
Shankaracharya

Question 144.
__________told the Hindus believed in unilateralism and they had utmost faith in God and the cause of various worshipping is that they think it is the creation of God.
Answer:
Amir Khusru

Question 145.
________language was told at first tole “Yavan-E-Hindu”.
Answer:
Udru

Question 146.
Chisti clan was founded by________ muslim saint.
Answer:
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti

Question 147.
In _________A.D. Chisti clan begun.
Answer:
966

Question 148.
Sufi “Ism” in___________ century widely preached in India.
Answer:
Twelve

Question 149.
The meaning of sufi is__________.
Answer:
A material made in Ullen

Question 150.
At the reign of Pritviraj Chauhan__________ sufi saint lived in Ajmer.
Answer:
Muinuddin Chisti

Question 151.
The first preached preacher of sufi “Ism” in India was________.
Answer:
Muinuddin Chisti

Question 152.
Name of eminent young disciple of Khawaja Muinuddin Chisti was_________.
Answer:
Shaikh Hamiduddin

Question 153.
In I236 A.D. at Badaun________Sufi Saint had born.
Answer:
Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 154.
__________Sufi saint had begun his working life at Giyaspur near Delhi.
Answer:
Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 155.
____________ Sultan many times requested to meet Sufi saint Nizamuddin Aulia.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 156.
__________sultan had ordered Nizamuddin Aulia to left Delhi.
Answer:
Giyasuddin Tughlaq

Question 157.
__________sufi saint was known as “Chirag of Delhi”.
Answer:
Saikh Nasiruddin

Question 158.
_______sufi said had visited to many places of India and popularise sufi movement.
Answer:
Shaikh Allauddin Muhammad Sabir

Question 159.
Sufi saint_________ established Chisti clan at Daulatabad.
Answer:
Maulana Gharib

Question 160.
__________ sufi saint was an eminent written and Philosopher.
Answer:
Khwaja Banda Nawaz

Question 161.
At Bengal__________sufi saint established Chisti branch.
Answer:
Saikh Sherajuddin Usman.

Question 162.
Founder of Suravardi clan of sufism was _________.
Answer:
Shaikh Sihabuddin

Question 163.
Saint__________in twelvth. century’s first part preached Baishnavism and introduced Bhakti movement in india.
Answer:
Ramanuja’.

Question 164.
Saint________was popular for his “Divident” policy.
Answer:
Nimbark

Question 165.
________saint at first preached Bhakti cult in Hindi language.
Answer:
Ramananda

Question 166.
Kabir was born in ________A.D.
Answer:
1440

Question 167.
First preacher of Bhakti movement in North India has________.
Answer:
Kabir

Question 168.
Muslim weaver Niru and his wife Nima brought up to _______.
Answer:
Kabir

Question 169.
Divine songs of Kabir are popular as_______.
Answer:
Doha

Question 170.
__________saint of Bhakti movement was the follower of “Nirguna”.
Answer:
Dadu Dayal

Question 171.
__________saint first preached Bhakti cult in South India.
Answer:
Ramanuja.

Question 172.
Preacher of Bhakti cult_____________had born at Prayag.
Answer:
Ramananda

Question 173.
Disciples of__________saint of Bhakti movement were known as “Kabirparthi”.
Answer:
Kabir

Question 174.
Sikhism was founded by __________.
Answer:
Nanak

Question 175.
Nanak was born in ___________A.D.
Answer:
1469

Question 176.
Nanak was born at__________near Lahore.
Answer:
Talwandi

Question 177.
From___________word of Sanskrit “Sikh” word came into existance.
Answer:
Sisya

Question 178.
In “Guru Granth Sahab” on “Adi Granth” the verses of________saint are found.
Answer:
Nanak

Question 179.
In __________A.D. Nanak breathed his last.
Answer:
1538

Question 180.
__________ saint had chose angad as his successor before his death.
Answer:
Nanak

Question 181.
In 1486__________saint has born in Nabadwip of West Bengal.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 182.
Jagannath Mishra and Sachi Devi were the parents on____________.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 183.
__________was popular as Biswambara and Nimain.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 184.
___________ was famous as “rourranga Mahaprabhu”.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 185.
In___________ A.D. the death occured to Sri Chaitanya at Puri.
Answer:
1533

Question 186.
Saint__________composed “Bhagabat” in Marathi language.
Answer:
Ynameswara

Question 187.
__________ said was a culprit in his primary life.
Answer:
Namadev

Question 188.
Saint__________was contemporary to Chhatrapati Shivaji.
Answer:
Tukaram

Question 189.
_______ has took initiation from eminent saint Iswarapuri.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 190.
Religious text of “Kabirpanthis” is known as__________.
Answer:
Bijaka

Question 191.
__________ muslim poet first composed Urdu poem.
Answer:
Amir Khusru.

Question 192.
Fourth sikh Guru_________constructed Golden Temple at Amritsar.
Answer:
Ramdas

Question 193.
At Punjab in__________ place the death of Nanak occured.
Answer:
Kartarpur

Question 194.
The composer of “Chaitanya Chanitamamtra” is__________.
Answer:
Krushnadas Kabiraj

Question 195.
The other preacher ofBaishnavism___________had obtained pioneer ship of Krushnadeva Ray.
Answer:
Ballavacharya

Question 196.
Sufism in__________ century had eminent impact allover India.
Answer:
Twelvth

Question 197.
The presentation of woolen dresses and money purse given by____________ sultan was discarded by saint Shaikh Nasiruddin.
Answer:
Mahammad-Bin-Tughlaq

Question 198.
The famous “Panchasakha” of Odisha accepted the discipleship of_________.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 199.
If one get God by worshipping a stone, then I will worship a hill _________ said it.
Answer:
Kabir

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Give a note or permanent settlement and analysis its principles.
Answer:
Give, the founder of the British Empire, could not give to Bengal a good land system. The land revenue was collected from peasants through oppressive agents Warren Hastings tried his best to bring a better system. He established the Board of Revenue. He appointed European District Collectors to remain in charge of revenue collection.

But still, the difficulties continued. The real problem of the government was how to go to the countless villages and get land revenue from millions of peasants according to the size and nature of their lands. It was impossible for the European district collector, who was only one for each district, to do that work through his subordinate officers.

So, Warren Hastings thought of a system of auction. By that system, any man, who promised to collect the largest amount of revenue from an area, was given that land for 5 years. That man collected land revenue from villagers and paid it to the district authorities. The system proved dangerous. Those who promised to pay the maximum tried to collect as much as possible by oppressive means.

The people suffered badly. Hastings also experimented with the annual settlement of lands. But, that too, failed. That was the condition of the land revenue system when Cornwallis came. He came from a family of landlords in England. On Thursday, the British landlords were regarded as the permanent masters of their lands.

They locked to the interests of the peasants and their lands and collected revenue from them. As the landlords were hereditary their interests in the land were of a permanent nature. Cornwall thought of such a system in India. He thought of creating a class of hereditary landlords who should become permanent masters of their lands.

They should collect land revenue from the people and deposit it at the government treasury regularly at all times. In this work, the Governor-General was lapsed by an able administrator of that time. John-shore. He justified the need for a permanent class of landlords or zamindars, for the “security of government with respect to its revenues and the security and protection of its subjects.”

In Bengal before the British conquest, there were old Zamindar families who enjoyed hereditary rights on lands for a long. But after the country was conquered by the English, those Zamindars disappeared. Their lands were taken over by the Government. And the Government collected revenues by various methods, as already discussed. Cornwallis and share wanted to revive the class and give them the responsibility of revenue collection.

So, at last, Cornwallis issued a proclamation in 1973, introducing the permanent settlement. The proclamation ran as follows. Marquis Cornwallis, knight of the noblest order of the Garter Governor General- in-council now notifies all Zamindars, independent palookas, and other actual proprietors of land in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, that he has been empowered by the Honorable Court of Directors of the East India Company to declare the Jumma which has been or may be assessed upon their lands, fixed forever.

Firstly, it recognized the landlords as the proprietors of the land. It also recognized the rights of hereditary succession for the heirs or lawful successors of the landlords. Secondly, the landlords were given the right to transfer or sell their lands if they liked. Thirdly, all rights of the landlords depended on their payment of the fixed revenue on a fixed date at the treasury of the Government.

All their rights ended if they failed to pay. Fourthly, if fixed once and for all total amount of revenue is to be paid by each landlord for his Zamindari to the government. Finally, the landlord was required to give to the tenant the patta describing there in the area of the land and the rent to be collected for that land.

Thus the tenants got rights on their holdings and knew of the revenue to be paid. The permanent settlement became a subject of great controversy in the future. It contained both merits and demerits. Among the merits, the followings are noteworthy. Firstly, in those beginning days of British rule, the British administrative machinery could hot-touch the removed peasantry to collect revenue.

Modem means of communication did not exist. It was decided, therefore, to shift the responsibility to the shoulders of the Indian nobility. The landlords looked into the problems of the peasants. As the British Government could not have done much to solve the land problems, it was better than the class of landlords took up that work.

Secondly, the landlords were themselves the sons of the soil. They understood the real difficulties of the Indian villager and the problems of his cultivation. Therefore, in those days they served the people better. They knew that the land belonged to them for all time. It was their hereditary property. Therefore, they felt attached to their Zamindari and worked for its improvement.

Thirdly, the permanent settlement by being a permanent system created a sense of security in everyone concerned. There was a feeling of certainty in matters of land and revenue. The government knew its exact income from the land. It knew the fine of that income. It was also confident of the regularity of that income.

And, all such benefits were enjoyed without the burden of collecting it the time of that income. It was also confident of the regularity of that income. And all such benefits were enjoyed without the burden of collecting it from individual peasants. The landlord knew the area of his Zamindari. He knew the amount to be collected from that area.

He knew the amount to be paid to the Government from his collection. He knew the amount of his own income as the Zamindar. Therefore, he became habituated to a system on a permanent basis. It helped him to acquire efficiency in his work. The peasant knew the plot of his land. He regarded the patta as proof of his possession.

He knew the amount of the revenue to be paid to the landlord. And, he knew where, when, and how to pay. Thus, the government, the landlord, and the peasant were called aware of their respective positions m revenue matters. Fourthly, all kinds of details regarding the lands, the paper of the countless ryots, the question of their rights, etc were managed by the landlords, and their nails or managers, etc.

The Servants of the Zamindar were usually competent persons. They took their duties seriously and worked to the best of their ability. Fifthly, many of the landlords believed in philanthropic works for the benefit of their tenants. In those days, the Government did not establish charitable dispensaries or schools.

The government also did not dig wells or ponds for people’s welfare. Such works were done by the landlords out of religious considerations as well as for gaining popularity. Some of them believed that the prosperity of their sons and grandsons depended on their charitable works. Thus, in those remote days, the permanent settlement served some useful purpose.

More than a century after Cornwallis one of the famous economists of India. R.C. Dutta praised the permanent settlement in the following words. If the prosperity and happiness of a nation be the criterion of wisdom and success, Lord Cornwallis’s permanent settlement of 1793 is the widest and most successful measure which the British nation has ever adopted in India.”

Question 2.
Give an account of the Sanyasi Rebellion against British colonialism and its outbreak.
Answer:
Introduction :
The Sannyasi and Fakir Rebellion is an important episode in the early colonial rule in Bengal. The rebellion started in 1750 onwards but took a violent turn in 1773 when Warren Hastings assumed the Governor-Generalship of Bengal. The movement covered a wide range of Bengal and Bihar and continued for a long time.

It has already drawn the attention of historians viz. Jamini Mohan Ghosh to the present time. There is also a distorted reflection of rebellion in Bankim Chandra’s Anandamath for which Bankim Chandra has been accused. The present article implores how the Sannyasis and Fakirs launched the- campaign in an anti-colonial attitude against the Birth Reg.

And their trusted Zamindars. It was only possible due to their wide range of activities and organized network. The religious pilgrimage was no doubt a factor in combining the Sannyasis and Fakirs to launch a spontaneous movement for a long time. The dense forest and rivers also helped them to move to different parts of Bengal and Bihar and also to build up an organizational network with the other parts of India.

Geography and physical features of BiharThe Sannyasi and Fakir uprising affected a very wide area of Bengal, for nearly half a century neighboring Bihar could not escape from the insurgency of the Fakirs and Sannyasis. The historians, both past and present tried to show how the rebellion affected the East India company’s administration in Bengal.

Their activities in Bihar have been simply ignored. The present paper intents to throw light on some specific aspects of their rebellion in Bihar, viz, the geography and history of the rebellion, the organization through which they were able to operate their activities, reasons for their sudden emergence as insurgents, and also to find out the link between the rebellion that took place in Bengal with various parts of Bihar.

The present paper also seeks to explain whether the Sannyasis and Fakirs in Bihar were separate movements or just an offshoot of their insurgency in Bengal. Another question that needs to be answered in this context is why the Fakirs and Sanyasis choose this. Bihar was one of their hunting grounds.

Geographically Bihar was closely connected with the northern districts of Bengal, particularly with Malda, Dinajpur, and Rangpur. Even there was a direct link between Bihar and Morung in southern Nepal. Even the vast region of Northern India. Particularly, Banakes, Allahabad, and Mirzapur also had close links with Bihar.

This geographical contiguity could be strategically used by people coming from the North West towards Bihar and Bengal by river routes. The Fakirs and Sannyasis used to operate their activities in Malda. Dinajpur, Rangpur, and Cooch Behar or in other parts of esteem Bengal by using the rivers like Ganga choose (Kushi) and Gunduck (Gandak). The river Brahmaputra, Teesta, and Mahananda helped them to communicate with Assam and Bhutan.

As Glazier has remarked. “In 1787 the Tista river which had flowed southwest into Dinajpur district, finding its way to the Ganges met with some obstructions it its course and turned its mass of water into a small branch running south-east into the Brahmaputra forcing its was among the fields and over the country in every direction and filling the Ghagat, Manas and another river to overflowing.

Bihar was situated in such a geographical location that it was not difficult for the Fakirs and Sannyasis to establish a close link with Morung and the territories adjoining Nepal. This explains why the Fakirs and Sannyasis were chased in northern or eastern Bengal by the company’s forces, they took shelter in Bihar and from there they escaped either to Nonhem India or to Nepal.

From their centers in Northern India like Allahabad, Benares, and Mirzapur, their routes to their principal spoliation in Bengal ran through Bihar, and herein lies the importance of Bihar in the history of Fakir and Sannyasi uprisings. Besides they had to fortify their subsidiary centers in various parts of Bihar and maintained active contacts with Nepal for purpose of trade and religious pilgrimage.

The year 1765 is a landmark in the history of British administration in India, for in that year the East India Company obtained the dewani and became directly connected with the revenue administration of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. As L.S.S.O Mally has observed the internal administration was left largely in the hands of the great landholders or Zamindars who collected the revenue of the tracts under them and made it over the Nawabs officers.

In 1769 East India company officials under the designation of Supervisors began to collect the revenue in the districts. Jamini Mohan Ghosh pointed out that operations of the marauding bands begin to be recorded in reports and letters since the period. Vincent Smith also observed their incursions into Bengal ceased in the second year of the administration of Hastings.

History does not mention any further depredation by them in other provinces. The bands evidently melted away when the Bengal hunting ground was closed by the vigilance of the Governor. In fact, Bengal, or parts of it, Bihar continued to be a hunting ground for some years to come, though Fakirs were more prominent than Sannyasis.

Rebellious Upsurge :
In order to understand the nature of the Fakir and Sannyasi rebellions that took place in various parts of Bihar and Bengal it is necessary to have a rough idea of their jurisdictions. Pamela extended on the southeast to the river Mahananda including the western portion of the modem district of Malda.

The eastern portion of Malda was included in Dinajpur which had the Mahananda on the southwest Dinajpur included most of the modem district of Bagura, the sirajgang of sub-division of Patna, and the Tangail sub-division of Mymensingh with the exception of pargana. Pokhara on the northwest. If this included the extensive Parganas of Attia, Kagmari, and Barabas. Sillberis etc.

Rajshahi which was co¬extensive with the huge Rajshahi zamindari Of the Maharaja of nature extending over thirteen thousand square miles, included the present districts of Rajshahi, parts of Rangpur, and Pabna. It even extended beyond the Ganges to some Parganas in the present districts of lessor near Nadia.

The rest of the present district of Mymensingh including some portion of the northwest (pargana karaibari of Gooalpara district in Assam) was included in Dacca under its chief. The above gives a rough outline of the revenue jurisdiction of the early British period.- It was a very inconvenient arrangement from the point of view of the Resident officials who had to devise measures of protection of defense when suddenly confronted with the presence of bodies of Fakirs and Sannyasis within their jurisdictions.

Question 3.
Estimate the causes and effects of the Paik rebellion.
Answer:
Introduction:
The Paiks were the traditional landed militia of Odisha. They served as warriors and were charged with policing functions during peacetime. The paiks were organized into three ranks distinguished by their occupation and the weapons they wielded. These were the Paharis, the bearers of shields and the khanda (sword), the Banuas who led distant expeditions and used matchlocks, and the Dhenkiyasarches who also performed different duties in Odisha armies.

The conquest of Odisha by the East India Company in 1803 and the dethronement of the Raja of Khurda began the fall of the power and prestige of the Parks. The attitude of the company to the parks was expressed by waiter Ewer on the commission that looked into the causes of the Rebellion, thus.

Now there is no need for the assistance of Paiks at Khurda. It is dangerous to keep them in the British armed forces. Thus they should be treated and dealt with as common Ryots and Land revenue and other taxes should be collected from them. They must be deprived of their former jagir lands rent-free lands given to the Paiks for their military service to the state) within a short period of time, the name of paid has already been forgotten.

But still now where the Paiks are living they have retained their previous aggressive nature. In order to break their poisonous teeth the British police must be highly alert to keep the paiks under their control for a pretty long period, unless the community is ruined completely the British rule can not run smoothly.

Causes of the rebellion :
The Paik rebellion had several social, economic, and political reasons. The paiks were alienated by the British regime who took over the hereditary rent-free lands granted to them after the conquest of Khurda. They were also subjected to extortion and oppression at the hands of the company government and its servants.

Had conciliatory measures been adopted towards the Paiks from the beginning? It is possible that they would have become a source of strength to the company rule in Odisha. The extortionist land revenue policy of the company affected the peasants and the zamindars alike. A source of much consternation for the common people was the rise in the price of salt due to taxes imposed on it by the new government.

The company also abolished the system of cowrie currency that had existed in Odisha prior to its conquest and required that taxes be paid in silver. This caused much popular hardship and discontent. In 1804 the Raja of Khurda planned a rebellion against the British in alliance with the Paiks, but the plot was soon discovered and the Raja’s territory was confiscated.

Leaders and participates :
The Paiks were led by Bakshi Bangabandhu Bidyadhar Mohapatra, Bhramarabar Ray the former Bakshi or commander of the force of the Raja Khurda. Jagabandhu’s familial estate of Killa Rorang was taken over by the British in 1814 reducing him to penury. When the rebellion broke out in March 1817 the Paiks came together under his leadership.

Raja Mukunda Deva the last king of Khurda was another reader of the Indian rebels. The rebellion enjoyed widespread support in Oriya society with feudal chiefš, zamindars ad the common people of Odisha participating in it. The zamindars of karipur Mrichpur, Goira Balarampur. Budnakera and Rupasa supported the Paiks.

White the revolt started from Banapur and Khurda, it quickly spread to other parts of Odisha such as Pun, Pipili, and Cuttack and to several remote villages including Kanika, kujanga, and pattamundai. The Rajas of Kanika, Kujang, Nayagarh, and Ghumusur aided Jagabandhu and Dalbehera Mirhaiclar Alli of Jadupur was an important Muslim rebel.

The course of the rebellion:
Discontent over the policies of the company simmered in Odisha when, in March 1817, a 400-strong party of Kansas crossed over into Khurda from the State of Ghumsur, openly declaring their rebellion against the company’s rule. The Paiks under Jagabandhu joined them1 looting and setting to fire the police station and post office at Banapur.

The rebels then marched to khurda itself, which the company abandoned, sacking the city buildings and the treasury there Another body of rebels captured paragana Lembai, where they killed native officials of the company. The company government, led by E Impey. the magistrate at Cuttack dispatched a force to quell the rebellion under Lieutenant Prideaure to Khurda and Lieutenant Fairs to Pipli in the beginning of April.

These met with sustained attacks from the paiks, forcing them to retreat to Cuttack suffering heavy losses, and Fans himself was killed by the Paiks. Another force was sent to Pun under Captain wellington. However, faced little opposition and on 9 April a force of 550 men was sent to Khurda. There days later they took Khurda and DCC bred mortal law in the Khurda territory.

Even as the British managed to wrest control of Khurda. Purl itself fell to the insurgents led by Bakshi Jagabandhu and the British were forced to retreat to Cuttack by 18 April. Cuttack remained out from the now rebel-held portions of southern Odisha and theater the British remained unaware of the fate of the force they had dispatched to Ja. The force’s successes in Khurda allowed the commanding officer. Captain Le Fever, to sue the insurgents into Pun.

This British party defeated a thousand strong but ill equip of Paiks as they marched to Purl, and they retook Purl and captured the Raja so he could escape from the town. The uprising spread rapidly across Odisha and there were several encounters between the British and Paik forces including at Cuttaclc Where the latter was quickly put down. By May 1817, the British managed to re-establish their authority over the entire province but it was long. While before the tranquility finally returned to it.

The Effects :
In may 1817 the British posted judges to Khruda to sentence the captured rebels. The rebels were awarded sentences of death, transportation, and long-term imprisonment. Between 1818 and 1826 the company’s forces undertook camping operations in the Jungies of Khurda to capture and put to death rebels who had managed to escape.

In these operations, numerous Paiks were killed. Their leader, Jagabandhu, surrendered to the British in 1825 and lived as their prisoner in Cuttack until 1829 when he died. On capturing Puri, Jagabandhu had offered to reinstate Raju Mukunda Deva who the British had dethroned in 1804 and exiled to Puri – as the Raja of Khurda.

Although he turned down the offer and asked for British assistance, he was arrested when the British he took the road and was imprisoned at Cuttack. The Raja died a British prisoner in November 1817. The East India Company also appointed a commission to inquire into the causes of the rebellion. The British set about reorienting their administration under the newly appointed commissioner of Cuttack. Robert kert to ensure such a rebellion would not repeat itself.

These attempts remained halfhearted at best the British viewing Odisha largely as a convenient land link between their presidencies of Madras and Bengal Odisha continued to be wracked by localized insurgencies including at Tapanga in 1827 and the Banapur Rebellion of 1835. The revenue policies of the company in Odisha, which was a major course of the hardship of the people, remained unchanged.

Question 4.
The background and accumulated Santhal rebellion against British colonists.
Answer:
The uprising of the Santhals began as a tribal reaction to and deposit the British revenue system. Usury practices and the zamindari system in India in the tribal belt of what was then known as the Bengal presidency. It was a revolt against the oppression of colonial rule propagated through a distorted revenue system enforced by the local Zamindars, the police, and the courts of the legal system set up by the British.

Before the British advent in India. Santhals resided in the hilly districts of Manbhum, Barabhum Chhotanagpur. Palamau and Birbhum. They lived an agrarian lifestyle, by clearing forest patches cultivating, and hunting for subsistence. But as the agents of the new colonial rule claimed their rights on the lands, the Santhals retreated to the hills of Rajmahal.

After a brief period the British operatives with their native underlings, i.e. the local landlords lay claim to this new land as well. Zamindars and the money lenders allured them by goods lent to them on loans. Through corrupt practices of the money lenders, the loan grew to prohibitive proportions, for repaying which entire family had to work as bonded laborers. This dispossession turned the Santhals into rebels and finally, they took an oath to launch an attack on the ruling authority i.e. the British.

Rebellion:
On 30 June 1855 two santal rebel leaders. Sido and Kanhu Murmu mobilized ten thousand Santhals and declared a rebellion against British colonists. Sindhu Murmu had accumulated about ten thousand Santhal to run a parallel government against British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making his own laws. Soon after the declaration, the Santhals took to arms.

In many villages, the Zamindars, money lenders, and their operatives were put to death. The open rebellion caught the British Government in success and this further fueled the spirit of the revolt. When the law and order situation was getting out of hand the British Government finally took a major step and sent a large number of troops assisted by the local zamindars and the Nawab of Murshidabad to quell the Rebellion. British Government had announced an award of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sindhu and his brother Rnhu Murmu.

A number of skirmishes occurred after this which resulted in a large number of casualties for the Santhals. The primitive weapons of the Santhals were not a match against the musket and cannon firepower of the British. Troop detachments from the 7th Native Infantry regiment 40th Native Infantry and others were called into action. Major skirmishes occurred from July 1855 to January 1856 in places like Kahalgaon. Suri Reghunathpur and Munkatora.

The Revolt was brutally crushed the two celebrated leaders Sidhu and Kanhu were killed. Elephants supplied by the Nawab of Murshibadbad were used to demolish Santhal huts and likewise, atrocities were committed by the British army and it allies in suppressing the Rebellion of the 60,000 odd tribesmen who had been mobilized in rebellion, over 15,000 were killed and tens of villages were destroyed.

They did get the support of Gwalas (milkmen) and lahars (blacksmiths). Although the Rebellion was crushed with, a heavy hand some British army officers like Major Jervis observed. It was not warring they did not understand yielding. As long as their national drum beat, the whole party would stand and allow themselves to be shot down.

Their arrows killed our men and so we had to fire on them as long as they stood. When their drum ceased they would move off a quarter of a mile then their drums beat again, and they calmly stood till we came up and poured a few volleys into them. There was not a sepoy in the war who did not feel ashamed of himself.

Charles Dickens in Household words wrote.
There seems also to be a sentiment of honor among them (Santhals) for it is said that they use poisoned arrows in hunting, but never against their foes. If this be the case and we hear nothing of the poisoned arrows in the recent conflicts they are infinitely more respectable than our civilized enemy the Russians who would most likely consider such for bearing as foolish and declare that is not war.

Although its impact was largely shadowed by that of the other rebellion, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the legend of the Santhal Rebellion lives on as a turning point in Santhai pride and identity. This was reaffirmed, over a century and a half later with the creation of the first tribal province in independent India Jharkhand.

Question 5.
Discuss the social and religious cause of the Great Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Social cause The British conquest of India was followed by western influences ‘ on Indian Society. Many changes began to appear thereby. Western culture spread in many ways. In some respects, the impact of the west was useful no doubt. But the conservative society could not appreciate many of the new ideas which came. The time of lord William Bentick saw several social reforms.

To the orthodox people, those reforms were unwanted. The abolition of the sati system led some people to complain that the Government had. to right to interfere with the Hindu social systems. The talk of widow marriage at the time of Dalhousie shocked the orthodox people greatly. In the meantime, western education began to spread.

The English-educated young people came under modern influences and began to Criticise the superstition in their own society. They wanted changes and reforms. Their manners & behavior greatly displeased, the orthodox people. Thus there was going on a silent mental hostility between the conservation & the progressive sin; the Indian society.

The orthodox people thought that by the rapid spread of English Education, the fabric of the traditional Indian society should break. Ultimately there should rise up an artificial western society on Indian soil. That fear made them unhappy. They regarded the British Govt, as the enemy of the Indian people. Social discontent began to grow.

The religious cause:
Almost from the beginning of British rule Christian missionaries tried to preach Christianity among the people. Gradually their activities began to increase. The Govt permitted the missionaries to come from England without any restriction. Their number thus grew considerably. They established schools at many places.

To conservative Indians, missionary activities appeared very dangerous. In times of famine & other calamities, the missionaries helped the helpless with food or shelter. Such works also shocked Indian conservation. Those Hindus who embraced Christianity were not allowed to inherit their paternal property.

A fear, as well as a, run spread among the orthodox Indians that the Govt, would convert India into a Christian country in the course of time. Those were the days when people believed in all types of rumors. The enemies of the English spread rumors that in order to destroy the religion of the Hindus the British mixed the power of animal bones with salt.

It was also circulated that the flesh of pigs and cows was thrown into wells. The religious sentiments of Muslims and Hindus were greatly hurt by such stories. They became fearful regarding their religions. The orthodox and pious Brahmins could not like the rule of the British on religious grounds. In the right time, they came forward to create discontent in the minds of their countrymen. Thus, there developed a religious grievance against British rule. It became one of the causes of the Revolt.

Question 6.
Discuss the consequences of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
The Great Revolt of 1857 did not succeed in achieving its aim. But it had to reach consequences. Some of the important consequences were as follows :
End of the company’s rule :
The first important consequence of the war was the end of the rule of the East India Company. In 1858, the British parliament passed enact for the better government of India, by which the government of India was transferred to the British Queen and her parliament. Thus, the rule of the company came to an end. The Governor General was made the viceroy. Lord Canning became the first viceroy under this Act.

Queen Victoria’s proclamation :
Queen Victoria was ruling England at the time of the war. The decision to end the company’s rule in India and the transfer of the government of India by queen victoria’s proclamation. This proclamation was made by Lord Canning in a grand Durbar at Allahabad on the 15th the new Government towards Indian princes in order to make them loyal to the British. According to the proclamation, people were guaranteed fuel religious freedom & they were assured that the Govt, would not interfere in their religious beliefs & practices.

Religious freedom :
The new Govt, quadrant fed full religious freedom to the people of India. The Indians were assured that they would be appointed to high posts, irrespective of their caste or creed.

Reorganization of the Army:
the army was reorganized. The proportion of Europeans of Indians in the army was raised. To curb nationalism, Indian soldiers of different communities castes, and religions were all mixed up.

End of Peshwaship and the Mughal rule :
The war also ended the Peshwarship and the Mughal rule. Similarly, the title of Mughal Emperor was also abolished with the death of Bahadur Shah II with his revolt, the great Mughal dynasty founded by Babar in 1526, ended.

Economic Exploitation :
After the revolt, the economic exploitation of India by the British became more prominent. The British abused their political power for their economic interests. India now became a dumping ground for British manufacturers. For an investment of capital, if offered unlimited scope for commercial and industrial enterprises like railways, steamers, tea and coffee plantation, etc.

Policy ‘Divide & Rule’:
The British followed the policy of Divide & Rule. During the war, the Hindus & the Muslims fought together. The British first victimized the Muslims and favored the Hindus. After the revolt, they reversed the policy of treatment. This policy of ‘Divide & Rule’ led to the partition of India.

Rise of Nationalism :
It aroused national feelings & paved the way for the rise of the National movement which ultimately won freedom for India in 1947.

Question 7.
Discuss the Important of the Non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji.
Answer:
Under the leadership of Gandhiji, the Indian National Congress decided in 1920 to start a Non-violence Struggle in India. The Rowlatt Act, of 1919, the Jallianawala-Bagh Tragedy, and the khilafat movement were some backgrounds, leading to the Noncooperation movement of 1921. Gandhiji adopted various methods like satyagraha, swadeshi, mass movement, etc. The Non-Cooperation movement had the. following program.

• Use of Swadeshi goods.
• Nationalisation of education.
• Popularisation of charkha and khadi.
• Enrolment of volunteers.
• Boycott of foreign goods.
• Boycott of an educational institution.
• Boycott of the election.
• Boycott of British goods.
• Boycott of Govt, functions.
• Surrender of honors and titles conferred by the British.

Gandhiji went around the country and mobilized public opinion in favor of the movement with the clarion call of Mahatma Gandhi, many educated Indians, returned their degrees, titles & honors. People boycotted Govt, functions, and thousands of people lift the Govt jobs. The lawyers gave up their practice.

The student left their school and colleges. There were many leading figures who participated in the movement. Among them Motilal Nehru, Zakir Hussain, and Lala Lajpat Ray were prominent. Khadi became the symbol of freedom. A wave of enthusiasm swept the country. People routed the strike hartal everywhere.

While the movement was going on violence broke out at chaurichaure a village in Gorakhpur, in the district of Uttar Pradesh in the year 1922 where a violent mob stormed and brunt a police station and killed twenty-two policemen. As Gandhiji was the opposite of Non-violence therefore he suddenly announced the suspension of the movement.

However, the movement had for reaching effects. It brought Gandhiji into close touch with the masses. It brought about Hindu-Muslim unity. The movement provided a national base to congress. The Indians realized that if they work united, the road to freedom was not far away.

Question 8.
Assess the role of Odisha in the civil disobedience movement.
Answer:
Odisha played a vital role in the civil disobedience movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. Included was main the center of salt satyagraha in Odisha. After Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law on the seashore of Dandi, a place named Inchudi on the sea coast of Balasore district was selected for the breaking of the salt law under the leadership of Acharya Harihar dash.

The first batch of the Satyagrahis began their march to Inchudi on 6th April 1930 under the banner of Gopabandhu Choudhury. Women like Ramadevi, and Malati Devi became the Satyagrahi. Hundreds of men & women from different comers of Odisha began their March towards the coast to prepare salt from seawater. That salt was sent to other places to symbolize the disobedience of the governing law.

The Oriya women took an active part in this movement. The movement suddenly spread to other places on Odisha’s seacoast where men & women in large numbers prepared salt from seawater. They defined the police force & marched ahead for law-breaking. Kujang in Cuttack district. Ashtanga in Puri district and Huma in Ganjam district become some of the notable places where on the seashore people broke the salt law of the government.

What surprised the congress leader of India was the participation of a large number of women in the salt satyagraha movement in Odisha. No doubt the Govt, suppressed the movement, and many Oriya leaders were taken to Jail. Even after the Gandhi. Irwin pact the movement could last long. In the Salt satyagraha movement, Odisha gained credit on two accounts:

• According to a British report, the Inchudi event was second only to Mahatma Gandhi’s Dandi march in the whole of India
• A large number of Oriya women from all sections of society took part in the breaking up of the law, which surprised the Government and pleased the congress. Indeed Gandhi’s civil Disobedience movement got a warm reception in Odisha & it clearly shows the heroism of the Oriyas.

Question 9.
Analyze the significance of the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
The Quit India movement (1942) was the last non-violence struggle of Garidhiji in India. It is also known as the ‘Do or Die’ movement & August Kranti. It was an unimportant landmark in India’s struggle for freedom. Its importance may be summed up in the following way. First, the movement warned the British that they were not wanted in India. Secondly, It aroused among people a spirit of total sacrifice.

Thirdly, there was nothing to stop Indians from attaining their freedom because the Indian revolution reached its climax. Fourthly, The wholehearted response of the people to the movement has tended to the British decision to quit India. Fifthly, In the history of British rule in India, no such revolt had occurred earlier.

Sixthly, people from all sections men, women, children, handicapped, and older generations alike, all had joined in this movement. Seventhly, There was no rest part of India where the movement was not galvanized. Eighty, people joined certainly feel love for their motherland last but not least The quit India movement led the Indian freedom battle very close to freedom. After the end 6f this movement, it was amply clear. The Indians tested freedom on 15 August 1947.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 2 Religious Movements of Sixth Century BC Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 2 Religious Movements of Sixth Century BC Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1.
In which century B.C. Jainism and Buddhism rose to the eminent religious aspects.
(a) 6th century B.C.
(b) 7th century B.C.
(c) 9th century B.C.
(d) 10th century B.C.
Answer:
(a) 6th century B.C.

Question 2.
Who is regarded as the first Tirthankar of Jainism?
(a) Parsvanath
(b) Rishavnath
(c) Mahavir Vardhaman
(d) Gautama Buddha
Answer:
(b) Rishavnath

Question 3.
Who is the 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism?
(a) Parsvanath
(b) Neminath
(c) Mahavir
(d) Rishavanath
Answer:
(a) Parsvanath

Question 4.
In the 6th century B.C. Mahavir was born in which Kshatriya dynasty?
(a) Sakya
(b) Jnatrika
(c) Lichhabi
(d) Malla
Answer:
(b) Jnatrika

Question 5.
In which village of Gideha state of ancient India Mahavira Jina was born?
(a) Kapila Bastu
(b) Timbika village
(c) Kunda Grama
(d) Rajagriba
Answer:
(c) Kunda Grama

Question 6.
For the development of life who proclaimed the “Four-fold division of Religion”?
(a) Neminath
(b) Rishavnath
(c) Mahavir
(d) Parsvanath
Answer:
(d) Parsvanath

Question 7.
Which number “Tirthankar” was Mahavir Jina?
(a) 14th
(b) 22nd
(c) 23rd
(d) 24th
Answer:
(d) 24th

Question 8.
Name of the father of Mahavir Jina?
(a) Siddhartha
(b) Parsvanath
(c) Suddhodan
(d) Sariputta
Answer:
(a) Siddhartha

Question 9.
Name of the mother of Mahavira Jina?
(a) Mayadevi
(b) Goutami
(c) Trishala
(d) Karubaki
Answer:
(c) Trishala

Question 10.
What was the childhood name of Mahavira?
(a) Nataputra
(b) Goutama
(c) Jnanaputra
(d) Vardhamana
Answer:
(d) Vardhamana

Question 11.
When Vardhana Mahavira was born?
(a) 536 B.C.
(b) 538 B.C.
(c) 540 B.C.
(d) 542 B.C.
Answer:
(c) 540 B.C.

Question 12.
Near the pipal tree which village Mahavira got extreme knowledge of “Kevala Gyana”?
(a) Kunda Grama
(b) Tumbika Grama
(c) Gaya
(d) Vaisali
Answer:
(b) Tumbika Grama

Question 13.
Mahavira got extreme knowledge of which eternal river?
(a) Rijupalika
(b) Saraswati
(c) Sindhu
(d) Ganga
Answer:
(a) Rijupalika

Question 14.
Who preached “Pancha Mahabharata”?
(a) Mahavira
(b) Siddhartha
(c) Neminath
(d) Rishavanath
Answer:
(a) Mahavira

Question 15.
Name of Mahavira’s wife?
(a) Jasodhara
(b) Gopa
(c) Priyadarshini
(d) Yasoda
Answer:
(d) Yasoda

Question 16.
Name of the daughter of Vardhamana Mahavira?
(a) Gopa
(b) Priyadarshini
(c) Ninnala
(d) Vasundhara
Answer:
(b) Priyadarshini

Question 17.
With the “Fourfold principle of life” of the previous Tirthankar Parsvanath, Mahavira added which principle?
(a) Non-violence
(b) Truth
(c) Non-Possession
(d) Brahmacharya on celibacy
Answer:
(d) Brahmacharya on celibacy

Question 18.
Where the great life of Mahavira ended?
(a) Pava
(b) Kusinagar
(c) Magadha
(d) Vaisali
Answer:
(a) Pava

Question 19.
Jainist system of Right faith, Right knowledge add Right Action is regarded as which principle?
(a) Tri-principle
(b) Tri-column
(c) Tri-Ratna
(d) Salvation
Answer:
(c) Tri-Ratna

Question 20.
Which long of Odisha was the pioneer of Jainism?
(a) Mukundadeva
(b) Prataprudradeva
(c) Kharavela
(d) Narasinghadeva
Answer:
(a) Kharavela

Question 21.
Where Jaina caves are found in Odisha?
(a) Lalitagiri
(b) Ratnagiri
(c) Udayagiri
(d) Dhauli
Answer:
(a) Lalitagiri

Question 22.
In which language Mahavira preached his message?
(a) Pali
(b) Prakrit
(c) Magadhi
(d) Andha-Magadhi
Answer:
(d) Andha-Magadhi

Question 23.
In which principle Mahavira stressed the utmost importance?
(a) Nonpossession
(b) Non-violence
(c) Karma and Rebirth
(d) Re-birth
Answer:
(b) Non-violence

Question 24.
Mahavira discarded the importance of which epic?
(a) Veda
(b) Upanishad
(c) Geeta
(d) Tripitaka
Answer:
(a) Veda

Question 25.
Who is regarded as “Natasutra”?
(a) Vardhaman Mahavira
(b) Parsvanath
(c) Siddhartha
(d) Rishavanath
Answer:
(a) Vardhaman Mahavira

Question 26.
Among the booklets which is the epic of Jainism?
(a) Sangita
(b) Veda
(c) Kalpasutra
(d) Tripitaka
Answer:
(c) Kalpasutra

Question 27.
Who is the founder of Buddhism?
(a) Asoka
(b) Harshavardhana
(c) Goutama Buddha
(d) Mahaira Jina
Answer:
(c) Goutama Buddha

Question 28.
Where Goutama Buddha was born?
(a) Lumbini garden of Kapilavastu
(b) Vaisali
(c) Rajagriha
(d) Uruvilva
Answer:
(a) Lumbini garden of Kapilavastu

Question 29.
When Gautama Buddha was born?
(a) 540 B.C.
(b) 468 B.C.
(c) 566 B.C.
(d) 486 B.C.
Answer:
(c) 566 B.C.

Question 30.
What was the name of the father of Gautama Buddha?
(a) Suddhodana
(b) Nandivardhan
(c) Siddhartha
(d) Parsvanath
Answer:
(a) Suddhodan

Question 31.
What was the name of the mother of Gautama Buddha?
(a) Yasoda Dcvi
(b) Mayadevi
(c) Trisala
(d) Kausalya
Answer:
(b) Mayadevi

Question 32.
To which Kshatriya dynasty Buddhadeva belongs?
(a) Jnatrika
(b) Sakya
(c) Moriya
(d) Ikshaku
Answer:
(b) Sakya

Question 33.
Who is regarded as the Light of Asia?
(a) Moka
(b) Hiuen Tsang
(c) Gautama Buddha
(d) Mahavira Jina
Answer:
(c) Gautama Buddha

Question 34.
Where Buddha got Enlightenment?
(a) Rajagriha
(b) Vaisali
(c) Kapilavastu
(d) Buddhagaya
Answer:
(d) Buddhagaya

Question 35.
In Buddhism which system is regarded as the “Turning of the Wheel of Law (Dharma Chakra Pravartan)”?
(a) First Sermon of Buddhism
(b) Buddhist Epic
(c) Birth of Buddha
(d) Death of Buddha
Answer:
(a) First Sermon of Buddhism

Question 36.
Where Buddha delivered his first sermon?
(a) Saranath
(b) Gaya
(c) Uruvilva
(d) Kusinara
Answer:
(a) Saranath

Question 37.
What is the name of the epic of Buddhism?
(a) Anga
(b) Upanga
(c) Kalpasutra
(d) Tripitaka
Answer:
(d) Tripitaka

Question 38.
In which year of his life Buddha got ‘Enlightenment’?
(a) 29
(b) 34
(c) 35
(d) 42
Answer:
(c) 35

Question 39.
During the last stage of his meditation, Buddhadeva took a little food from which village girl and continued meditation?
(a) Gopa
(b) Yasoda
(c) Sujata
(d) Manini
Answer:
(c) Sujata

Question 40.
Name of the wife of Gautama Buddha?
(a) Yasoda
(b) Priyadarsini
(c) Yasodhara
(d) Trisala
Answer:
(c) Yasodhara

Question 41.
Name of the son of Gautama Buddha?
(a) Rahula
(b) Chandan
(c) Gautama
(d) Parsvanath
Answer:
(a) Rahula

Question 42.
During the city tour how many scenes affected Gautama Buddha?
(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 2
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Question 43.
The renouncement of family life is regarded as what in Buddhist text?
(a) Turning of the wheel of law
(b) Mahapariniman
(c) Mahaviniskramana
(d) Fourfold division of life
Answer:
(c) Mahaviniskramana

Question 44.
During the first stage of his meditation from which philosopher Gautama Buddha got some divine knowledge?
(a) Allan Kalam
(b) Udraka Ramputra
(c) Mogglan
(d) Sariputra
Answer:
(a) Allan Kalam

Question 45.
When Buddha renounced his life?
(a) 540 B.C.
(b) 566 B.C.
(c) 486 B.C
(d) 468 B.C.
Answer:
(a) 486 B.C.

Question 46.
Where Buddha ended his life?
(a) Pava
(b) Samath
(c) Kusinagar
(d) Bodhagaya
Answer:
(c) Kusinagar

Question 47.
The renouncement of Buddha’s life is regarded as what in Buddhist text?
(a) Mahaviniskramana
(b) Turning of the Wheel of Law
(c) Mahapaninirvan
(d) Dharma Sansthan
Answer:
(c) Mahaparinirvan

Question 48.
In 486 B.C. who presided over the first Buddhist conference at Rajgriha?
(a) Ajatasatru
(b) Mahakasyap
(c) Hiuen Tsang
(d) Sariputta
Answer:
(b) Mahakasyap

Question 49.
Under the guidance of Kalasoka in 387 B.C. where the important Buddhist conference was held?
(a) Rajagriha
(b) Pataliputra
(c) Vaisali
(d) Kundalavana Vihar
Answer:
(a) Vaisali

Question 50.
At the reign of Asoka in 250 B.C. who presided over the third Buddhist conference at Pataliputra?
(a) Mogaliputtatisa
(b) Vasumitra
(c) Aswaghosa
(d) Sariputta
Answer:
(a) Mogaliputtatisa

Question 51.
Under the guidance of Kaniska and the presidentship of Vasumitra who was the vice¬president of the Fourth Buddhist Council held at Kundalavanavihar of Kashmir?
(a) Kalasoka
(b) Asoka
(c) Kaniska
(d) Asvaghosa
Answer:
(d) Asvaghosa

Question 52.
During the lifetime of Gautama Buddha which king was his disciple?
(a) Bimbisara
(b) Asoka
(c) Kaniska
(d) Kharavela
Answer:
(a) Bimbisara

Question 53.
With Bimbisara which son of his took initiation of Buddhism?
(a) Asoka
(b) Ajatasatru
(c) Parsurama
(d) Kulabhadra
Answer:
(b) Ajatasatru

Question 54.
In future times which king of Kosala took initiation of Buddhism?
(a) Biraballa
(b) Pravakara
(c) Prasenjit
(d) Kalasoka
Answer:
(c) Prasenjit

Question 55.
Which famous trader of Kosala took initiation from Gautama Buddha?
(a) Japani
(b) Bhallika
(c) Sudutha
(d) Anatha Pindika
Answer:
(d) Anatha Pindika

Question 56.
Buddhist organisations gave chance to which prostitute to take initiation.
(a) Sujata
(b) Ambrapalli
(c) Many
(d) Karubaki
Answer:
(b) Ambrapalli

Question 57.
Where Buddhist chronicles are seen in Odisha?
(a) Ratnagiri
(b) Khandagiri
(c) Udayagiri
(d) Kapilas
Answer:
(a) Ratnagiri

Question 58.
To whom has the designation “Indian Luther” has given?
(a) Mahavira
(b) Shankar
(c) Buddhadev
(d) Nimbark
Answer:
(c) Buddhadev

Question 59.
Which king was the father of Asoka?
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bindusara
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Kharavela
Answer:
(b) Bindusara

Question 60.
Who was the founder of the Maurya dynasty?
(a) Asoka
(b) Binndusara
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Kharavela
Answer:
(a) Chandragupta Maurya

Question 61.
When Asoka Ascended the throne?
(a) 271 B.C.
(b) 269 B.C.
(c) 273 B.C.
(d) 277 B.C.
Answer:
(c) 273 B.C.

Question 62.
When the coronation festival of Asoka was celebrated?
(a) 273 B.C.
(b) 272 B.C.
(c) 269 B.C.
(d) 267 B.C.
Answer:
(c) 269 B.C.

Question 63.
How many years after the coronation of Asoka the attack on Kalinga was made?
(a) Sixth year
(b) the Eighth year
(c) Seventh year
(d) Ninth year
Answer:
(b) Eighth year

Question 64.
In which year Kalinga war took place?
(a) 273 B.C.
(b) 269 B.C.
(c) 261 B.C.
(d) 260 B.C.
Answer:
(a) 261 B.C

Question 65.
Which Rock Edict of Asoka gives information regarding the Kalinga war?
(a) 12th Rock Edict
(b) 13th Rock Edict
(c) 16th Rock Edict
(d) 18th Rock Edict
Answer:
(b) 13th Rock Edict

Question 66.
Name of the capital of Kalinga?
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Ujjaini
(c) Tosali
(d) Brahmagiri
Answer:
(c) Tosali

Question 67.
From which ambassador’s accounts special information regarding the power of Kalinga is known?
(a) Megasthenes
(b) Hiuen Tsang
(c) Fa-hien
(d) I-Tsing
Answer:
(a) Megasthenes

Question 68.
Which Historian gives information that the “Kalinga war is a great incident in world history”?
(a) Historian E. H. Kaan
(b) Historian Vincent smith
(c) Historian M.N. Das
(d) Historian Herodotus
Answer:
(d) Historian Herodotus

Question 69.
Which country’s legend gives information that in that country there was a strong colonial system of Kalinga?
(a) Burma
(b) China
(c) Indonesia
(d) Japan
Answer:
(a) Burma

Question 70.
Which Historian gives information that “the strengthened inhabitants of Kalinga erected a colony at Burma long before the attack of Kalinga by Asoka”?
(a) M.N.Das
(b) H. S. Pattnaik
(c) Terini
(d) E. H. Kaan
Answer:
(c) Terini

Question 71.
Which Greek writer gives information that maximum growth elephants were in the Kalinga army?
(a) Talemy
(b) Pliny
(c) Diodenas
(d) Megasthenes
Answer:
(c) Diodenas

Question 72.
Which book symbolises that “The elephants of Kalinga are superior to other elephants of India”?
(a) Geography of Talemy
(b) Indica of Megasthenes
(c) History of Herodotus
(d) Arthasastra of Kautilya
Answer:
(d) Arthasastra of Kautilya

Question 73.
From which ambassador’s accounts it is known that the personal security of the Kalinga king was with “sixty thousand armies, one thousand cavalry and seven hundred war-elephants”?
(a) Hiuen Tsang
(b) Megasthenes
(c) I-Tsing
(d) Fa-hien
Answer:
(b) Megasthenes

Question 74.
Which Mamyar king designated himself as “Amitraghata”?
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bindusara
(c) Susima
(d) Ashoka
Answer:
(b) Bindusara

Question 75.
Asoka was initiated in Buddhism by which Buddhist hermit?
(a) Mogaliputtatisa
(b) Sariputa
(c) Upagupta
(d) Siladitya
Answer:
(c) Upagupta

Question 76.
To which country did Ashoka send his son and daughter for the preaching of Buddhism?
(a) Burma
(b) Japan
(c) China
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer:
(d) Sri Lanka

Question 77.
For the preaching or Buddhism Asoka send which two hermits to Burma?
(a) Mogaliputtatisa and Vasumitra
(b) Asvaghosa and Ananda
(c) Sona and Uttara
(d) Aniruddha & Ananda
Answer:
(c) Sona and Uttara

Question 78.
For the preaching of religion a new official class was created by Asoka. What was the name of it?
(a) Dharma Pracharaka
(b) Tajak class
(c) Dharma Rakshakari
(d) Dharma Mahamatra
Answer:
(a) Dharma Mahamatra

Question 79.
After Kalinga “Bheri Ghosa” was closed forever and against it what was eulogised?
(a) Satya Ghosa
(b) Vijaya Ghosa
(c) Dharma Ghosa
(d) Raksha Ghosa
Answer:
(c) Dharma Ghosa

Question 80.
According to the order of king Asoka the higher officials were reputed for preaching religious principles to common people in how many years repeatedly?
(a) 2 years
(b) 4 years
(c) 5 years
(d) 6 years
Answer:
(c) 5 years

Question 81.
To know many things regarding the Mauryan administration which kings’ documents are important?
(a) Kharavela
(b) Bindusara
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Ashoka
Answer:
(a) Kharavela

Question 82.
The Maurya government rested in which system of administration?
(a) Monarchy
(b) Aristocracy
(c) Democracy
(d) Autocracy
Answer:
(a) Monarchy

Question 83.
To know the importance of the Mauryan administration which historical text is important?
(a) Si-Yu-Ki
(b) Indika
(c) Mudrarakshasa
(d) Arthasastra
Answer:
(d) Arthasastra

Question 84.
Which administrative department in the Mauryan administration is known as “Kantaka Sodhana”?
(a) Revenue
(b) Defence
(c) Education
(d) Court
Answer:
(d) Court

Question 85.
In the Mauryan administration, the designation of village headman was?
(a) Gramika
(b) Siramani
(c) Bhalluka
(d) Bisesagna
Answer:
(a) Gramika

Question 86.
What was the designation of the religious Advisor of the Mauryan king?
(a) Rajput
(b) Purohit
(c) Dharma Mahamantra
(d) Senapati
Answer:
(b) Purohit

Question 87.
At the time of king Asoka the Govt, the ministry was called in which other name?
(a) Mantri Parishad
(b) Moura Parishad
(c) Parisha
(d) Dandapan
Answer:
(c) Parisha

Question 88.
What type of change took place in the life of king Asoka after the Kalinga war?
(a) Chandasoka to Mahachandasoka
(b) Chandasoka to Dharmasoka
(c) Magadha Samrat to Kalinga Samrat
(d) Rajyajayee to Digvijayee
Answer:
(b) Chandasoka to Dharmasoka

Question 89.
To whom the term “Beloved of the Gods (Devanam Priya Priyadarshi)” has given?
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bindusara
(c) Asoka
(d) Kharavela
Answer:
(c) Asoka

Question 90.
That Buddhist inscription at Saranath was built by whom?
(a) Chadragupta Maurya
(b) Bindusara
(c) Kharavela
(d) Asoka
Answer:
(d) Asoka

Question 91.
Who was the Revenue head in the Mauryan administration?
(a) Samaharta
(b) Pradesthi
(c) Prasethi
(d) Poura administration
Answer:
(a) Samaharta

Question 92.
What was the name of the capital of the Mauryan kingdom?
(a) Kanouja
(b) Pataliputra
(c) Rajagriha
(d) Kosambi
Answer:
(b) Pataliputra

Question 93.
“Astadasa Tirtha” were placed at the time of which king?
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Chandragupta II
(c) Kaniska
(d) Harsavardhan
Answer:
(a) Chandragupta Maurya

Question 94.
For the municipal corporation of Pataliputra how many departments were constructed?
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7
Answer:
(c) 6

Question 95.
In the Mauryan kingdom what was the name of the capital of Uttarapath state?
(a) Taxasila
(b) Ujjaini
(c) Pataliputra
(d) Rajgriha
Answer:
(a) Taxasila

Question 96.
In the Mauryan kingdom what was the name of the capital of Dakshinapath state?
(a) Pataliputra
(b)Ayodhya
(c) Taxasila
(d) Subamagiri
Answer:
(d) Subamagiri

Question 97.
Magadha was famous and popular in which another name in Mauryan Age?
(a) Tosali
(b) Taxila
(c) Jaugarh
(d) Prachi
Answer:
(d) Prachi

Question 98.
From which book it known that a naval unit existed in the Mauryan military administration?
(a) Indika
(b) Mudrarakshas
(c) Arthasastra
(d) Mahabhasya
Answer:
(c) Arthasastra

Question 99.
What was the designation of state administrators in the Mauryan administration or in which name they were adorned?
(a) Pradesika
(b) Rajya-adhikari
(c) Kumara
(d) Prasasaka
Answer:
(c) Kumara

Question 100.
In the Mauryan administration, the states were renowned in which name?
(a) Bhukti
(b) Janapada
(c) Jilla
(d) Mahala
Answer:
(b) Janapada

Question 101.
In ancient India which era is regarded as the golden era?
(a) Vedic era
(b) Buddhist era
(c) Mauryan era
(d) Gupta era
Answer:
(d) Gupta era

Question 102.
Which Chinese ambassador who came to India at the time of Chandragupta II has given utmost importance to social life?
(a) Hiuen-Tsang
(b) Megasthenes
(c) Fa-hien
(d) I-tsing
Answer:
(c) Fa-hien

Question 103.
In Gupta Age with which country there was a continuous trade relationship?
(a) Egypt
(b) Arab
(c) Rome
(d) Japan
Answer:
(c) Rome

Question 104.
What was National Emblem in Gupta Age?
(a) Goddess Laxmi
(b) Goddess Saraswati
(c) Eagle
(d) Hanuman
Answer:
(c) Eagle

Question 105.
In India which literature creator is regarded as the “Shakespeare of India”?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Vishakhadutta
(c) Vishnu Sharma
(d) Buddhaghosa
Answer:
(a) Kalidasa

Question 106.
Who has written “Kumara Sambhava”?
(a) Bharabi
(b) Kalidasa
(c) Sudraka
(d) Visakhadutta
Answer:
(b) Kalidasa

Question 107.
Name of the play writer of SakuntaIa”?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Sudraka
(c) Bharabi
(d) Bishnu Sharma
Answer:
(a) Kalidasa

Question 108.
“Meghaduta” poem was written by whom?
(a) Bharabi
(b) Bhatti
(c) Magha
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(d) Kalidasa

Question 109.
The Great Epic “Raghuvansam” was written by whom?
(a) Vartuhari
(b) Bishnu Sharma
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Visakhadutta
Answer:
(c) Kalidasa

Question 110.
Which writer has created the play “Malabikagnimitra”?
(a) Vishakhadutta
(b) Bhatti
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Barahamihira
Answer:
(c) Kalidasa

Question 111.
Which English writer has translated the “Sakuntala” of Kalidas into the English language?
(a) William Shakespeare
(b) Sir William Johnes
(c) Charles Dickens
(d) Robert Frost
Answer:
(b) Sir WiHiam Johnes

Question 112.
The social play “Mrichhakatika” is written by whom?
(a) Sudraka
(b) Bharavi
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhaui
Answer:
(a) Sudraka

Question 113.
Kalidasa has adorned which king’s Assembly?
(a) Chandragupta I
(b) Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
(c) Skanda Gupta
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer:
(b) Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)

Question 114.
The famous play “Mudraraksbasa” was written by whom?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Buddhaghosa
(c) Bharavi
(d) Vishakhadutta
Answer:
(d) Vishakhadutta

Question 115.
“Devi Chandraguptam” play was written by whom?
(a) Vishnu Sharma
(b) Vishakhadufla
(c) Barahainihira
(d) Bararuchi
Answer:
(b) Vishakhadutta

Question 116.
Who has written “Tini Sataka”?
(a) Buddhaghosa
(b) Visakhaduita
(c) Bhartuhari
(d) Sudraka
Answer:
(c) Bhartuhari

Question 117.
In Gupta Age, the famous literary willing “Panchatantra” is written by whom?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Rharavi
(c) Dandi
(d) Bishnu Sharrna
Answer:
(d) Bishnu Sharma

Question 118.
Who was the author of “Kiratarjunium”?
(a) Bharabi
(b) Birasena
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Vishakhadutta
Answer:
(a) Bharabi

Question 119.
“Padya Chudamani” is written by whom?
(a) Bhartuhari
(b) Kalidasa
(c) E3uddhaghosa
(d) Bharabi
Answer:
(c) Buddbaghosa

Question 120:
Who was the author of “Dasakumara Chai-ita”?
(a) Dandi
(b) Magha
(c) Bharabi
(d) Bhatti
Answer:
(a) Dandi

Question 121.
“Basabadutta” was written by whom?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Subandhu
(c) Basubandhu
(d) Amarasmgha
Answer:
(b) Subandhu

Question 122.
Who was the author of “Amarakosha”?
(a) Amarasingha
(b) Basubandhu
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bliarabi
Answer:
(a) Amarasingha

Question 123.
‘Astadhyayi’ was written by whom?
(a) Amarasingha
(b) Panini
(c) Batsyayana
(d) Patanjali
Answer:
(b) Panini

Question 124.
“Kamasutra” was written by whom?
(a) Paninin
(b) Amarasingha
(c) Batsyayana
(d) Bharabi
Answer:
(c) Batsyayana

Question 125.
Who is the author of the books “Arya Siddhanta”, “Arya-Bhattutan” and “Sur Siddhanta”?
(a) Aryabhatta
(b) Barahamihira
(c) Buddhaghosa
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(a) Aryabbatta

Question 126.
Who was the author of the futurelogles text of “Pancha-Siddhanta”, “Brihatsanglta” and “Brihat Jataka”?
(a) Kalidasa
(b) Barahamihira
(c) Brahmagupta
(d) Aryabhatta
Answer:
(b) Barahamihira

Question 127.
“Brahma Siddhanta” and “Khanda Khadyaka” etc. science texts are written by whom?
(a) Barahamihira
(b) Kalidasa
(c) Brahmagupta
(d) Aryabhatta
Answer:
(c) Brahmagupta

Question 128.
“Hastayurveda” is written by whom?
(a) Salihotra
(b) Palakapya
(c) Patanjali V
(d) Susutra
Answer:
(b) Palakapya

Question 129.
Who wrote “Asvasastra”?
(a) Palakapya
(b) Bharabi
(c) Salihotra
(d) Brahmagupta
Answer:
(c) Salihotra

Question 130.
“Susruta Samhita” is written by whom
(a) Palakapya
(b) Bhatti
(c) Aryabhatta
(d) Susutra
Answer:
(d) Susruta

Question 131.
At Mebruli of Delhi, the Pillar Inscription was erected during which dynasty?
(a) Maurya dynasty
(b) Gupta dynasty
(c) Kushana dynasty
(d) Satavahan dynasty
Answer:
(b) Gupta dynasty

Question 132.
Who has given information regarding the Solar eclipse and Lunar eclipse
(a) Aryabhatta
(b) Barahamihira
(c) Vishakhadutta
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(a) Aryabhatta

Question 133.
In how many numbers of the cave of Ajanta’s “Dying princess” drawing ¡s engraved?
(a) 12 number
(b) 14 number
(c) 15 number
(d) 16 number
Answer:
(d) 16 number

Question 134.
In which number of Ajanta cave the picture of “Mother and son” is engraved?
(a) 14 number
(b) 15 number
(c) 16 number
(d) 17 number
Answer:
(d) 17 number

Question 135.
“Renunciation of the family by Gautama’1 picture is installed in how many numbers of Ajanta caves?
(a) 16 number
(b) 17 number
(c) 18 number
(d) 19 number
Answer:
(d) 19 number

Question 136.
Long before Newton who has given information regarding gravitational force?
(a) Brahmagupta
(b) Aiyabhatta
(c) Baraharnihira
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(a) Brahmagupta

Question 137.
Who is popular as the “Father of surgery”?
(a) Charaka
(b) Susruta
(c) Palakasya
(d) Salihotra
Answer:
(b) Susruia

Question 138.
Who has given Information regarding the decimal system and zero?
(a) Brahmagupta
(b) Barahamihira
(c) Aryabhatta
(d) Vishakhadutta
Answer:
(c) Aryabhatta

Question 139.
The Gupta kings were the patronizer of which religion?
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Brahmanical Hinduism
(d) Christianism
Answer:
(c) Brahmanical Hinduism

Question 140.
Which Gupta king adorned the title of “Kabiraya’?
(a) Chandragupta I
(b) Samudragupta
(c) Chandragupta II
(d) Asoka
Answer:
(b) Samudragupta

Question 141.
In ancient India who is regarded as “Indian Napoleon”?
(a) Chandragupta I
(b) Chandragupta
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Asoka
Answer:
(c) Samudragupta

Question 142.
Which Gupta king celebrated “AsvamedhaYagna”?
(a) Samudragupta
(b) Chandragupta I
(c) Skanda Gupta
(d) Chandragupta II
Answer:
(a) Samudragupta

Question 143.
Which Buddha hermit adorned the court of Samudragupta?
(a) Tathag4ta
(b) Upagupta
(c) Mogaliputtatisa
(d) Basuvandhu
Answer:
(a) Basuvandhu

Question 144.
Who is the author of “Sankhya kanika”
(a) Iswarakrushna
(b) Patanjali
(c) Batsyayana
(d) BarahamihiraA
Answer:
(a) Iswarakrushna

Question 145.
Asha Katha” is written by whom?
(a) Digrara
(b) Buddhaghosa
(c) Basubandhu
(d) Asanga
Answer:
(b) Buddhaghosa

Question 146.
Ritusamhara” is written by whom?
(a) Bishakhadutta
(b) Sudrka
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Barahamihira
Answer:
(c) Kalidasa

Question 147.
Who has compiled the Allahabad pillar inscription?
(a) Samudragupta
(b) Bishnu Sharma
(c) Sudraka
(d) Harisena
Answer:
(d) Harisena

Question 148.
Whose picture came to light at the 2nd number cave of Ajanta?
(a) Rama-Sita
(b) Siba-Parvati
(c) Birth of Buddha
(d) Enlightenment of Mahavira
Answer:
(c) Birth of Buddha

Question 149.
Who has circulated the “Raja-Rani” coin?
(a) Asoka
(b) Kharavela
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Chandragupta I
Answer:
(d) Chandragupta I

Question 150.
Where is the ‘Dasavatara Temple” of the Gupta clan situated?
(a) Tigwa
(b) Bhuman
(c) Deogarh
(d) Jhansi
Answer:
(c) Deogarh

Fill in the Blanks.

Question 1.
In _________ century B.C. Jainism had Buddhism is regarded as the developed religious structure in India.
Answer:
Sixth

Question 2.
_________ was regarded as the twenty-third Tirthankara of Jainism.
Answer:
Parsuanath

Question 3.
At Nalanda, Niahavira came In relation with the hermit named _________.
Answer:
Gosala Makhaliputra.

Question 4.
Right faith right action right knowledge is regarded as _________ in Jainism.
Answer:
Tri-Ratna

Question 5.
Mahavir was born in _________ kshetriya clan.
Answer:
Jnatrika

Question 6.
In the earliest Indian Videha state in _________ village, Mahavira was born.
Answer:
Kundargrama

Question 7.
Who was the first Tirthankara of Jainism?
Answer:
Rishavanath

Question 8..
Mahavira was _________ number Tirthankara in Jainism.
Answer:
24th

Question 9.
Mother of Mahavira belongs to _________ dynasty.
Answer:
Lichhabi

Question 10.
Mahavira got enlightenment under a sal tree near in _________ village.
Answer:
Zumbika

Question 11.
Mahavira got enlightenment near in the bank of _________ river.
Answer:
Rajupalika

Question 12.
Name of the wife of Mahavira as _________.
Answer:
Yasoda

Question 13.
Name of the daughter of Mahavira as _________.
Answer:
Priyadarsini

Question 14.
In _________ place, the death of Mahavira occurred.
Answer:
Pava

Question 15.
Mahavira assembled as the fifth principle with _________ parsunaths four truths.
Answer:
Observe chatity

Question 16.
Kalinga king _________ was the chief pioneer of Jainism.
Answer:
Kharavela.

Question 17.
Jaineees caves are found in _________ place of Odisha.
Answer:
Udayagiri

Question 18.
Mahavira preached his principles in _________ language.
Answer:
Ardha Magadha

Question 19.
Who is known as Nataputra?
Answer:
Varthatnan Mahavira

Question 20.
The religious script of Jainism is known as _________.
Answer:
Kalpasutra

Question 21.
At first, Jainism was popular in _________ class.
Answer:
Trader

Question 22.
Goutam Buddha was born in _________ garden of Kapilabassu.
Answer:
Lumbini

Question 23.
_________ was the father of Goutam Buddha.
Answer:
Suðdhodana.

Question 24.
_________was the mother of Goutam Buddha.
Answer:
Mayadevi

Question 25.
_________ was the wife of Gautama Buddha.
Answer:
Yasodhara.

Question 26.
Buddadeva belongs to _________ Kshetriya clan.
Answer:
Skya

Question 27.
Buddha was the preacher of _________ path.
Answer:
MiddIe

Question 28.
In course of time, the meditated place of Buddha came to be known as _________.
Answer:
Buddhagaya

Question 29.
In later times the name of the pipal tree (where Buddha got enlightenment) known as _________.
Answer:
Biddhitre

Question 30.
_________ is regarded as the light of Asia.
Answer:
Gotham Buddha

Question 31.
Swetambara and Digambara is the two classes of _________ religion.
Answer:
Jainism

Question 32.
The Jalna marble temples of _________ hill in Rajasthan are attractive in enormous art sculpture.
Answer:
Mount Abu

Question 33.
Khandagirl and Udayagiri of Odisha shows _________art and sculpiure.
Answer:
Jainism

Question 34.
In 512 B.C. the Jaina conference was held in the presidentship of _________.
Answer:
Nagarjuna

Question 35.
Though Siddhartha was born in the Sakva dynasty, he was called _________.
Answer:
Sakyasingha

Question 36.
Budhadeva is renowned as _________.
Answer:
Indian Father

Question 37.
Tunning of the wheel of Law ¡n Buddhism is regarded as _________.
Answer:
First preacting of religion

Question 38.
In _________ place, Buddbadeva delivered his first sermon.
Answer:
Saranath

Question 39.
The religious script of Buddhism is known as _________.
Answer:
Tripit

Question 40.
Family renunciation of Goutama Buddha is known in Buddhist script as _________.
Answer:
Mahaviniskramana

Question 41.
Buddhadeva got enlightenment under _________tree.
Answer:
Pipal

Question 42.
Huddhadeva got some food from _________ named village girl.
Answer:
Sujata

Question 43.
Prostitute Ambapali accepted _________ religion.
Answer:
Buddhism

Question 44.
By discarding all self-centric options one can get eternnal happiness and it is called us _________in Buddhist principle.
Answer:
Nirvana

Question 45.
The death of Buddhadeva Is known In Buddhist script as _________.
Answer:
Mahapari Nirvana

Question 46.
Tripitaka is divided in _________ parts.
Answer:
3 (three)

Question 47.
Name of Tripitaka as Sutrapitaka _________ pitaka & Abhidharma pitaka.
Answer:
Binaya

Question 48.
According to Goutama Buddha _________ was the cause of all sorrows.
Answer:
Desire

Question 49.
Hinayana and Mahayana are two classes of _________ religion.
Answer:
Buddhism

Question 50.
Ajanta and Ellora’s art is the marvellous episodes of _________ religion.
Answer:
Buddhism

Question 51.
From the Chinese description, it is known that an enormous tower was built in _________ capital city of Kaniska.
Answer:
Purusapura

Question 52.
In general, Buddhism was preached in _________ language.
Answer:
Prakrit

Question 53.
Mahavira passed away in _________B.C.
Answer:
468

Question 54.
The birth of Goutama Buddha has in _________B.C.
Answer:
566

Question 55.
Gautama Buddha was nourished by his aunt _________.
Answer:
Goutami

Question 56.
Buddha preached his discovered truth at first at _________.
Answer:
Saranath

Question 57.
The religious book of Buddhism is _________.
Answer:
Tripitaka

Question 58.
The early name of Mahavira was _________.
Answer:
Bardhamana

Question 59.
Goutama Buddha’s early name was _________.
Answer:
Siddhartha

Question 60.
_________ presided over the first Buddhist conference held in 486B.C.
Answer:
Mahakasyapa

Question 61.
The first Buddhist conference was held at _________.
Answer:
Rajagriha

Question 62.
By the guidance of Kalasoka, the Buddhist conference at _________ had the utmost importance.
Answer:
Baisali

Question 63.
_________ was the president of the third Buddhist council organised by Asoka.
Answer:
Mogaliputtatisa.

Question 64.
By the presidentship of Vasumitra in the fourth Buddhist conference, _________ was the Vice President.
Answer:
Asvaghosa.

Question 65.
In the lifetime of Buddhadeva _________ king had taken discipleship of his.
Answer:
Bimbisara

Question 66.
With king Bimbisara his son _________ had initiated Buddhism.
Answer:
Ajatasatru

Question 67.
In later times the _________ king of Kosala initiated Buddhism.
Answer:
Prasenjit

Question 68.
The eminent trader of Kosala _________ had taken initiation from Bddhadeva.
Answer:
Anathapindika

Question 69.
_________ was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty.
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya

Question 70.
In Mauryan administration, the head of the village was called as _________.
Answer:
Gramika

Question 71.
The coronation festival of king Asoka was celebrated in _________ B.C.
Answer:
269

Question 72.
By _________ Asoka took initiation of Buddhism.
Answer:
Hermit Upagupta

Question 73.
The central point of Mauryan administration was _________.
Answer:
King

Question 74.
In the Mauryan administration, the spy was called _________.
Answer:
Sancharaka.

Question 75.
The thirteenth Rock Edict of Asoka is situated at _________.
Answer:
Sahabazgarh

Question 76.
_________ Rock Edict narrates regarding the Kalinga war of Asoka.
Answer:
Thirteenth

Question 77.
In _________ year after the coronation of Asoka, he invaded Kalinga.
Answer:
Eighth

Question 78.
Kalinga war was held _________ in B.C.
Answer:
261

Question 79.
The capital of Kalinga was _________.
Answer:
Tosali

Question 80.
Svannagiri was the capital of _________.
Answer:
Dakshinapath

Question 81.
From _________ ambassador’s description, many things regarding the power of Kalinga is known.
Answer:
Meghasthenes

Question 82.
_________ historian has opined that the Kalinga war was an eminent incident in world history.
Answer:
Bhinsent smithgan

Question 83.
In the Mauryan administration, the states were divided into _________.
Answer:
Visaya.

Question 84.
At the time of King, Ashoka _________ were the collectors of tax.
Answer:
Rajuka

Question 85.
At the time of King, Chandragupta _________ was the capital city of Pataliputra.
Answer:
Prachya

Question 86.
Taxila was the capital of _________ state.
Answer:
Uttarapath

Question 87.
Regional treasurers were called as _________
Answer:
Yikta

Question 88.
In Asokan administration, the entire Mauryan Kingdom was a _________ state.
Answer:
Welfare state

Question 89.
The designation of the national herald was first given to _________.
Answer:
Chandragupta.

Question 90.
At the time of Asoka, the minister council was popular as _________.
Answer:
Parisha

Question 91.
At the time of Asoka, the chief of revenue collections was named as _________.
Answer:
Samahara

Question 92.
In the Mauryan administration, the defence workers of palaces were called as _________.
Answer:
Durgapala

Question 93.
After the Kalinga war, Bherighosa was converted to Chosa.
Answer:
Dharma

Question 94.
Son of Asoka _________was the administrator of Taxila.
Answer:
Kunala

Question 95.
In Mauryan administration, the Law administrator of a district was known as _________.
Answer:
Visayapati

Question 96.
From Meghasthene’s account, it is known that In Mauryan administration in citie _________administration was continuing.
Answer:
Self-dependant

Question 97.
_________was in charge of the labourers.
Answer:
Gop

Question 98.
The head of _________unit was known as Visayapati.
Answer:
District.

Question 99.
At the time of Asoka, the district treasury was in the charge of _________.
Answer:
Vukta

Question 100.
Asoka is compared with _________ in christianism.
Answer:
Saint Ra1

Question 101.
Asoka was dead in _________ B.C.
Answer:
232

Question 102.
The last king of the Maurya dynasty was _________.
Answer:
Brihadrath

Question 103.
From the hereditary sayings of _________ country, it is known that there was a strength colonialism of Kalinga there.
Answer:
Burma

Question 104.
From _________ Greek writer, it was known that maximum strengthened war elephants were in the Kalinga army.
Answer:
Dayodenas

Question 105.
_________Mauryan king adorned himself as Amitraghata tile.
Answer:
Bindusara.

Question 106.
Preaching of Buddhism King Asoka has sent his son and daughter to _________ country.
Answer:
Srilanka.

Question 107.
Preaching of Buddha religion Asoka has sent to _________ and _________ Bodudha hermits to Burma.
Answer:
Sona and Uttara

Question 108.
Peachin of religion Asoka has created a new close of officials name of it as _________.
Answer:
Dharma Mahamatra

Question 109.
To know about Mauryan administration the archival information of _________ king is important.
Answer:
King Asoka

Question 110.
To know the importance of the Mauryan administrative system _________ historical text is important.
Answer:
Arthasastra.

Question 111.
In Maurvan administration _________ department was called as Kantakasodhana.
Answer:
TriaI department

Question 112.
_________ King is considered as Devanam priya Priyadarshi.
Answer:
Asoka

Question 113.
Saranath Buddhist tower was constructed by _________.
Answer:
Asoka

Question 114.
In Mauryan military administration there was a naval unit and it was known from _________book of Kautilya.
Answer:
Arthasastra

Question 115.
In Maurvan times the state administrators were called as _________.
Answer:
Kumara

Question 116.
_________ age is described as the golden age in ancient India.
Answer:
Gupta

Question 117.
Fahian the Chinese ambassador come to India in the reign of _________.
Answer:
Chandragupta II

Question 118.
In Gupta Age, India had trade relationships with _________ foreign country.
Answer:
Rome

Question 119.
The kingly symbol in the Gupta administration was _________.
Answer:
Garuda

Question 120.
_________ eminent written is called in India as Indian Shakespeare.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 121.
Kumara Sambhava was written by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 122.
Shakuntala was written by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 123.
Lyric poem Meghadutta was composed by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 124.
The great Lyrical poem Raghuvamsa ¡s composed by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 125.
Drama Malabikagnimitram was created by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 126.
Which English poet translated Shakuntala into the English language?
Answer:
Sir William Johns.

Question 127.
Kalidas adorned the count of King _________.
Answer:
Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)

Question 128.
The famous drama Mudrarakshasa was written by _________.
Answer:
Visakhadutta

Question 129.
Drama Devichandraguptam was written by _________.
Answer:
Visakhadutta.

Question 130.
The book Tinisataka was written by _________.
Answer:
Bhatruhari

Question 131.
The eminent literary composition Panchatantra of the Gupta age was written by _________.
Answer:
Bishnu Sharma

Question 132.
_________ wrote Kiratarjuniyam.
Answer:
Bharabi

Question 133.
Padyachudamani was written by _________.
Answer:
Buddhaghosa

Question 134.
Dasakumaracharita was written by _________.
Answer:
Dandi

Question 135.
_________ wrote Basabadulta.
Answer:
Subandhu

Question 136.
Amarakosha was written by _________.
Answer:
Amarasingha

Question 137.
Astadhyayi was written by _________.
Answer:
Panini

Question 138.
Kamasutra was written by _________.
Answer:
Batsyayana

Question 139.
Aryasiddhanta was written by _________.
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 140.
The astrological book Brihatsamhita was written by _________.
Answer:
Barahamihira

Question 141.
The scientific book Brahma-Siddhanta was written by _________.
Answer:
Brahmagupta

Question 142.
Hastayurvada was written by _________.
Answer:
Palakapya.

Question 143.
_________wrote Asvasastra.
Answer:
Solthotra

Question 144.
Susruta Samhita was ‘written by _________ .
Answer:
Susruta

Question 145.
The mehenulli Iron pillar inscription of Delhi was constructed in _________ age.
Answer:
Gupta

Question 146.
_________had given opinion regarding solar eclipse and Lunar eclipse.
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 147.
In _________ number Ajanta cave, the Dying princess picture is seen.
Answer:
16

Question 148.
In _________ number cave, there was a drawing of the picture of mother and son.
Answer:
17

Question 149.
The renunciation of the family by Gautama Buddha was picturised in _________ number of Ajanta cave.
Answer:
19

Question 150.
Long before lsewton ________ eminent personality of India gave information regarding gravitational force.
Answer:
Brabmagupta

Question 151.
________ is regarded as the father of surgery.
Answer:
Susruta

Question 152.
_________has given information regarding the mathematical decimal system and the use of zero.
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 153.
The Gupta kings were the patrons _________ of religion.
Answer:
Brahmanya Hindu

Question 154.
_________Guptaking was adorned as Kabirya in ancient lndia.
Answer:
Samudragupta.

Question 155.
At the time of _________Gupta king horse sacrifice, Yajna was celebrated.
Answer:
Samudragupta

Question 156.
_________ was the Buddhist hermit who adorned the court of Samudragupta.
Answer:
Vasubandhu

Question 157.
Sankhyakanika was written by _________.
Answer:
Iswarakrushna

Question 158.
Athakatha was written by _________.
Answer:
Buddhaghosa

Question 159.
Ritusam bara was written by _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Question 160.
__________ was the composer of Allahabad prasasti
Answer:
Harishena

Question 161.
In _________ number cave of Ajanta, the picture of Buddhas birth ¡s seen.
Answer:
Two

162.
_________king of Gupta empire circulated King-Queen coin.
Answer:
Chandragupta I

Question 163.
The Dasabatara temple of the Gupta age is seen at _________.
Answer:
Deogarh

Question 164.
In 453 A.D. a Jaina conference was arranged at _________.
Answer:
Pillavi.

Question 165.
Drama Uruvanga was written by _________.
Answer:
Rhasa

Question 166.
Kabyadarsha was the legendary creation of _________.
Answer:
Dandin.

Question 167.
In the Gupta age, Parvati temple was situated at _________.
Answer:
Nachnakutar

Question 168.
Gupta King _________ gave permission to the king of Srilanka Megha Sarna to construct a Buddhist temple at Boddhagaa.
Answer:
Samudragupta

Question 169.
Guptabda began from _________ AD.
Answer:
320

Question 170.
The eminent dramatist in the Gupta age was _________.
Answer:
Kalidasa

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1
Who coined the law of three stages?
(a) Caul Jung
(b) Freud
(c) August Comte
(d) Marx
Answer:
(c) August Comte

Question 2.
Auguste Comte’s law of three stages appeared in the book___________.
(a) Positive Philosophy
(b) Positive metaphysics
(c) Positive activism
(d) Positive thoughts
Answer:
(a) Positive Philosophy

Question 3.
Every phenomenon was believed to be the result of immediate actions of__________.
(a) Supernatural natural being
(b) Natural thought
(c) Superhuman nature
(d) Heroic thought
Answer:
(a) Supernatural natural being

Question 4.
Believe in many Gods it known as:
(a) Atheist
(b) Palylheism
(c) Fetishims
(d) Monothism
Answer:
(b) Palylheism

Question 5.
Metaphysical or Abstract stage started about______________AD.
(a) 1300 AD
(b) 1350 AD
(c) 1400 AD
(d) 1500 AD
Answer:
(a) 1300 AD

Question 6.
Positive of scientific stage also known as_____________.
(a) Positive state
(b) Observation state
(c) Industrial age
(d) Experience stage
Answer:
(c) Industrial age

Question 7.
Durkheim was written the book________.
(a) Protestants
(b) Cathalics
(c) Belief
(d) Suicide
Answer:
(d) Suicide

Question 8.
Among whom suicide rate is high between Protestants and Cathalics.
(a) Protestant
(b) Cathalic
(c) both
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Protestant

Question 9.
How many types of suicide Durkheim discusses about?
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) Five
Answer:
(b) Three

Question 10.
When people feel totally detached from society. They suffer_________ type of suicide.
(a) Egoistic
(b) Altruistic
(c) Anomic
(d) All three
Answer:
(a) Egoistic

Question 11.
When individual feel lost then he go for __________.
(a) Egoistic
(b) Altruistic
(c) Anomic
(d) All
Answer:
(c) Anomic

Question 12.
Who conceived the term ‘Sanskritization’.
(a) Gandhi
(b) Radhakrishnan
(c) Aurobindo
(d) M.N. Srinivas
Answer:
(d) M. N. Srinivas

Question 13.
He found the impirical evidence of Sanskritization in his study in___________.
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Mysore
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(c) Mysore

Question 14.
Initially Sanskritization means____________.
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Brahminisation
(c) Kshatriya
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Brahminisation

Question 15.
Sanskritization also known as____________.
(a) Teetotalism
(b) Totalism
(c) Mannerism
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Teetotalism

Question 16.
Where a seminar on ‘Social change in India’ was organised?
(a) Newyork
(b) Chicago
(c) New Delhi
(d) London
Answer:
(b) Chicago

Question 17.
Research is _________procedure of finding the answer to the questions.
(a) Natural
(b) Mathematical
(c) Scientific
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Scientific

Question 18.
Which research focussed on a real life problem solving.
(a) Pure research
(b) Applied research
(c) Action research
(d) Scientific research
Answer:
(b) Applied research

Question 19.
Who categorize action of research into five types?
(a) R. Cover
(b) D. Cover
(c) N. Cover
(d) R. Kover
Answer:
(a) R. Cover

Question 20.
Observation is a method of___________.
(a) Data collection
(b) Scientific research
(c) Analytical research
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Data collection

True or False Type Questions

Question 1.
Comte’s three stages of observation appeared in his book positive philosophy.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Comte speaks about law of four stages theory.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The term Sanskritization is conceived by Comte.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
M. N. Srinivas is a sociologist.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Initially Srinivas defend the term. Sanskritization as Brahminisation.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Sanskritization extends beyond caste system.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Observation is the most cheaper and more effective technique of Data Collection.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
De-sanskritization the member of higher caste don’t abandon their dress and rituals.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Teenagersuicide in Anomic Suicide.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
People detached from society opt for theAltructed suicide.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
Detached people go Egoistic Suicide.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Scientific stage is known as positive stage.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Monoltheismbelieves in one single god.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Polytheism beliefs in many God.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Fetishism, believes in supernatural power.
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Theological stage does not dominated by priests and military man.
Answer:
False

Question 17.
Fetishism doesn’t believe in spirits.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
Sanskritization is based on hierarchy.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Sanskritization may lead to inter-class hostility.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Sanskritization is not a process of social change.
Answer:
False

Question 21.
Research helps to improve our knowledge and ability to handle situations.
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Observation has mainly three components sensation, attention, and perception.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Observation is a hateful physical and mental activity.
Answer:
False

Question 24.
Uncontrolled observation takes place in an unnatural setting.
Answer:
False

Question 25.
Twice-born means two times born.
Answer:
False

Question 26.
Fetish means animate.
Answer:
False

Question 27.
August Comte described the law of three stages.
Answer:
True

Question 28.
The term Research consists of the words Research.
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Research improves our knowledge and ability to handle situations.
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Research doesn’t aim to solve socioeconomic problems.
Answer:
True

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe the general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
A mating relationship :
A family comes into existence when a man and woman establish mating relations between them. This relation may be of a shorter duration of life long.

A form of marriage :
The mating relationship is established through the institution of marriage. Marriage may be solemnized in a simple way or in a grand manner as in India.

A system of nomenclature :
Every family is known by a name and has its own system of reckoning descent through the male line or female line. Usually, the wife goes and joins her husband’s relatives.

An economic provision:
Every family needs an economic provision to satisfy their economic needs. The head of the family carries on certain profession and earn money to maintain the family.

A common habitation :
A family respires a home or household for its living. Without a dwelling place, the task of childbearing and child-rearing cannot be adequately performed.

Distinctive characteristics of the family:
Universality :
Family is the most universal group. It is the first institution in the history of men. It has existed in every society and is found in all parts of the world. No culture or society has ever existed without some form of family organization. No other group is so universal as the family is.

Emotional basis :
A family is a fundamental unit of human society. It is based on our impulses of mating, procreation, and parental care. It is a close-knit group that fortifies these emotions.

Limited size:
The size of the family is of necessity limited for it is defined by biological conditions that it cannot transcend. Other groups may be smaller than a family but they are not so because of biological conditions.

Formative influence :
The family exercises the most profound influence over its members. It molds the character of the individuals. Its influence in infancy determines the personality structure of the individual. Psychologists have proved that a child exhibits the same character and mental tendencies in adult age that he acquires in the family.

Nuclear Position:
The family is the nucleus of all other social groups. The distinctive characteristics of marriage, parental obligations, and sibling relations make the family the primary institutional cell of society. The whole social structure is built of family units.

Responsibility of the members :
In the family, the child learns the meaning of social responsibility and the necessity for cooperation. As Maclver aptly describes. “In times of crisis, men may work and fight and die for their country but they toil for their families all their lives.” In it the child develops his basic attitudes and ideals. It is a great agency for the socialization of file children.

Social Regulations :
The family is peculiarly guarded by social customs and legal regulations. It isn’t easy to violate them. Family is the group in which the consenting parties may freely enter but which they can not easily leave or dissolve. Marriage is not trivially taken.

Permanent:
Family as an institution is permanent and universal. While as an association it is temporary and transitional. When the son marries he goes out of the family and starts another family which again may give rise to more families.

Question 2.
Define family. Discuss its various types.
Answer:

• M.F. Nimkoff says that “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without a child, or of a man or woman alone, with children”.
• Maclver: “Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children”.

Different types of families are found in different societies. Family is a universal institution but all families are not one type. The family has been classified on the basis of authority, structure, residence, marriage, and descent.

The various types of families are discussed below.
Single or Nuclear Family :
The nuclear family tot type of family which consists of a husband and wife and their unmarried children. The size of the nuclear family is very small. Because it includes only a few members. It is autonomous until and free from the control of elders. It is regarded as the ideal form of family in the modem civilized society.

Joint Family:
The size of the joint family is very large. It is formed by a large number of members. A joint family is composed of rather, a mother, their sons, the son’s wife, and children,’ uncles, aunts, grandfather, grandmother, and so on. The members of a joint family belong to several generations. In a joint family eldest male member is the head of the family and has supreme authority.

Patrilocal Family:
A patrilocal family is a type of family in which after marriage the wife goes and lives in the family, and the husband occupies a central position and plays a dominant role. Hence, the patrilocal family is regarded as an ideal family in modern society.

Matri-local Family:
Matri-local family is that type of family in which after marriage. The husband goes and lives in the family of his wife. Therefore it is generally known are a wife-dominated family. In this family, the husband occupies a secondary position. The matrilocal family as only found among the Khasi tribes of Assam.

Monogamous Family :
A monogamous family is composed of one man and one woman. In this family, one man marries a woman only one. Under the monogamous family system, a man can not have more than one wife.

Polygynous Family:
Polygynous family one man marries more than one woman at a time and lives with more than three children in the same house. This type of family is found among the Eskimo tribes, African Nigros and Muslims. The short polygynous family is constituted by one man and several women.

Polyandrous Family:
A polyandrous family is composed of one woman and many men. In this type of family one woman marries many men and lives with of them or reaches them alternatively. The Pandava family is a bright example of a polyandrous family.

Patriarchal Family :
A patriarchal family is a joint family is directly led by the eldest married male member on the father. In this family the father head authority and possesses all intensive powers. All the family members are under the direct control of the father. The children are known by the name of the family of their father. The property is transferred patriarchal family is a joint family that is composed of a father, mother, younger brother, married sons, their wives, children, unmarried sons, and daughters. This type of family was found among the Romans and Aryans of India.

Matriarchal Family:
In the matriarchal family, the mother is the head of authority and possesses all powers. Mother is the owner of the property and rules over the family. In this family, the name, status, and experience of property are transferred through the name of the mother. The female members alone have the right to succeed property in a matriarchal family. In this family, the position of the husband is secondary. This family is found among the Nayar and Tiya caste of Kerala. This type of family is a mother or wife-dominated family.

Patrilineal Family:
In the patrilineal family, the descent is traced through the father. In this family, ancestry continues through the male members or father. In other words, a family where the father is the center of authority is considered as a patrilineal family. This is regarded as the best type of family in the modem times.

Matrilineal Family:
In a matrilineal family, the descent is traced through the mother. Mother is the center of power is called a matrilineal family. In this family female members enjoy all the rights and privileges including the rights of property and inheritance. The rights and privileges are handed down by the mother to her daughter.

Question 3.
Define family and discuss its functions.
Answer:

• According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children or a man or woman alone with children”.
• According to Maclver, “Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children”.

The function of the family – Different sociologists have classified the functions of the family differently. But Maclver and Page made only two divisions of family functions namely Essential and Non-essential.

Essential Functions:
Satisfaction of Sex needs:
This is an essential function which the family functions which the family performs. The satisfaction of sex instinct brings the desire for lifelong partnership among males and females. The modem family satisfies the instinct to a greater, degree than the Traditional Family. It is generally found that many problems arise in the family owing to be non-fulfillment of the sex needs of the husband and wife.

Reproduction:
The inevitable result of sexual satisfaction is procreation Every married couple desires to have their own children to continue the ‘Kula’, some Hindu thinkers say that reproduction or, procreation or a child, preferably a son is the sole aim of marriage procreation perpetuates the family and helps increase the Population of the country and ultimately perpetuates the human nature as a whole.

Protection and care of young :
The family acts as a protective should for an individual. It safeguards him against the odds at different stages of life. When a child is in the mother’s womb, the family serves him by taking proper care of the expectant mother. Soon after the child is bom family brings him up with utmost care and love.

Provision as homes:
The home in which both husband and wife live together after the marriage is regarded as an important institution for procreation, protection, and care of the children. Man after the hard toil of the day returns home and forgets his worries. Home is like a heaven and sanctuary where its members find comfort and affection.

Non-essential Education:
Economic function:
Family services as an economic unit. It fulfills the economic needs of its members such as food, clothing housing, etc. It is regarded as a production as well as a consumption unit. The women engage themselves in all domestic work and the men generally work outside for the economic welfare of the family. Besides these, the family also looks after the family properties social housing farm money, etc.

Education functions:
The family is an important educational agency. The child leams first letters under the guidance of parents. The child receives the qualities of love, affection, and sympathy from the family. For the child, the mother happens to be the best teacher. She would the character and career of the child. The three ‘RS’ Reading writing and arithmetic were taught to children by holder family members. It also provides vocational training to children.

Religion function:
Family is a center for the religious training of the children. It lays the foundation for the moral standards ofthe child. The family observes different religious ceremonies, out of which children develop good qualities and learn various religious virtues.

Recreational functions :
The family serve as a center of recreational activity, on festive occasions all the member sing, dance, and play together. They play visits to their near and dear ones for the sake of change. Usually, a man returns home for relaxation after his day’s work. The family thus provides recreation to all of the members.

The function relating to health :
The family looks after the health condition of its member. It takes care of sick old and expectant mothers.

Socialization of the young:
Family is the primary socializer of the child. It molds the original nature of man into social nature. The habits and attitudes of the parents are transmitted to the children through the process of socialization the virtues of love, cooperation, tolerance, sacrifice, obedience, and discipline are fixed and learned by the child in the family. These qualities enable him to grow into a good citizen.

Question 4.
Explain the changing functions of the family in India.
Answer:
The family as a basic social institution has been undergoing change. The modem family radically differs from that of the traditional one. The family has never been at rest. Both in its structure and functions changes take place. Some of these changes may be examined here. The first and foremost changing function is that the modern family has lost its educational functions.

It does not import education to children. Nowadays children do not receive vocational training from families. They get education from different educational institutions. Schools, colleges, and various technical institutes provide educational and vocational training to the children which the family could not furnish adequately in the past.

In the education of children, teachers play a more vital role than parents in the present time. In the past, the family was taking care of the health of its members and was providing all medical facilities. But nowadays health is no longer a worry of the family. The family does not perform the functions relating to health. Hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, etc. are taking care of the health of an individual.

Diseases persons are admitted to hospitals and are treated by medical practitioners such as doctors, nurses, midwives, etc. Similarly, in the past. The child was bom in the family and was nurtured under the care of kinsmen. But now children get birth in various delivery centers like women’s hospitals. Clinics and soon. Pregnant women are properly treated by gynecologists.

All kinds of diseases are treated by medical experts in the hospitals scientifically, and various medical centers such, as maternity hospitals, women’s hospitals, baby clinics, etc. provide adequate medical treatment to different categories of patients Thus all the functions of families related to health has undergone considerable changes in modem times.

The ancient family was regarded as the center of production, consumption, and distribution of goods. All types of economic goods required by the members for the purpose of consumption were produced by the family. But now family only acts as a consumption unit. The members of the family consume goods that are produced in mills and factories and sold in the marketplace.

In the past, agriculture was the main economic basis of the family. All economic needs of the members were fulfilled only by agricultural profession and they followed their family occupation compulsorily. But today the members of families avoid their hereditary agricultural occupation and engage in various offices, industries, factories, public sectors, and so on.

There are many families that today avoid the task of preparing food for their family members and depend upon hotels and restaurants. As a result of which the responsibilities of the members of the family decrease considerably in the present time. They do not work at home collectively and are scattered over a wide area where each of them works independently.

Thus external agencies such as mills. Factories, officers, hotels, and restaurants are performing the economic functions that families had to perform in the past. In the past socialization was one of the main functions of family Children were living under the care of their parents in the family. The socialization process of a child begins in the family.

But the socialization function of the family in respect of child care seems to have declined to a considerable extent in modem progressive countries. Due to the tire impact of rapid industrialization and urbanization, a number of working places come into existence and the social status of women has undergone considerable change.

Women are self-dependent due to their engagement in various servicing centers. In the modem civilized countries, women usually go to work leaving their small children under the care and guidance of educated women. Various outside institutions such as nursery schools, Kindergarten schools, and Montessori schools provide care and education to the children.

Thus in modem times, various outside agencies play more important roles than family in the socialization process of the child. Now the family is not following the religious practices which it was performing in the past. Religious dogmas or rituals were the fundamental basis of home organization in the ancient family system.

The ancient families had been performing certain religious practices like idol worship, prayer, idolatry, religious discourses, etc. But now modem family unlike the old or traditional family has become secular in its outlook. Religious practices have lost their significance and become outdated in modem times.

Thus, the importance of religion in the twentieth century has considerably decreased, modem people do not believe in religious practices due to the impact of industrialization, urbanization, modernization, sanslcritization, westernization, democratization, and so on. Traditionally, the family provided all kinds of recreation and entertainment to its members, But in modern, times family does not provide the kind of recreation that its members want.

They seek entertainment outside their families. Various outside recreational centers such as clubs, cinema halls, hotels, parks, gymnasiums, and so on provide recreational functions for the traditional family but have declined in modem times. In the past one of the fundamental functions of the family was caring for and assistance to old, invalid, and unemployed members.

But nowadays the government and a number of specialized agencies have come forward to perform this particular function of old and traditional families. The government provides houses, pensions, and other allowances to these helpless people.

Question 5.
Mention the types of kinship with suitable examples.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. He does not live alone in society. From birth to death, he is surrounded by a number of persons. They are his relatives, friends, neighbors, and strangers. Some are known while others are unknown persons. He is bound to all those persons who are related to him in one way or the other. These relations are based on blood and marriage.

The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a group is called kinship means society recognized relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties. These relationships are the result of social interaction and are recognized by society types of kinship. Kinship is of two types:

• Affinal kinship, and
• Consanguineous kinship

Affinal Kinship :
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship when a person marries, he establishes a relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but also with a number of persons in the girl’s family. It is not only the person marrying, who gets bound to the family members of the girl but his family members also get bound to the family members of the girl. Thus a host of relations are created as soon as a marriage takes place. After marriage, a person becomes not only a husband but also becomes brother-in-law and son-in-law.

Here it may be noted that in the English language a number of relations created by marriage are referred to by some terms. Thus the same term brother-in-law is used for bahnoi, sale jija, and Saddhu.” On marriage, a person also becomes Foofa, nandoi, and mausa. Likewise a girl marriage becomes ‘Chachi, bhabhi, during, jethani, mausi” etc. Thus marriage creates a host of relationships which are called affinal.

Consanguineous Kinship :
The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. The Consanguineous kin is related through blood whereas the affinal kin are related through marriage. The bond between parents and children and that between siblings is consanguineous kinship. Siblings are the children of the same parents.

Thus son, brother, sister, uncle (chacha), elder uncle (tau) nephew, and cousin are consanguineous kin i.e., related through blood. In this connection, it may be pointed out that blood relationships may be actual as well as supposed. Among polyandrous tribes the actual father of a child is unknown. An adopted child is treated as if it were one own biologically produced child. Thus blood relationships may be established not only on a biological basis but also on the basis of social recognition.

Degree of Kinship:-
On the basis of the nearness of distance, relatives can be classified into several categories. Some relatives are very close, direct, and near, for example, father, son, sister, brother, husband, and wife. They are called primary kin. According to Dr. Dubey, there is eight such primary kin. They are husband, wife, father, son, mother, daughter, father, daughter, mother, son, younger elder brothers, younger elder sisters, and sister brothers.

Secondly, there are secondary kins. They are primary kin of primary kin. In other words, they are related through primary kin. They are not our primary kin but are the primary kin of our primary kin hence, our secondary kin. For example, the father’s brother (chacha) and sister’s husband (bahnoi) are secondary kin.

The father is my primary kin and his brother is the primary kin of my father. Therefore father’s brother is my secondary kin, the primary kin of primary kin. Similarly, my sister is my primary kin but her husband is my secondary kin. Thirdly, there are tertiary kins. They are the secondary kin of the primary kin of our secondary kin.

Thus the wife of the brother-in-law (sala) called (sarhaj) in Hindi is tertiary kin because the brother-in-law is secondary kin and his wife is the primary kin brother-in-law. Similarly, the brother-in-law of my brother is my tertiary kin because the brother is my primary kin and his brother-in-law is the secondary kin of my brother According to Mindock, “there are 33 secondary and 151 tertiary kinds of a person”.

Kinship is a universal institution. There is no society in the world that does not recognize kinship. Though the nomenclature might be different yet the relationship does exist and is deep-rooted. All kinship can be traced from some sort of sexual relationship or descent near or remote.

Question 6.
What is the broader meaning of education? Give at least three definitions and explain them.
Answer:
The meaning of education is complex in nature. It may refer to formal schooling or to life-long education. Each person who reads or hears the word interprets it is terms of his personal interest in and expectations of it. For example, a parent considers education as a positive force to enable the child to prosper in life or to earn a name and fame in society.

A teacher may interpret education as a means for the creation of a new man as well as a new society and a new nation. To a student education is nothing but the acquisition of knowledge, attitudes, and skills passing examinations and receiving degrees and diplomas. An educational administrator believes that education is a source of assistance and support to pass examinations.

An artist looks upon education as a way to love and enjoy the beauty. An artisan may think of it is a means to master a skill. To a religious preacher, education is a device to abolish material barbarism and to impart spiritual values in the minds of the people. A statesman may claim that it is a means to train ideal citizens. Thus, there is an almost universal interest in education.

Since it does not have a simply unitary meaning, the parents, teachers, housewives, administrators, farmers, religious, preachers, military men, politicians, artists, and artisans interpret the term ‘education’ in their own ways. Education may include all learning processes. Since we learn many tilings in many ways and on manifold occasions this definition is too broad to be distinctive and useful.

Another definition would describe education only as the learning of socially approved behavior. Finally, the narrowest definition which we shall adopt for our present purposes identifies education with schooling, the transmission of culture. Particularly knowledge from generation to generation with a specialized organization in the school.

Since education is a dynamic concept its meaning differs from place to place, from time to time, and from person to person. It has passed through many ages and stages in the process of evolution and at every stage, it has/had a different meaning according to the then-existing social conditions.

Education is a complex idea. It is not at all possible to express the scope of education through a single term. Though a biologist, a priest, a psychologist, a philosopher, a teacher, a statesman, a merchant, or a shopkeeper gives different definitions of education according to their own outlook, it is very difficult to explain in definite terms.

Hence, there are variations in the meaning of education. Definition of Education Gandhi says that “By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in the child and man body, mind, and spirit”. John Dewey says that “Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences.

It is the development of all these capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities”. Rigveda says, “Education is something which makes man self-reliant and selfless”.Education may be considered a life-long process. It begins at birth and continues throughout life till death.

The child learns through its experience. He gains experience when he comes in contact with different social institutions, persons, places, and things. There is no end to this experience. It goes on forever without any breaks or barriers. Thus, education becomes an active and dynamic process.

Question 7.
Discuss critical functions towards society.
Answer:
Education can be has been and is used for many different purposes. We call these purposes the function of education. In other words, functions refer to what education actually does. Thus, the function of education is multi-dimensional within the school system and outside it. Therefore, scholars thinkers and educationists differ about the nature of these functions. Thus, education performs various functions towards the society given below.

• Society and Education.
• Education is a social process.
• School as a society – in miniature.
• Social Conservation.
• Education as continuous Reconstruction and Integration of Activities and experiences.

Society and Education:
Education is an integral part of the total social pattern. It takes place in the interaction of individual groups and the entire cultures. It is the process of interaction resulting in charges in the behavior of both the individual and the society. Education through its various processes of instruction tied to modifying society and the behavior of the individual. Thus education and society are closely related. Education functions as the chief agency for the society of socializing the human beings living in it.

Education is a social process :
Man is essentially a social being a citizen growing and thinking in a vast complex of interactions and relations. The term complex interaction refers to the democratic scientific and industrial movement of society. Right education helps the child to adjust himself to the social environment.

He can also change them according to his own needs. Education thus is the fundamental method of social progress and individual upliftment. Social reconstruction takes place in the adjustment through education of individual action on the basis of social consciousness.

School as a society-in- miniature :
The school is to be considered a society in miniature. The school must be vitally interlinked with the society outside. Varied experiences are to be provided to the child so that in his own way he is prepared to shoulder the responsibilities of after-school life. Let the school engage the child as a whole enabling him to participate in as many activities as he likes.

Social Conservation:
Life without society is uncertain, incomplete, and meaningless. Social education is necessary for a man so that he can mix with other members of society and get the inspiration to move at the same pace as them. Society guarantees the safety of man’s life and prosperity. Man leams the value of cooperation in social life by means of education. The social experience of one generation is preserved for generations to come through the medium of education and in this way, the process of social preservation remains dynamic.

Education as continuous, Reconstruction and Integration of Activities and experiences :
Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences. It is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities. We help him to grow and while growing he comes across various experiences and each experience leaves a mark on him.

Education is a reconstruction of experience: “Experience is off as well as in nature. It is not experience which is experienced, but nature stones, plants, animals diseases, health temperature, electricity and soon. Things interacting in certain other ways with another natural object – the human organism are how things are experienced as well.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 3 Social Institutions Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 3 Social Institutions Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is family?
Answer:
The family is the most important primary group in society. It is the most simplest and elementary form of society. It is the first and the most immediate social environment to which a child is exposed.

Question 2.
Give one definition of family.
Answer:
Ogburn and Ninkoff say that “Family is a mere or less a durable association of husband and wife with or without a child or of man or a woman alone with children.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of family and from which is it is derived?
Answer:
The term family has been derived from the Roman word Famulus which means servant. The servants enjoyed the status of members of the household in ancient times. Thus originally family consisted of a man and a woman with a child or child servant.

Question 4.
Mention the main characteristic of the family.
Answer:
As a social unit family has the following characteristics such as:

• Emotionality
• Universality
• Limited size
• Social Control
• Formative influence
• Responsibility of member

Question 5.
What is a matriarchal family?
Answer:
A matriarchal family is also known as mother centered family. Her mother or woman is the head of the family who exercises her authority. She is the owner of the property and the manager of the household. All the other members are subordinate to her.

Question 6.
What is a patriarchal family?
Answer:
The patriarchal family is also known as father dominant family. Here the father or the eldest man is the head of the family and we exercise authority. He is the owner and the administrator ofthe family property. On all family matters, he is the final voice and opinion.

Question 7.
What is a single-family or nuclear family?
Answer:
The nuclear family is one that consists ofthe husband, wife, and their unmarried children. It is an autonomous unit and frees all control of elders. The Anevecian family is a typical example of a modern-independent nuclear family. The size of the nuclear family is very small.

Question 8.
What is a joint family?
Answer:
The joint family is also known as an undivided family and sometimes as an extended family. It consists of the husband, wife, their married and unmarried children uncles, aunts, grandfather, grandmother, etc. The members of a joint family belong to several generations. The eldest member is the head of a joint family. In India, this family system is prevailing among the Hindus.

Question 9.
What is a patrilocal family?
Answer:
A patrilocal family is a type of family in which after marriage the wife goes and lives in the family of her husband.

Question 10.
What do you mean by matrilocal family?
Answer:
A matrilocal family is such type of family in which after marriage the husband goes and lives in the family of his wife. In this family, the husband occupies the secondary position. This type of family is only found among the Khasi tribes of Assam.

Question 11.
What is a monogamous family?
Answer:
A Monogamous family is composed of one man and one woman. In this family, one man marries one woman. Both spouses can’t marry for a second time. This type of family is regarded as an ideal family.

Question 12.
What is a polygynous family?
Answer:
In a polygynous family, one man marries more than one woman at a time and lives with them and their children in the same house. This type of family is found among the Eskimo tribes, African Negroes, and Muslims.

Question 13.
What is a polyandrous family?
Answer:
A polyandrous family is composed of one woman and many men. In this type of family one woman marries many men and lives with all of them alternatively. The Pandav family is a polyandrous family.

Question 14.
What is a patrilineal family?
Answer:
In the patrilineal family, the descent is traced through the father. An entry also continues through the male members or father. Father is the center of authority patrilineal family – is regarded as the best type of family in modem India.

Question 15.
What do you mean by matrilineal family?
Answer:
In a matrilineal family, the descent is traced through the matter. An entry also continues to female members throughout the family. Here female members enjoyed all rights and privileges including the right of property and inheritance.

Question 16.
Define kinship.
Answer:
Man is social. He doesn’t live alone in society. From birth till death he is surrounded which a number of persons. They are relatives, friends, neighbors, and strangers. Some are known while others were unknown persons the lie is bound to all those persons who are related to him in one way or the other. This relationship is based on blood and married. The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a group is called kinship.

Question 18.
How many types of kinship?
Answer:
Kinship is two types.

• Affinal kinship.
• Consanguineous kinship.

Question 19.
What is Affinal kinship?
Answer:
The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship when a person marries he establishes a relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but also with a number of persons in the girl’s family.

Question 20.
What is consanguineous kinship?
Answer:
The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. The consanguineous kin is related through blood whereas in affinal kin are related through marriage.

Question 21.
What is sarhaj?
Answer:
The wife of the brother-in-law (sala) is called sarhaj.

Question 22.
Two examples of primary kinship.
Answer:
Sister, Father.

Question 23.
Give two examples of secondary kinship.
Answer:
Father, Brother, Sister’s husband.

Question 24.
What is Education?
Answer:
Education is that which makes one’s life harmonious with all existence and thus enables the mind to realize the ultimate truth which gives us a wealth of inner light and love and gives significance to life.

Question 25.
What is economics according to Marx?
Answer:
The economy is at the center of Marx’s sociological theories, he considered society to be the result of an economic base and a social superstructure. It is the economic base that determines all other social structures including ideology, politics, and religion.

Question 26.
What is the role of the economy as a social institution?
Answer:
The economy is a fundamental part of contemporary society. It contributes to the administrative, educational, ethical, legal, and religious organization of society. It is a social superstructure.

Question 27.
What does Marx claim about the forms of the state’s interest?
Answer:
Marx claim that the modern form of the state serves the interest of the ruling economic class by oppressing the collective interest of the proletariat.

Question 28.
What is class according to Weber?
Answer:
Class is defined in terms of market situation a class exists when a number of people have in common economic interest in the possession of goods and opportunity for income in commodity or labor markets.

Question 29.
What is your view of Weber on the economy?
Answer:
Economies result from communities that are arranged in such a way that goods, tangible and intangible, symbolic and material are distributed.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Family.
Answer:
Family is a unique and universal social institution. The word Family has come from the Roman word Famulus which means servant. Because in those days family consisted of a man and a woman with her children and servants. According to Maclver, a Family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.

Question 2.
Explain any three general characteristics of a family.
Answer:
A mating relationship :
Family is the outcome of the mating relationship between a man and a woman. Man and woman’s sexual desire is satisfied through this.

Forms of marriage :
The mating relationship is established through different forms of marriage like monogamy, polygamy, etc.

An Economic Provision :
Family provides for some sort of economic provision by which different economic needs of its members are met.

Question 3.
Explain any three distinctive features of the family.
Answer:
As a social organization par- excellence family has the following distinctive features as
Universal nature :
Family is a universal social institution that is found all over the world and at all stages of development.

Nucleus position :
Family is the nucleus, of all other social organizations and the whole social structure is built around it.

Emotional basis :
Family is grounded on human emotions. In other words, family is built upon love affection, sympathy, cooperation, and sentiments.

Question 4.
Explain Monogamous family.
Answer:
A monogamous family is based on a monogamous marriage system. It consists of a husband, a wife, and their children. Both husband and wife are prohibited to have an extramarital relationship. It is regarded as an ideal form of family.

Question 5.
Explain the Polygynous family.
Answer:
A Polygynous family is based on a polygyny system of marriage. In this family, a man has more than one wife at the same time. And all the wives may stay under one roof along with their children or each wife may have a separate house.

Question 6.
Explain the Polyandrous family.
Answer:
A polyandrous family is based on a polyandry system of marriage. In this family, a woman marries more than one husband at a time. Here the wife lives with her husband during the term. It is found among the Todas and Kuta Tribes.

Question 7.
Explain the Patrilineal family.
Answer:
The family in which the ancestry family name and property are determined on the basis of the male line or father’s called a patrilineal family. The family name as well as the right to property is handed over from father to son.

Question 8.
Explain the Matrilincal family.
Answer:
On the basis of rules of descent or ancestry, the family may be divided into matrilineal or patrilineal. In this family system ancestry or descent is traced through the mother. The family name, as well as the right to property, is handed over from mother to daughter. Here, female members enjoy all rights and privileges.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Primary and Secondary kins.
Answer:

• The relatives which are very close, direct, near, and are related through blood are called primary kins whereas the primary kins of a primary kins are called secondary kins.
• Father, son, and brother are called primary kins whereas father’s brother or father’s sister are examples of second kin.
• Primary kins are close blood relatives but secondary kins are related through primary kins.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Affinal kinship and Consanguineous kinship.
Answer:

• The relations created through marriage are known as affinal kins but kins related through blood are known as Consanguineous kins.
• Wife and sister-in-law are examples of affinal kins whereas parent’s sons and daughters are examples of consanguineous kins.

Question 11.
Explain Kinship.
Answer:
The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in groups is called kinship. Kinship includes socially recognized relationships. Kinships are of two types Affinal kinship and Consanguineous kinship. Kinship is based on both blood relationships and marital relationships.

Question 12.
Explain Religion.
Answer:
Religion refers to a belief in supernatural or mysterious powers which express themselves in overt activities. It is a unified system of beliefs and practices relating to sacred things. It establishes a unit in society.

Question 13.
Explain the functions of the family.
Answer:
As a universal social institution family performs several functions on the basis of important functions of the family are divided into essential and non-essential functions. Satisfaction of sex needs reproduction protection provision of home care of the young are the essential functions of the family. Non-essential functions of the family are economic, educative, religious, and recreational in nature.

Question 14.
Explain affinal Kinship.
Answer:
The bond- of blood or kinship that kinds people together in a group is called kinship. It includes socially recognized relationships. The relations created through marriage are called affinal kinship.

Question 15.
Explain Consanguineous Kinship.
Answer:
Kinship includes socially recognized relationships. It kinds people together in a group. Kinship may be divided on the basis of blood or marriage. The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. These kins are related to each other through blood.

Question 16.
Explain the social roles of Religion.
Answer:
Religion refers to that institutionalized system of beliefs symbols, values, and practices that provide group of men with solutions to their questions of ultimate being. Religion acts as a source of social cohesion and brings social welfare. Religion acts as an agency of social control and enhances self-importance.

Question 17.
Explain the Patriarchal family.
Answer:
On the basis of authority, the family may be divided into patriarchal and matriarchal types. When all the authority is vested in the oldest male member calls outs the patriarchal family.

Question 18.
Write a short note on the social role played by religion.
Answer:
Religion explains and rationalizes individual suffering and makes it bearable. Religion acts as the most important source of social cohesion. Religion brings social welfare to society. Religion acts as an important agency of social control and exercises control both over individuals and society.

Question 19.
Write short notes on the functions of the family.
Answer:
As an important social institution family performs several functions. Kins Davis has divided functions into four heads such as reproduction, maintenance, placement, and socialization. Similarly, OgbumandNimkoff mentioned six functions of the family such as affectionate, economic recreational protective, religious and educational.

But Maclverhas made only two divisions of functions, such as essential and non-essential functions. Essential functions include stable satisfaction of sex needs production and rearing of children. Under non-essential functions, they include educational, economic, recreational, religious, and others.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques Long Answer Questions

Long Type questions and answers

Question 1.
Discuss different Criticism on Srinivas?
Answer:
It must be admitted that Srinivas has made a serious attempt to analyse social change not only in villages but in the wider society at large. Concepts are not theories they are only formats of a theory.

There is a possibility of a format to suffer from several weaknesses. Response of Srinivas’ concept of Sanskritisation has been much encouraging, not with standing its drawbacks.

For instance, in 1965, the University of Chicago organised a seminar on ‘Social Change in India’. The seminar was important in the sense that it was attended by Srinivas himself and a number of social anthropologists, such as Bernard S. Cohen, David G. Mandelbaum, McKim Marriott, Owen M. Lynch, Milton Singer and a few others.

All these had rich experience of working in Indian villages. Sanskritisation was discussed thoroughly in this conference. Besides, some of the Indian sociologists also conducted intensive field studies to verify the concept. The critique which we give below is drawn from all these comments:

Religion is suigeneris for Srinivas:
Whether we consider dominant caste, Sanskritisation on westernisation, in all these concepts the major thrust of Srinivas is caste. Caste is related to religion and, therefore, when Srinivas talks about caste he means religion.

His fundamental assumption is that caste has originated from religion. It is the Brahma who created four varnas out of the different parts of his body.

Religion and caste, therefore, for Srinivas, are the two sides of the same coin. Viewed from this perspective, the concept of Sanskritisation is the concept of religion.

And when he focuses on caste, he is concerned with hierarchy. K.L. Sharma (1986) rightly observes: Srinivas’s study of the role of religion among the Coorgs is clearly an extension of Radcliffe Brown’s functionalism. Religion is sui generis for Srinivas.

Caste and religion are intertwined. Hence religion becomes the basis of caste hierarchy (emphasis ours). The weakness of the concept of Sanskritisation is that it is only concerned with the culture.

It would not be wrong to say that Srinivas is concerned only with the cultural and normative criteria which bring change in rural society. The economic and political parameters of change have largely been overlooked by him.

Hierarchy is supreme:
The concept of sanskritisation is based on hierarchy. The idea in the process of sanskritisation is that the lower castes might rise to higher caste by imitating the sanskritic rights of the twice-born.

Such a social change is hierarchical. When today, in contemporary India, democratisation has become a new value, hierarchical transformation is increasingly becoming weak.

Parvathamma brings out this weakness of sanskritisation when she observes: In all the writings of Srinivas, the Brahmin non-Brahmin values are juxtapose, hierarchy remains basic to Srinivas.

Social tensions and contradictions by-passed:
For Srinivas, the idea of Indian society is that of caste society. lie altogether forgets that Indian society is a plural society; it does not discriminate individuals on the basis of caste.

By giving the concept of sanskritisation he very rigidly adheres to caste model of Indian society. K.L. Sharma comments harshly on this weakness of Srinivas.

A scholar of the eminence Srinivas does not take cognizance, perhaps inadvertently, of the continuity of ‘social formation’ of Indian society, and prefers to adhere to caste model of Indian society. He refers to ‘rural caste’ and ‘urban caste’, like some American scholars, such as Rosen and Marriott.

Caste and class, theoretically speaking, are principles of social status determination, hence not concerned with ‘rural’ or ‘urban’ people as such. ‘Rural’ and ‘urban’ are patterns of living and not principles of ranking (emphasis ours).

Sanskritisation may lead to interclass hostility:
Yogendra Singh has yet another weakness in the concept of Sanskritisation given by Srinivas. His guess is that sometimes Sanskritisation may manifest suppressed inter-class hostility. In support of his guess Yogendra Singh refers to the observation made by Harold Gould.

One of the prime motives behind Sanskritisation is this factor of repressed hostility which manifests itself not in the form of rejecting the caste system but in the form its victims trying to seize control of it and, thereby, expiate their frustrations on the same battlefield where they acquired them.

Only then can there be a sense of satisfaction in something achieved, i.e., tangible, concrete, and relevant to past experience. Not only Yogendra Singh but Srinivas himself has admitted that Sanskritisation subsumes many meanings. Some of the meanings are mutually antagonistic.

Sanskritisation is a limited concept:
Surely, one of the weaknesses of Sanskritisation is its limited usefulness. It refers only to social change in the caste hierarchy: Caste hierarchy is basically ritual-cultural hierarchy. But beyond caste, i.e., in secular hierarchy Sanskritisation ceases of exist. In any case the concept is not comprehensive enough in explaining social change.

It is a process confined too little tradition only: Admittedly,” Sanskritisation is a process of social change. Theoretically, “Sanskritisation may represent changes in cultural structure, of the little as well as the great tradition: But most empirical observations of this process are confined to the little tradition”.

In other words, changes in the great tradition, i.e., in epics like Puranas can be made by a comprehensive cultural renaissance that can be effected at the local level.

And, therefore, Sanskritisation though wider in scope remains restricted to a few castes found in a specific region. For instance, if there is a movement of Sanskritisation among the potters, it does not necessarily mean that the movement would spread among the potters at national level. Obviously, a caste varies from place to place, region to region.

Sanskritisation sometimes is a protest against the normative structure:
There are empirical observations in some parts of rural India that the lower castes have rebelled against the Sanskritic values of the higher castes. Such protests have resulted out of the democratic values given by education, party ideology and idiom of equality.

Emphasising this point Yogendra Singh observes:
Looked at from an ideal-typical value frame, Sanskritisation is a form of protest against the normative structure and principles laid down by the great tradition.

It, amongst to a rejection of the Hindu theory of karma which integrates the various levels of role institutionalisation supposed to be ascribed by birth, is thus a process of usurpation of a position higher in hierarchy as defined by the great tradition, by rejection of fundamental principle of hierarchy (great tradition).

The protest against sanskritisation thus gets manifested in the denial of the karmakanda practised by Brahmins. The ritual status of Brahmin in this process gets eroded.

Similarly, the former ruling class of Rajputs is also looked down by the rebels. And, therefore, it would be erroneous to understand that on all occasion’s sanskritisation is looked with favour.

Weakening dominant caste also lowers Sanskritisation:
The concept of dominant caste is a supplement to the concept of Sanskritisation. In modern India, the construct of dominant caste is fast becoming irrelevant. No more are Brahmins a dominant caste in many of the villages.

Dominance carries power, professional status and party association. Quite like the construct of dominant caste sanskritisation also suffers certain weaknesses. The developed villages now hardly consider dominant caste as their reference models for sanskritisation.

Power acquisition and political participation are more important than cultural status:
Milton Singer has brought out new empirical evidence (1968) to suggest that the contemporary upward mobile group has rejected sanskritisation for political participation. Singer, in this regard, refers to the studies of Owen Mr Lynch and William Rowe. Lynch conducted a study among the Jatav of Agra.

What is the view of Luynch While rejecting Srinivas? The concept of sanskritisation describes the social changes occurring in modem India in tenns of sanskritisation and westernisation.

The description is primarily in cultural and not in structural terms. Lynch argues that in place of sanskritisation the process of‘elite emulation’ applies well so far the Jatavas, i.e., Chamars are concerned.

He says that the Jatavas have given up claims to a ‘dominant’ status of Kshatriya and sanskritic cultural behaviour, and have become antagonist of castes and caste system; in effect, they have reversed their old position against the Adi-IIindu movement. The reasons for rejection of sanskritisation, i.e., caste culturology, as given by Lynch, are:

The change is due to the fact that sanskritisation is no longer as functional as is political participation for achieving a change in style of life and a rise in the Indian social system, now composed of both caste and class elements. The object of sanskritisation was ultimately to open and legitimise a place in the opportunity and power structures of the caste society.

The same object can now be better achieved by active political participation. It is no longer ascription based on caste status, but rather achievement based on citizenship status that, manifestly at least, is the recruitment principle for entrance into the power and opportunity structures. For Lynch, Rowe, Singer and others sanskritisation is basically a concept of social mobility.

Quite like these American scholars Y.B. Damle has also applied Merton’s reference group reference group theory to analyse social change in rural India. It is argued that sanskritisation is very limited in its scope, whereas reference group theory is quite comprehensive. Concluding bur description on sanskritisation it could be said that the nature of sanskritisation is definitely empirical.

It focuses on localised culture. It is concerned with the culture of the twist-born. Its weaknesses are several. The difficulty with the concept is that rural India is changing fast and the concept has not received any corresponding change. It is well known in theory that concepts commit their own suicide when they do not interact with the reality.

This is exactly what has happened with the concept of Sanskritisation. Some of the youngsters even belonging to the dalit castes raise their heads and say: Who cares for the twice-born? We have our own dignity. We have our legitimate rights. Who can deny it?

Question 2.
What are the features of sanskritization?
Answer:
In the traditional society, the occupations practiced by castes, their diet, and the customs they observe determine their status in the hierarchy. Thus, practicing an occupation such as tanning, butchery puts a caste in a low position. Eating beef, fish and mutton is considered defiling. Offering animal sacrifices to deities is viewed as a low practice than offering fruit and flowers.

As such, castes following these customs, diet habits, etc. adopt the life of the Brahmins to achieve a higher status in the caste hierarchy. This is moving of a low caste upwards in the social structure.

Srinivas termed this process as “Sanskritisation”. M.N. Srinivas first introduced the notion of Sanskritisation to explain the process of cultural mobility in India, in his book ‘Religion and Society among the Coorgs’.

In his study of the Coorgs, he found that the lower castes adopted some customs of the Brahmins and gave up some of their own, which were considered to be impure by the higher castes in order to raise their position in the caste hierarchy. For example, they gave up meat-eating, consumption of liquor and animal sacrifice to their deities.

They imitated the Brahmins in matter of food, dress and rituals. To denote this process of mobility Srinivas first used the term ‘Brahmanisation’.

Subsequently he replaced it by Sanskritisation. Srinivas preferred the term ‘Sanskritisation’ to ‘Brahmanisation’. Sanskritisation is a broader term, while Brahmanisation is a narrower term.

In fact, Brahmanisation is subsumed in the wider process of Sanskritisation. For instance, the Brahmins of the Vedic period consumed alcohol (soma), ate beef, and offered animal sacrifices. But these practices were given up by them in the poscyedic times, perhaps under the influence of Jainism and Buddhism.

Today, by and large, Brahmins are vegetarians and teetotalers; only the Kashmiri, Bengali and Saraswati Brahmins eat non-vegetarian food. Had the term ‘Brahmanisation’ been used, it would have been necessary to specify which particular Brahmin group was meant. In fact Srinivas has been “broadening his definition of Sanskritisation from time to time”.

Initially he described it as “the process of mobility of lower castes by adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism to move in the caste hierarchy in a generation or two”; Latter on, he redefined it as “a process by which a low caste or a tribe or other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology and way of life in the direction of a high twice-born caste”.

The second connotation of Sanskritisation is thus much broader because first Srinivas talked of imitation of mere food habits, rituals, religious practices but later on he talked of imitation of ideologies too (which include ideas of Karma, Dharma, Papa, a Punya, Moksha, etc). By means of these changes in customs and rituals the low caste or tribal people claim a higher position in the caste hierarchy (Srinivas 1952).

Srinivas has admitted that he emphasised unduly on the Brahminical model of Sanskritisation and ignored other models – Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra in his book on Coorgs. According to him, the lower castes also imitated the cultural ways of other higher castes such as Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, and the Sudras in various regions of the country.

Further, he says, dominant castes set the model for the majority of people living in rural areas including, occasionally, Brahmins. If the local dominant caste is Brahmin it will tend to transmit a Brahminical model, whereas if it is Kshatriya or Vaishya it will transmit Kshatriya or Vaishya model. Srinivas also says that small number of Brahmins or other high castes (Kshatriyas, Vaishyas) may gradually assimilate from the culture of locally dominant caste.

It is important to mention that the dominance of a caste is characterised by secular values. Thus, it appears that Brahmin and other higher castes imitate the cultural values of locally dominant castes which are secular in nature. On the other hand lower castes follow cultural ways of both ritually higher castes and dominant castes which include both sacred and secular values.

Question 3.
What are the Features of Sanskritisation?
Answer:
The process of Sanskritisation is characterised by imitation, change of ideals, social mobility, social change etc. The concept ‘Sanskritisation’ has been integrated with economic and political domination, that is, the role of local dominant caste in the process of cultural transmission has been stressed.

Besides the castes, the process of Sanskritisation has been indicated in tribal communities like Bhils of Rajasthan, Gonds of Madhya Pradesh and other hilly tribes. By the process of Sanskritisation a tribal community tries to prove itself to be a part of Hindu society.

Sanskritisation occurred sooner or latter in those castes which enjoyed political and economic power but have not rated high in ritual ranking (that is, there was a gap between their ritual and politico-economic positions).

Economic betterment is not a necessary pre-condition to Sanskritisation, nor must economic development necessarily lead to Sanskritisation. However, sometimes a group may start by acquiring political power and this may lead to economic betterment and Sanskritisation.

Srinivas has given the example of untouchables of Rampura village in Mysore who have got increasingly sanskritised though their economic condition has remained almost unchanged.

The British rule provided impetus to the process of Sanskritisation but political independence has weakened the trend towards this change. The emphasis is now on the vertical mobility and not on the horizontal mobility. Describing social change in India in terms of Sanskritisation is to describe it primarily in cultural and not in structural terms.

Srinivas himself has conceded that Sanskritisation involves ‘positional change’ in the caste system without any structural change. Factors that have made Sanskritisation possible are industrialisation, occupational mobility, developed communication, spread of literacy, and western technology.

No wonder, the spread of Sanskrit theological ideas immersed under the British rule. The development of communications carried Sanskritisation to areas previously inaccessible and the spread of literacy carried it to groups very low in the caste hierarchy. M.N. Srinivas has specifically referred to one factor which has helped the spread of Sanskritisation among the low castes.

It is the separation of ritual acts from the accompanying mantras which facilitated the spread of Brahmanical rituals among all Hindu castes, including the untouchables. Furthermore, the political institution of parliamentary democracy has also contributed to the increased Sanskritisation, according to Srinivas.
Assessment:
The process of Sanskritisation indicates

• a process of change
• upward mobility or aspirations of lower castes to move upward in hierarchy and
• attack on hierarchy and leveling of culture.

As regards attack on hierarchy, it is not only the lower castes but even the tribes and castes in the middle regions of the hierarchy which try to take over the customs and way of life of the higher castes. As regards the upward mobility, Yogendra Singh calls it ‘contextual specific’ connotation of Sanskritisation.

This is because it explains the process of cultural imitation by lower castes of upper castes, which could be Rajputs, Jats, Brahmins, Baniyas etc. In some places, tribes are reported to imitate the customs of the caste Hindus. As regards merely ‘the process of change’, Yogendra Singh calls it the ‘historical specific’ connotation of Sanskritisation.

In this sense, it refers to the process in the Indian history which led to changes in the status of various castes or its cultural patterns in different periods of history.

It is also indicative of an endogenous source of social change. So far as the religious aspect is concerned, the Hinduisation of tribals is an example of religious Sanskritisation.

In the social field, the low caste individuals are elevating their social status within the caste hierarchy. Coming to the role of Sanskritisation in economic field we observe that the members of SC & ST are entering into higher posts and are obtaining reservation in services. Last but not the least, the life styles of the lower castes have considerably improved.

The usefulness of the concept of Sanskritisation as a tool in the analysis of Indian society has been described by Srinivas himself as ‘greatly limited because of the complexity of the concept as well as its looseness”.

Certain deficiencies in the concept may be noted. Since the reference group is not always a caste but in many cases it is the local ‘dominant caste (which could be a Rajput, Bania, Jat etc).

The context of Sanskritisation varies not only in each model but also within the same model from region to region. Power and dominance have been integrated by Srinivas with the process of Sanskritisation. This introduces the structural element in the Sanskritisation model of social change. Srinivas has not made this explicit.

Srinivas’s model explains the process of social change only in India which is based on the caste system. It is not useful for other societies. Yogendra Singh maintains that Sanskritisation fails forecourt for many aspects of cultural changes in the past and contemporary India as it neglects the non-Sanskritic, traditions, which often are a localized form of the Sanskrit’ tradition.

McKim Marnot also found such phenomenon in his study of a village community in India. Sanskritisation is not a universal process. Srinivas accepts that in Hinduism the lower castes are taking to the norms and values of the higher castes. This fact may be true with reference to a particular community or region but it is not universal.

D.N. Majumdar has shown in his study of Mahana village, in U.P., that there is no tendency among the lower castes to adopt the customs and manners of higher Caste nor does it help in elevating the status of any caste. Majumdar has also shown that in the social stratification the movement among the castes is not vertical but horizontal.

As Majumdar says, there are more signs of the reverse process namely de- Sanskritisation in evidence all over the country. In de-Sanskritisation the members of higher caste abandon their dress and rituals, for example Kashmir. Pandits. According to him, the shrinkage of distance between castes is not due to Sanskritisation but its-reverse.

Sanskritisation has been a major process of cultural change in Indian history and it has occurred in every part of the Indian sub-continent (Srinivas). It can be said that the process of Sanskritisation has occurred in specific historical context and led to changes in the status of different castes. As says Prof. Y. Singh, this is the historical specific connotation.

In contextual specific sense, however, Sanskritisation denotes contemporaneous process of cultural imitation of upper castes by lower castes or sub-castes in different parts of India. The nature of this type of Sanskritisation is by no means uniform as the context on cultural norms or customs being imitated may vary from Sanskrit or Hindu traditional forms to tribal and even the Islamic patterns.

He notes how the tribal groups such as the Bhils Gonds and Oraons claim to be a caste through, the process of Sanskritisation and claim a place in the caste hierarchy. Consequently, he has been changing his definition from time to time.

The definition of Sanskritisation does not mean change in customs, ritual, ideology and way of life of a Tow’ Hindu caste or tribal in the direction of a high, frequently twice born caste.

Rather it means cross imitation of customs and way of life among different social groups. In other words, Sanskritisation is only an illustration of the operation of the ‘reference group’ process. A reference group is a group which is used as a standard to evaluate one’s attitudes, customs, rituals etc.

The influence of the reference group on the behaviour of a person or group depends on the prestige of that group in the given society. So long as the caste has prestige in the social groups it serves as a model. In the same way a ruling caste or group will also serve as a model when it commands prestige in the society.

As Srinivas himself has observed, “The best way of staking a claim to a higher position is to adopt the customs and way of life of a higher caste. Though over a long period of time, Brahminical rites and customs spread among the lower castes, in short run the locally dominant caste was imitated by the rest” even if it was not Brahmin.

Merton (1957) has written about the influence of reference group with respect to the norms and standards and by providing a frame for comparison. Non-members try to adopt the norms of the reference group and also develop the characteristic attitude of that group.
They also aspire to be the members of those groups. Theoretically, Sanskritisation is an ideological borrowing process.

It as a process only refers to changes in cultural attributes of a caste and not a structural change. It might be used as the means available to lower castes for status mobility in a closed system of stratification. But this status mobility during post-colonial phase may be better explained in terms of modernisation as it already gathered momentum having the status mobility.

Sanskritisation, to quote Y. Singh, is psychologically or even structurally, & a kin to modernisation in so far as the motive forces to challenge the deprivations by Great Traditions are stronger.

As Srinivas himself points out, the Varna hierarchy is clear and immutable. It is evident that Sanskritisation reinforces and consolidates the immutable Varna hierarchy rather than dislodges it or modifies it.

Thus, Sanskritisation is not a process by which structural changes in Hindu Society can become possible. Sanskritisation as a concept is irrelevant to explain cultural and, status mobility in independent India. There is greater homogeneity in the cultural values of the members of all castes exposed to the process of modernisation.

Question 4.
What is research, purpose of research, scientific research, research and theory? What is research?
Answer:
The unique characteristic of human mind is the curiosity to know about the universe. Innumerable questions arise in our mind about our environment, planet and the universe.

Most of these questions starting with what, why, how and soon. For example, what are stars? why day and night alternate? How is rain formed and why the mode of life and activities of human beings vary from place to place?

Whenever such questions arise we seek answer to them or we try to find out solutions to them. Seeking answers to questions and finding solutions to the problems have been the basis of human progress. A systematic search for an answer to a question or a solution to a problem is called research.

Actually research is simply the process of arriving as dependable solution to a problem through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of a data. Research is the most important process for advancing knowledge for promoting progress and to enable man to relate more effectively to his environment to accomplish his purpose and to solve his conflicts.

Although it is not the only way, it is one of the most effective ways of solving problems. The term research consist of two words,’ Re’+’Search’. “Re” means again and again and “Search” means to find out something. The following is the process; Observes collection of data Person phenomena conclusions Again and again Analysis of data.

Therefore, the research is a process of which a person observes the phenomena again and again and collects the data and on the basis of data he draws some conclusions.

Research seeks to find out explanations to unexplained phenomena to clarify the doubtful propositions and to correct the misconceived facts. It simply means a search for facts, answer to questions and solutions to problems. The search for facts may be made through either

1. arbitrary (unscientific) method or
2. scientific method.

Characteristic of Research The above definitions reveal the following characteristics of research.

• Research is a systematic and critical investigation to a phenomenon.
• It aims at interpreting and explaining a phenomenon.
• It adopts scientific method.
• It is based on empirical evidences and observable experience.
• It develops generalizations, principles or theories.
• It directed towards finding answer to the questions and solutions to the problems.

Question 5.
What is the Purpose of Research?
Answer:
The purposes or objectives of research are varied. They are Research extends knowledge of human beings social life, environment. Research reveals the mysteries of nature. Research establishes generalizations and general laws and contributes to theory building in various fields of knowledge. Research verifies and tests existing facts and theory.

Research helps us to improve our knowledge and ability to handle situations. General laws developed through research may enable us to make reliable predictions of events. Research aims to analyze inter-relationship between variables and to derive causal explanations, which help us to better understanding of the world in which we live.

Research aims to finding solutions to the problem, e.g: socio-economic problems, health problems, organizational and human relational problems and so on.

Research also aims at developing new tools, concepts and theories for better understanding to unknown phenomena. Research helps national planning board to focus our national development. It enables the planners to evaluate alternative strategies, ongoing programs and evaluation, etc., Research provides functional data for rational decision making and formulation of strategies and policies.

Question 6.
Discuss different types and methods of social research?
Answer:
Types of Research:
The purpose of research is to discover answer to questions through application of scientific procedures. Research always starts from a question like why, what, how etc,. The nature of questions varies the type research procedure and methods and procedure also varies. Research may be classified crudely, according to its major intent or the method.

According to the intent, research may be classified as pure research (basic research), applied research, exploratory research, descriptive study, action research etc,. According to the method of study, research may be classified as experimental research, analytical study, historical research and survey.

The above classification is not a watertight demarcation. It is just a narration to understand the different approaches to research The different types of research are not sharply distinguishable from one another. There may be overlapping between one type and other.

Pure (Basic) Research and Applied Research:
The reason for asking research questions are of two general kinds; intellectual and practical. Intellectual questions are based on the desire to know or understand for the satisfaction of knowing or understanding. Practical questions based on the desire to do something better or more efficiently. The investigation to which these two types questions lead, sometimes labeled “pure” or basic and applied research.

Pure Research:
Pure research is focused to collect knowledge without any intention to apply it. It is purely intellectual in character. It is also known as basic or fundamental research.

Intellectual curiosity is the only motivational factor behind it. It is not necessarily problem oriented. It aims at extension of knowledge. It may lead to either discovery of a new theory or refinement of an existing theory.

The development of various sciences owes much too pure research. The findings of pure research enrich the store house of knowledge. Pure research lays the foundation for applied research.

The findings of pure research formed the basis for innumerable scientific and technological inventions like steam engine, auto mobiles and telecommunication etc, which have revloutionalized and enriched our human life.

Basic research had many definitions, most of them unsatisfying in one way or another. It can even authoritatively been said that an adequate or operational definition of basic research is not possible (Kidd-1959). In many cases basic research is done to test theory to test relations among phenomena in order to understand the phenomena, with little or to thought of application of the results to practical problems (Kerlinger – 1972).

The best example is that to Michael Faraday. He said research in electricity, with out knowing that, it would be useful. He did continuous search to find out the truth or knowledge. Knowledge for knowledge sake only.

Contributions of Pure Research:
Pure research of solutions to many practical problems by developing principles. Pure research helps to find out the critical factors in practical problems. Pure research provides many alternative solutions and thus enables us to choose best solutions.

Applied Research:
Applied research is focused up on a real life problem requiring an action or policy decision. It tries to find out practical and immediate result. It is thus problem oriented and action directed.

According to Kerlinger (1979) applied research is research directed towards the solution of specified practical problems. Julian Simon has pointed out that applied social sciences help in making policy decision.

Applied research methods are sometimes more sophisticated than any methods used in pure research (offers: 1950). There is vast scope for applied research in the fields of technology, management, commerce, economics and other social sciences. Innumerable problems are face in these areas.

They need empirical study for finding solutions. The immediate purpose of an applied research is to find solutions to practical problems. It may incidentally contribute to the development of theoretical knowledge by leading to the discovering of new facts or testing of a theory or to conceptual clarity.

Contributions of Applied Research:
Applied Research can contribute new facts. It uncovers new facts which enrich the concerned body of knowledge. Applied research can put theory to the test.

It offers an opportunity to test the validity of existing theory. Applied research may aid in conceptual clarification. Many concepts are vague. E.g. small farmer, social responsibility, social structure etc.

Applied research aid conceptual clarity. Applied research may integrate previously existing theories. A practical problem has many facts. It cannot be solved by the application of abstract principles from a single science. The solution of a practical problem may require some integration of the theories and principles of various disciplines.

Relation between Pure and Applied Research:
The distinction between pure and applied research is not absolute. Both are not contradictory but are complementary. Pure research may have significant potential for its application to the solution of a practical problem and applied research may end up with making a scientific contribution to the development of the theoretical knowledge.

The terms ‘pure’ and ‘applied just represent the polar of a continuum. Morry said “research studies have differing degree of purity and ‘applicability’, depending on whether their purpose is solely to advance knowledge in a field or to solve some financial problem.

Action Research:
Conventional social scientific research is concerned to analyse and explain phenomena. The role of research is detached, in order to minimize disturbance of the phenomena under investigation. In action research, research is jointed with action. Researcher became participants in planned policy initiatives. It is an action programme launched foe solving a problem or for improving an existing situation.

Government institutions and voluntary agencies undertake action programmes for achieving specific goals or objectives. Social welfare programmes human resource development programmes, research for improving the qualities of life in factories an offices etc, are some examples of action research programme.

Types of Action Research:
R covar categorize action research into five types.
Classical design:
Research and action are separated and independent. The connection between research and action is not purposely sought. It may occur by chance.

Interdependence of action and research:
Action is carried out by an agency not connected with a research institution. Research on action may be entrusted to an independent research body; For example government may launch a development programme and a university social scientist may be welcomed to study the on-going programme.

Evaluate research built into an action programme:
In this case, research is dependent upon action, and the action people define the scope of the research.

Action for research:
In this type research is joined with action. Researcher became participants in planned policy initiatives.

Question 7.
What is Observation method?
Answer:
Observation Method
Observation is one of the cheaper and more effective techniques of data collection. Observation, in simple terms, is defined as watching the things with some purpose in view.

However, in research activity the term has a wider meaning than simple watching. Observation, is a systematic and deliberate study through eye of spontaneous occurrence at the time, they occur.

Observation may serve a variety of research purposes, it may be used to explore the given area of subject matter or to gain insight into the research problem and provide a basis for development of hypotheses.

Observation may also be used as the primary technique of data collection in descriptive studies and also in the experimental studies designed for testing casual hypotheses.

Observation many times is a perception. Observation has mainly three components-Sensation, attention and perception. The accuracy of observation depends on knowledge and experience. Generally, the intellectual, physical and moral conditions are very important in observation.

General characteristics of observation method

• It is a physical and mental activity.
• It is selective and purposeful.
• It is ai scientific tool of research.
• It is a direct study of the situation or phenomenon.
• It tries to establish cause and effect relationship in the observed phenomenon.

Question 8.
Discuss the process and types of observation?
Answer:
Observation is one of the cheaper and more effective techniques of data collection. Observation, in simple terms, is defined as watching the things with some purpose in view. However, in research activity the term has a wider meaning than simple watching. Observation, is a systematic and deliberate study through eye of spontaneous occurrence at the time, they occur.

Observation may serve a variety of research purposes, it may be used to explore the given area of subject matter or to gain insight in to the research problem and provide a basis for development of hypotheses.

Observation may also be used as the primary technique of data collection in descriptive studies and also in the experimental studies designed for testing casual hypotheses.

Observation many times is a perception. Observation has mainly three components-Sensation, attention and perception. The accuracy of observation depends on knowledge and experience. Generally, the intellectual, physical and moral conditions are very important in observation.

PROCESS OF OBSERVATION
There are five sequential steps in the observation method:

• Preparation and training.
• 2. Entry into the study environment.
• 3. Initial interaction.
• 4. Observation and training.
• 5. Termination of fieldwork.

Aids in observation process:
In order to make the process of observation effective and reduce the faults, of the observer, a researcher may use a range of tools for systematising and recording data.

Diaries, field notes, maps, checklists, cameras, audio, video tape recorders, maps, analogy, checklist, sociometric scales, mechanical devices are the major tools adopted by the researcher to make the observation process as accurate as possible.

Types of Observation:
Observation, which is the most classical method of scientific enquiry, may take many forms. With reference to investigators role, it may be classified into:
Participant observation:
In this observation, the observer is a part of the phenomenon or group which is observed and he acts as both an observer and a participant. The persons who are observed group should not be aware of the researcher’s purpose.

Then only their behaviour will be natural. The observer can understand the emotional reactions of the observe group, and get a deeper insight of their experiences.

Non-Participant observation:
In this type of observation, the researcher does not actually participate in the activities of the group to be studied. There is no emotional involvement on the part of the observer. Observer would be simply present in the group to note down the behaviour of the respondents.

Controlled observation:
This type of observation is found quite useful in either in the laboratory or in the field. This involves standardization of the fields like psychology and sociology; Controlled observation is carried out observational techniques and exercise of maximum control over extrinsic and intrinsic variables

Uncontrolled observation:
If the observation takes place in the natural settings, it may be termed as uncontrolled observation. The main aim of this observation is get spontaneous picture of life. This does not involve control over any extrinsic or intrinsic variables.

Direct observation:
In this type of observation, the event or the behaviour of the person is observed as it occurs. This method is flexible and allows the observer to see and record subtle aspects of events and behaviour as they occur.

Indirect observation:
This does not involve the physical presence of the observer, and the recording is done by mechanical, photographic or electronic devices. This method is less flexible than direct observation. In other words, the behaviour of the person is not observed, rather its effects are observed.

Question 9.
What are the Advantages of observation method?
Answer:
Observation is one of the cheaper and more effective techniques of data collection. Observation, in simple terms, is defined as watching the things with some purpose in view.

However, in research activity the term has a wider meaning than simple watching. Observation, is a systematic and deliberate study through eye of spontaneous occurrence at the time, they occur.

Observation may serve a variety of research purposes, it may be used to explore the given area of subject matter or to gain insight in to the research problem and provide a basis for development of hypotheses.

Observation may also be used as the primary technique of data collection in descriptive studies and also in the experimental studies designed for testing casual hypotheses. Observation many times is a perception.

Observation has mainly three components-Sensation, attention and perception. The accuracy of observation depends on knowledge and experience. Generally, the intellectual, physical and moral conditions are very important in observation.

• It is the most direct means of studying a wide variety of phenomena based on actual and first-hand experience.
• It enables the observer to code and record behaviour at the time of its occurrence.
• The behavior of human beings can be best studied. It is the basis for formulating hypothesis.
• Data collected under this method is more accurate and reliable, as it is based on the first hand perception of the eyes.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Briefly discuss about the emerge and development of Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology is the study of the ways in which social experience function in developing maturing and repressing human beings through their interpersonal stimulation. It is the study of social relationship and the various forms which affect them and whatever they affect.

It is a systematic study of society and social institution. Its study started as early as in the 5th Century B.C. more systematic study of the subject has however only recently started.

Science of sociology as we understand it today emerged very late. Attempts to understand social phenomena have been made since earliest times. The Greek Philosopher Plato and Aristotle attempted an analysis of the only community of those days. Their investigation resulted in deflecting the character of an-ideal social order.

However, they were prejudiced to defined their own social system and found fault with their systems. They did not favour a change though social life is never static, it is definitely dynamic.

It is hue that old order change yielding place to new Among the Roman the most outstanding thinker is cicero. He gave the tributes to Greek learning in philosophy politics law and sociology to the western world. The Roman were however more concerned with law.

In India too, the society has always remained the most important subject of study Hindu Shastras discuss at large about the way one should behave individually and in society Upanishads Sutras and Puranas, Manu Smruti discuss in detail about the observance of moral laws and duties which is the highest Dharma.

There is a clear mention of the four ashrams and the clear instructions to be followed by an individual for the well-being of the society. Our sages and Roishis have discussed at length the duties and responsibilities of each and every man in society Kautilya’s Arthshastra lays down the duties of the ruler and the people to make an ideal society. He has discussed as length the economic social and political life of man in society.

In the Mughal period the celebrated scholar Abul Fazal of Akbar ‘s court has discussed at length in Ain-i-Akbari about the social institutions of those day, one can get a fairly good idea of state and society in those days.

It was until the 16th Century that clear cut distinction was made between state and society and there were writers who treated life’s problems on a more realistic plan. Hobbes and Machiavelli were the most distinguished one among those thinkers who studied state and statecraft and discovered the principles which go to make an ideal state and society.

The ‘Prince’ of Machiavelli is devoted chiefly to an exposition of the principles governing the successful state. Another scholar Sir Thomas more in this Itopia published in 1515 tried to deal with everyday social problems thereby depicting on an ideal social order which was meant to serve as an example to others to be emulated.

He presented a picture of ideal life as a way of painting out what real life of an individual should be on real life. Other thinkers who made rich contribution in the exposition of social life and institutions were Sir Frances, Bacoft and James Harrington in their works New Atlarris and The Common Wealth of Nations respectively.

Development of Sociology:
In Italy Vico and in. France Montesquieu made notable contribution in the development of sociology as a science of social relationship. They studied social life and human behaviour in all its aspects. Vico in his great work.

The New Science contended that society was subject to definite laws which can be observed through objective observation and study. Montesquieu in his book, “The Spirit of laws analysed the role of external factors like climate etc. on human societies.

The laws determining national character were to be explained in the light of social and geographical conditions under which man loved. Credit goes to Auguste Comte who is rightly the fathers of sociology who sought to establish a science embracing the totally of human life and activities.

In the evolution of society it has to traverse through three stages of social development theological stage metaphysical stage and scientific stage.

Man has now reached the scientific stage so far his thinking about natural phenomenon is concerned but his thinking about society was still in the metaphysical stage with the publication of origin of species by Darwin it was made clear that all complete forms of life gave evolved from the simple process of survival of the fittest and natural selection.

Herbert Spencer attempted to integrate all the sciences into one system and to find one fundamental law that would explain all phenomena physical and social.

He pointed out that the social phenomena like the organic undergo an evolutionary process of growth from the simple and homogenous to the complex and heterogeneous. The primitive man represented the sample human type from which civilised man evolved. Spencer occupies the foremost place in the biological school of sociology”

Psychological Approach:
Herbert Spencer’s theory of organic evolution of society was displaced by psychological interpretation of social life. By the beginning of 20th Century Mac Dongal G Wallace and Hobhouse in England and Ward.

Giddings and Dewey on America tried to interpret social evolution in psychological terms Durkheim was the first modem thinker who emphasized on social facts and provided a separate ground to sociology from that of psychology.

According to him social facts and provided a separate ground to sociology from that of psychology. According to him social facts are extreme and exercise constraints our individuals. He gave a new direction to the study of sociology.

Study of sociology in India started in 1919 at the university of Bombay, but it was in 1930 that its study as a separate discipline was started. Thus it is clear that many individuals and thinkers on their own way and in their Own times tried to discuss social institution and systems.

Question 2.
How did Sociology Emerge?
Answer:
Sociology is the science of society and its institutions. It is considered as one of the youngest social sciences. There has been numerous factors that can be attributed to the development of the subject in the historical perspective, specially in the Nineteenth Century.

It is true that we can find in the writings of philosophers religions and legislatures of all civilizations and epochs observations and ideas which are relevant to modem sociology.

Kautilya’s Arthashashtra and Aristotle’s politics analyse political systems in ways which are still of interest to the sociologist. Nevertheless there is a real sense in which a new science of society and lot merely a new name was created in the Nineteenth Century.

It is worthwhile to consider the circumstances in which this happened and examine the characteristics which distinguish sociology from earlier social thought.

The conditions which gave use to sociology were both intellectual and social. Naturally these were inter-woven and an adequate sociological history of sociology which has not yet been attempted would have to take account of these inter-connections.

In fact, literature concerning the subject matter of sociology is not of recent origin.

But the name to this subject matter was not given before Auguste Comte who in his work course i.e. philosophic (Positive Philosophy) clearly emphasized the need for a distinct subject for studying the society and in his endeavour he first named it as social physics but later remained it sociology which is universally accepted as proper title, and by virtue of this Auguste Comte is called the father of sociology.

Question 3.
Describe the scope of Sociology.
Or
Define Sociology and discuss its scope.
Answer:
(1) Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology, defines sociology as the science of social phenomena “subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation”.
(2) Morris Ginsberg defines sociology in the following way: “In the broadest sense, sociology is the study of human interactions and interrelations, their conditions and consequences”.

There are wide differences of opinion about the scope of sociology. It is maintained by some that sociology studies everything and anything under the sun. This is rather too vague and vast a view about the scope of sociology. As a matter of fact sociology has a limited field of enquiry and deals with those problems which are not dealt with by other social sciences.

Sociology is the study of human inter-relations, interactions their conditions and consequences sociology has for its field the whole life of man in society, all the activities whereby men “maintain themselves in the struggle for existence, the rules and regulations which define their relations to each other, the systems of knowledge and belief, art and morals and any other capacities and habits acquired and developed in the course of their activities as members of society.

There are two views about the scope of sociology:
(1) Specialistic or Formalistic School; and
(2) Synthetic school.

(1) The Specialistic or Formalistic School: This school of thought is led by the GermAnswerociologist George Simmel. The other main advocates of this school are Vierkandt, Max Weber, Small, Von Wise and Tonnies. Simmel and others are of the opinion that sociology is a pure and an independent science.

As a pure science it has a limited scope. Sociology should confine itself to the study of certain aspects of human relationships only. Further, it should study only the forms of social relationships but not their contents.

Social relationships such as competition, subordination, division of labour etc. are expressed’ in different fields of social life such as economic, political, religious, moral, artistic etc.

Sociology should disentangle the forms of social relationships and study them in abstraction. Sociology as a specific social science describes, classifies and analyses the forms of social relationships.

Vierkandt says that sociology concerns itself with the ultimate form of mental or psychic relationship which links men to one another in society.

He maintains that in dealing with culture, sociology should not concern itself with the actual contents of cultural evolution but it should confine itself to only the discovery of the fundamental forces of change and persistence. It should refrain itself from making a historical study of concrete societies,

Max Weber opines that the aim of sociology, is to interpret or understand social behaviour. But social, behaviour does not cover the whole field of human relations.

He further says that sociology should make an analysis and classification of types of social relationship.
Small insisted that sociology has only a limited field. Von Wiese and Tonnies expressed more and less the same opinion.

1. It narrows the scope of sociology to merely abstract forms.

2. Abstract forms separated from concrete relations can not be studied. Study of social relationships remains barren if it is conducted in the abstract without full knowledge of the terms to which in concrete life they relate.

3. The conception of pure sociology is impractical. No social science can be studied in isolation from other social sciences.

4. Sociology alone does not study social relationships. Political science. Economics and International law also study social relationships.
Thus the formalistic school extremely narrows and confines the fields of sociology.

(2) Synthetic School: In reaction to the formalistic school of thought there arose the synthetic school. This school hold the view that sociology is a synthesis of all social science. The main exponents of the synthetic school of thought are, Emile Durkheim, Hobhouse, P. Sorokin and others. According to Durkheim sociology has three principal division, viz.,
(i) Social morphology,
(ii) Social physiology and
(iii) General sociology.

Social morphology covers the geographical settings, the density of population, etc., social physiology deals with such dynamic processes as religion morals, law, economic life, etc. Each of these becomes the subject matter of a special discipline like sociology of religion sociology of morals, sociology of law and so on.

General sociology is an attempt to discover the general social laws manifest in the specialized social processes to this he regards as the philosophical part of sociology. Hobhouse also holds a view similar to that of Durkheim regarding the functions of sociology. According to him sociology should be a synthesis of numbers social sciences. It should include other science in its scope.

According to Sorokin, the subject- matter of sociology includes.
(i) The study of relationship between the different aspects of social phenomena.
(ii) The study of relationship between the social and non-social.
(iii) The study of general features of social phenomena.
From the foregoing discussions on the scope of sociology it can be conveniently concluded that the range of this science is very wide. Sociology is regarded as a general. Science as well as a special science like all other sciences, the subject matter of sociology is society.

Question 4.
Explain the nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Certain elements are essential before any study can be regarded as science. The essential characteristics of science are the following:
(1) The scientific method consists of minute and careful observation, recording, classification, generalisation and verification. A science is so called not because of its subject matter but because it employs the scientific method.
(2) Science is the study of facts. Its subject matter is facts not ideals.
(3) Scientific principles are universal. They hold true irrespective of the temporal and spatial order.
(4) Scientific law is vertical. Its validity can be examined at any time and tested any number of times. It will prove true in every case.
(5) Science searches for the cause and effect relationship in its subject matter and in this connection provides universal and valid laws.
(6) Science can also make predictions on the basis of universal and valid laws relating ‘ to the cause effect relationships in any subject. The foundation of science is based upon a faith in causality. What will happen can be predicted by basing the prediction upon what is, for the law of cause and effect is universal and inevitable.

Some objections against sociology being called a science are the following:
(1) An objective and unbiased study can not be made in sociology. It is because the sociologist has to resume the dual role of both the doctor and the patient. He is also a part of that very society with his studies.

(2) The objection which has been raised to challenge the scientific status of sociology is the lack of laboratories. Sociology as a science can neither catch, nor see neither weigh nor analyse its fundamental elements in the test tube of a laboratory. The relation at cooperation or non-cooperation of love and hatred are such which cannot be studied under any microscope. Sociology makes the world its laboratory for its purposes.

(3) It is alleged that the knowledge of sociology is not exact as that of physical sciences., Society cannot be weighed in the balance nor tested in the test tube. The socialist himself is a part of society.

(4) Critics raise objections that sociology cannot make predictions. It is true we can not hope for the same degree of the capacity of prediction from sociology which can be found in physics and other sciences. Sociology can lay claim to being a science because it employs
the scientific method m its study.

Its exactness, the capacity to predict, the possibility of measurement in it etc. are comparatively less than the physical sciences in view of the unique subject matter. But, it can, despite these factors be called a science. Since a number of other sciences are sciences in spite of all these drawbacks.

Question 5.
Define sociology and discuss its relationship with Economics.
Answer:
(1) “The subject matters of sociology is the interaction of human minds”- L.T. Hobhouse
(2) “Sociology is the study of relationships between man and his environment”- II.P. Fairchild

Relation: Sociology and Economics are closely related to each other. Because society is greatly influenced by economic factors and economic processes are largely and determined by the environment of society. Economics is a science which deals with production consumption and distribution of wealth. It studies the economic life of man.

The economic factors plays a vital role in every aspect of our social life. Total development of individual depends very much on economic factors without economic conditions the study of society is quite impossible social life of man is greatly influence by economic factors. The sociologists study present social problems with the help of economics. All the social problems are directly connected with economic conditions of the people.

In the same way Economics is also influenced by Sociology. Economics takes helps from Sociology in order to study the economic welfare of the people. Economic welfare is considered as a part of human welfare and it can be sought only proper knowledge of social laws.

Without the social background the study of Economics is quite impossible because the economic life of the people is directly controlled and regulated by the society.

In order to solve the economic problems the economists have to take into consideration the social phenomena existing at particular period. The Economics is an independent social science whose relation to sociology is one of mutual assistance.

Differences :
(1) Sociology studies all kinds of social relationships but economics deals with only those social relationships which are economic in character.
(2) Sociology is a general social science but economics is a special social science.
(3) The scope of sociology seems to be wider. It has a comprehensive viewpoint but the scope of economics is narrower. It does not have a comprehensive viewpoint.
(4) Sociology is a science of recent emergence but economics has attained an advanced degree of maturity.
(5) Sociology is abstract in nature and less precise also. Social variables are very difficult to measure and to quantity but economics is concrete in nature. It is more precise. economic variables can be measured and quantified more easily and accurately.

Question 6.
Define Sociology and discuss its relationship with History.
Answer:
(1) Park regards sociology as “the science of collective behaviour”.
(2) Small defines sociology as “the science of social relations’’.

Sociology and History are very much interrelated. Like Political science, sociology is becoming one of the most genuine fruits of history to which it is intimately connected. The two sciences are so close that some writers like G Von Bulow refused to accept sociology as a science different from history.

History: History is the reconstruction of man’s past. It is the story of the experience of mankind. It is a record of the human past. It is a systematic record of man’s life and achievements from the dim past to the present. The historian studies the significant events of man in .the order of time. The historian is interested in what happened at a particular time in the past.

Sociology: Sociology as a science of society, on the other hand, is interested in the present Jt tries to analyse human interactions and interrelations with all their complexity and diversify. It also studies the historical development of societies.

It studies various stages of human life, modes of living, customs, manners and their expression in the form of social institutions and associations. Sociology has thus to depend upon history for its material. History with its record of various social events of the past often data and facts to sociologists.

Difference between History and Sociology:
(1) Sociology is interested in the study of the present social phenomena with all their complexity but history deals with the past events of man. It is silent regarding the present.

(2) Sociology is relatively a young social science. It has a very short history of its own. It is not even two centuries old but history is an age-old social science. It has a long story of2000 years or even more.

(3) Sociology is an analytical science but history is a descriptive science.

(4) Sociology is abstract in nature. It studies mostly regular, the recrurrent and the universal but history is concrete. This historian is interested in the unique, the particular and the individual.

(5) Sociology is a generalising science. Sociology seeks to establish generalisations after a careful study of the social phenomena but history is an individualising science. History rarely makes generalisations. It seeks to establish the sequence in which events occured.

(6) Sociology follows the sociological approach. It studies human events from the sociological point of view, i.e., from the view point of social relationships invovled but history studies human events in accordance with the time order. Its approach is historical.

Question 7.
Define Sociology and discuss its relationship with Political Science.
Answer :
(1) “Sociology deals with behaviour of men in groups’ – Kimbal Young
(2) “Sociology in its broadest sense may be said to be the study of interactions arising from the association of living beings”.Gillin and Gillin.

Political science and sociology are intimately related to each other. Political science deals with social groups which live, work and develop under the sovereignty of the state. The state and the social groups cannot be separated from each other. In the same way many social institutions family, church etc. work in close cooperation with the state.

It is the responsibility of the state to give laws to the society. But no law can work successfully unless it has the cooperation of society.

The most significant thing about sociology and modem political theory is that most of the changes which have taken place in the political theory in the last thirty years have been along the line of development suggested and marked out by sociology knowledge of sociology is necessary for understanding the problems of political science because political problems have also a social aspects.

According to Catlin, political and sociology are two facts or aspects of the same figure. According to Comte and Spencer, there is no difference whatsoever between the two.

The laws of the state have a profound influence upon society. It is by means of laws that the Government changes and improves society. But while formulating laws it is necessary to keep in view the mores, traditions and customs of the country. The points of differences between the two are:

(1) Sociology is a science of society,Political science studies political society or government.
(2) Sociology proceeds in its investigation from social view point. But political science has an attitude of authority. Sociology studies both organised and disorganised communities. Political science studies only organised communities.
(3) Sociology studies all kinds of social relationships, political science studies political relationships only.
(4) Sociology studies all forms of society. Political science studies the political society only.
(5) Sociology studies all means of social control. But political science studies only of government recognised means of control.
(6) Difference in approach: Political science starts with the assumption that man is a political being, sociology goes behind this assumption and tries to explain how and why man became a political being.
(7) Sociology deals with unconscious activities also unlike political science with treats only conscious activities of man. Society treats unconscious activities of man also.
(8) Sociology is a general science while political science is special science.

Question 8.
Describe the relationship between Sociology with Psychology.
Answer:
Sociology and psychology are contributory sciences Psychology has been defined as the study of human behaviour. In the words of Thoughtless, “Psychology is the positive science of human experience and behaviour”.

Emphasising the close relationship between sociology and social psychology, Paiere writes that “Social Psychology is to sociology and Psychology, as Biochemistry is to Biology and Chemistry”.

Maclver says that “Sociology in special gives aid to psychology, just as psychology gives special aid to sociology”. To Quota Murphy, “Social Psychology is to study of the way in which the individual comes member of and functions in a social group”.

T.B. Bottomore says that “Social psychology is that part of general psychology which as particular relevance to social phenomena or which deals with the psychological aspects of social life”. Robert. Bierstedt says that ‘ ’Social psychology, serves as bridge between psychology and sociology”.

Maclver and Page have said, “When we study the nature of the individual consciousness which expresses itself in social relationship, we are taking the psychological point of view.

When we study the relationships themselves we take the sociological point of view. Both sciences are concerned with different aspects of an indivisible reality. Individual cannot be understood apart from their relations with one another; the relations cannot be understood apart from the units of the relationship”.

1. Sociology studies society and social groups. It has no primary, interest in the individual, nor in this personality nor in his individual behaviour. But social psychology studies the behaviour of individual in group situation or in society. Its focus of interest in individual and not the society as such.

2. Sociology analyses social processes. But social psychology analyses mental processes of man.

3. Sociology is interested in the social forms and structures within which the behaviour of man takes place. But psychology and social psychology are primarily concerned with the behaviour of individuals as such.

4. Sociology studies in groups themselves and die larger social structure within which both individual and group processes occur. But psychology studies the individual and social psychology the individual in his social groups.

5. Sociology-studies society from the sociological view points. But social psychology studies the individual’s behaviour from the view point of psychological factors involved.

Question 9
Describe the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
According To Hoebel, sociology and social Anthropology are in their broadest sense are and the same. Evans Pritchard considers social anthropology a branch of sociology.

Sociology is greatly benefited by anthropological studies. Sociologists have to depend upon anthropologists to understand the represent day social phenomena from our knowledge of the past which is often provided by anthropology.

The studies made by famous anthropologists like Radcliff Brown, B. Malinowski, Ralph Linton, Lewie Raymond fifth, Margaret Mead, Evans Pritchard and others have been proved to be valuable in sociology.

Sociological topics such as the origin of family, the beginning of marriage, private property, the genesis of religion, etc. can better be understood in the light of anthropological knowledge.

The anthropological studies have shown that there is no correlation between anatomical characteristics & mental superiority.

The notion of racial superiority has been disproved by anthropology. Further, sociology has borrowed many concepts like cultural area, culture traits, interdependent traits, cultural lag, culture patterns.

The knowledge of anthropology, physical as well as socio-cultural, is necessary for a sociologist. An understanding of society can be gained by comparing various cultures, particularly the modem with the primitive.

Anthropology as a discipline is so closely related to sociology that the two are frequently indistinguishable. Both of them are fast growing. The socio-cultural anthropologists, today are also making a study of the present peoples and their societies. In a number of universities anthropology and sociology are administratively organised into one department.

The conclusions drawn by sociologists have also helped the anthropologists in their studies. For example, anthropologists like Moryan and his followers have come to the conclusion regarding the existence of primitive communism from tire conception of private property in our modem society.

Differences :
(1) Sociology studies the modem, civilised and complex societies but anthropology concerns itself with the simple, uncivilised or primitive and non-literate societies.

(2) Sociologists more often study parts of a society and generally specialise in institutions such as family marriage, or processes, such as social change, social mobility but anthropologists tend to study societies in all their aspects as whole. They concentrate their studies in a given “culture area”, such as Melanesia or Nagaland.

(3) Sociologists study, ‘small’ as well as Targe’ so anthropologists usually concentrate on small societies such as of Naga, Rongma Naga, Khasis, Gond, Bhil, etc.

(4) Sociology makes use of observation, interview, social survey, questionnaires and other methods and techniques in its investigations but anthropologists directly go and live in the communities they study. They make use of direct observations and interviews.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Solutions Unit 5 Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class History Unit Unit 5 Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Who did describe the 19th century as the age of Nationalism?
(a) Kant
(b) Hegel
(c) Edmund Burke
(d) Winston Churchill
Answer:
(c) Edmund Burke

Question 2.
Who did clamor – ‘revenge of Sedan’?
(a) Italians
(b) French
(c) English
(d) Americans
Answer:
(b) French

Question 3.
Who was the king of Germany during World War 1?
(a) William I
(b) William II
(c) Alexander I
(d) Alexander II
Answer:
(b) William II

Question 4.
Which three countries did from the Tripple Alliance?
(a) France, Russia, and Britain
(b) May, France, and Britain
(c) Austria, Germany, and Italy
(d) Austria, Britain, and Russia
Answer:
(c) Austria, Germany, and Italy

Question 5.
With which treaty did the Balkan war come to end?
(a) Treaty of Prague
(b) Treaty of Versailles
(c) Frankfurt Treaty
(d) Treaty of Bucharest
Answer:
(d) Treaty of Bucharest

Question 6.
When was Archduke Francis Ferdinand killed?
(a) 1914, June 24
(b) 1914, June 28
(c) 1914, July 24
(d) 1914, July 28
Answer:
(b) 1914, June 28

Question 7.
When did the U.S.A. join the First World War?
(a) 1914
(b) 1915
(c) 1916
(d) 1917
Answer:
(d) 1917

Question 8.
Who was known as Kaiser?
(a) Emperor of Russia
(b) Emperor of Germany
(c) Emperor of Austria
(d) Emperor of Italy
Answer:
(b) Emperor of Germany

Question 9.
Name of the Tsar who was killed by the nihilists?
(a) Alexander I
(b) Alexander II
(c) Alexander II
(d) Nicholas II
Answer:
(b) Alexander II

Question 10.
Who was Rasputin?
(a) A Siberian monk
(b) War minister ofRussia
(c) Prince ofRussia
(d) A famous clergy of France
Answer:
(a) A Siberian monk

Question 11.
By which name the national parliament ofRussia was known?
(a) Diet
(b) Duma
(c) Congress
(d) Senate
Answer:
(b) Duma

Question 12.
When was the war between Russia and Japan fought?
(a) 1902
(b) 1905
(c) 1908
(d) 1911
Answer:
(b) 1905

Question 13.
Where was Karl Marx born?
(a) England
(b) Russia
(c) Germany
(d) France
Answer:
(c) Germany

Question 14.
Who did give the slogan ‘Peace, Land and Bread’?
(a) Bolsheviks
(b) Mensheviks
(c) Women Workers
(d) Socialists
Answer:
(a) Bolsheviks

Question 15.
Who did edit the magazine ‘Iskra’?
(a) Karim Marx
(b) Joseph Stalin
(c) Leon Trotsky
(d) Lenin
Answer:
(d) Lenin

Question 16.
Which treaty did Lenin sign with Germany in 1918?
(a) Treaty of Paris
(b) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(c) Treaty of Bucharest
(d) Treaty of Praque
Answer:
(b) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question 17.
Who found Nazi Party in Germany?
(a) Mussolini
(b) Hitler
(c) William II
(d) General Franco
Answer:
(b) Hitler

Question 18.
Which place was occupied by Japan in 1931?
(a) Manchuria
(b) Siberia
(c) Abyssinia
(d) Czechoslovakia
Answer:
(a) Manchuria

Question 19.
Which country did commit aggression upon Ethiopia in 1935?
(a) Italy
(b) Japan
(c) France
(d) Russia
Answer:
(a) Italy

Question 20.
Name the two countries to adopt the policy of Appeasement during Second World War.
(a) Austria and Russia
(b) U.S.A. and Britain
(c) Britain and France
(d) Itlay and Japan
Answer:
(c) Britain and France

Question 21.
When did Hitler attack Poland?
(a) 1937
(b) 1938
(c) 1939
(d) 1940
Answer:
(c) 1939

Question 22.
Where did Churchill and Stalin meet for the first time in 1943?
(a) Talta Conference
(b) London Conference
(c) Potsdam Conference
(d) Teheran Conference
Answer:
(d) Teheran Conference

Question 23.
Who did enunciate the ‘Doctrine of Containment?
(a) Geroge F. Kennan
(b) Harry S. Trumon
(c) Harriman
(d) Roosevelt
Answer:
(a) Geroge F. Kennan

Question 24.
Which country took leadership in the formation of NATO?
(a) France
(b) Russia
(c) Britain
(d) America
Answer:
(d) America

Question 25.
Which crisis led to the Sino- Vietnamese War of 1979?
(a) Korean Crisis.
(b) Congo Crisis
(c) Kampuchean Crisis
(d) Suez Crisis
Answer:
(c) Kampuchean Crisis

Question 26.
When did Bush and Boris Yeltsin declare an end to the Cold War?
(a) 1990
(b) 1991
(c) 1992
(d) 1993
Answer:
(c) 1992

Question 27.
Which year did see the birth of the U.N.O?
(a) 1944
(b) 1945
(c) 1946
(d) 1947
Answer:
(b) 1945

Question 28.
How many countries did represent UNO at the time of its formation?
(a) 50
(b) 51
(c) 52
(d) 53
Answer:
(b) 51

Question 29.
In which conference the ‘Veto’ formula of the UNO voting structure was accepted?
(a) Yalta Conference
(b) Teheran Conference
(c) Moscow Conference
(d) Bretton Woods Conference
Answer:
(a) Yalta Conference

Question 30.
How many members are there in the Security Council of UNO?
(a) 12
(b) 13 7
(c) 14
(d) 15
Answer:
(d) 15

Question 31.
Which of the following languages is not an official language of the United Nations?
(a) Arabic
(b) Chinese.
(c) English
(d) Hindi
Answer:
D

Question 32.
Where is the headquarters of the International Court of Justice situated?
(a) London
(b) Newyork
(c) Haque
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(c) Haque

Question 33.
By which body the Secretary General of the UNO Secretariat is appointed?
(a) The General Assembly
(b) The Trusteeship Council
(c) The Economic and Social Council
(d) The International Court of Justice
Answer:
(a) The General Assembly

Question 34.
Who was the Secretary-General of UNO in the year 1946?
(a) Kurt Waldheim
(b) U Thant
(c) Dag Hammarskjold
(d) Trygve Lie
Answer:
(d) Trygve Lie

True And False Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
World War -1 fought on all three fronts land, air, and water.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
World War began in 1918.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
World War began in 1914.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
World War ended in 1918.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Taylor has written a book “History of Modem Wars” which describes the World War.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
The first cause of the great war aggressive nationalism.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Russian Revolution started in 1918.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
Russian Revolution started in 1917.
Answer:
True

Question 9
Russians called the true revolution in the name of February and October.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
The roots of the Russian Revolution lie deeply embedded in the history of Russia.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Russia called their king Kaiser.
Answer:
False

Question 12.
Russain called their king a Tsar.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
German emperor was known as Kaiser.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Tsar controlled nearly 98 percent of the National Wealth and Income of Russia.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
The place of Paris in the French Revolution was taken by Petrograd in the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
True

Question 16.
The first milestone on the road to Second World War was the Manchurian crisis of 1931.
Answer:
False

Question 17.
France, Italy, and England, and they’re allied formed the ‘Allied Camp’.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
France, England, and their allies formed the Allied Camp.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Hitler’s attack on Poland forced England and France to retaliate.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
After First World War Benito Mussolini took charge of leadership after First World War.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
The Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact with other communist nations.
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Hitler’s attack of Poland forced England and France to retaliate.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Under the leadership of England, the NATO alliance was formed.
Answer:
False

Question 24.
Under the leadership of the United States, the NATO alliance was formed.
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Mikhail Gorbachev wanted to bring an end to the Cold War.
Answer:
True

Question 26.
UN is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members.
Answer:
True

Question 27.
The United Nations Organisation has six primary organs.
Answer:
True

Question 28.
The United Nations Organisation came into being on October, 24,1946.
Answer:
False

Question 29.
The United Nations Organisation came into being on October, 24,1945.
Answer:
True

Question 30.
The primary rights of the UN are human rights.
Answer:
False

Question 31.
The primary rights of the UN are Human rights.
Answer:
False

Question 32.
The primary right of the UN is Human rights and Fundamental freedoms.
Answer:
True