Class 12

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Ambassador Al-Beruni belongs to which country?
(a) Middle East
(b) Arab
(c) Europe
(d) China
Answer:
(b) Arab

Question 2.
At the time of Al-Beruni’s tour to India who was the administrator of Gajni?
(a) Mohammad-Bin-Quasim
(b) Hand Rashid
(c) Dahir
(d) Mamud
Answer:
(d) Mamud

Question 3.
Al-Beruni was expert in which education?
(a) Philosophy
(b) History
(c) Mathematics and astrology
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(c) Mathematics and astrology

Question 4.
In which language Al-Beruni took education at India?
(a) Hindi
(b) English
(c) Tamil
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(d) Sanskrit

Question 5.
How many books about India wrote by Al-Beruni?
(a) 22
(b) 19
(c) 20
(d) 15
Answer:
(c) 20

Question 6.
Which Indian language was translated to Arabic by Al-Beruni?
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Pali
(c) English
(d) Devnagiri
Answer:
(a) Sanskrit

Question 7.
Regarding which area of India Al-Beruni has not given any information?
(a) Middle India
(b) North India
(c) South India
(d) Western India
Answer:
(c) South India

Question 8.
Name of the book of Arabic writer Al-Beruni?
(a) Tahiq-i-Hind
(b) Si-Yu-Ki
(c) Tamai-It-Tawarik
(d) Akalu-law-Vilat
Answer:
(a) Tahiq-i-Hind

Question 9.
During whose administration Ibn-Batuta came to India?
(a) Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaq
(b) Kutabuddin Aibak
(c) Firoz Tughlaq
(d) Iltutmish
Answer:
(a) Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaw

Question 10.
The social picture of India was eulogised in which book of Ibn-Batuta?
(a) Tahiq-i-Hind
(b) Tabaqat-i-Nasir
(c) Rihala
(d) Tughlaqnama
Answer:
(c) Rihala

Question 11.
Mohammad Bin-Tughlaw has sent Ibn-Batuta as ambassador to which country?
(a) Africa
(b) China
(c) Arab
(d) England
Answer:
(b) China

Question 12.
The personal doctor of which personality Francois-Berrier has appointed in India?
(a) Sahajahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Dara
Answer:
(d) Dara

Question 13.
In which book Francois Berrier has described regarding India?
(a) Tourism of Mughal empire
(b) Tabaqut-i-Nasir
(c) Rihala
(d) Tahiq-i-Hind
Answer:
(a) Tourism of Mughal empire

Question 14.
The Delhi sultanate state was which kind of state?
(a) Democracy
(b) Bureaucracy
(c) Theocracy
(d) Military state
Answer:
(c) Theocracy

Question 15.
The sultans were the representative of whom?
(a) Islam religion
(b) Prophet Mohammad
(c) Calipha
(d) Allah
Answer:
(c) Calipha

Question 16.
What is Shariat?
(a) Islamic Law
(b) Christian Law
(c) Hindu Law
(d) Sikh Law
Answer:
(a) Islamic Law

Question 17.
In 8th century under Calipha who was the ruler of Iraq?
(a) Hejaj
(b) Dahir
(c) Mohammad Bin Quasim
(d) Sabuktagin
Answer:
(a) Hejaj

Question 18.
In 8th century which Hindu king was the ruler of Sind?
(a) Harshavardhan
(b) Dahir
(c) Skandagupta
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer:
(b) Dahir

Question 19.
In 712 A.D. who invaded sind?
(a) Hejaj
(b) Mohammad Bin Quasim
(c) Sultan Mamu
(d) Sabuktagin
Answer:
(b) Mohammad Bin Quasim

Question 20.
In Sultani administration what was the designation of Prime Minister?
(a) Wazir
(b) Naib Wazir
(c) Ariz-i-Mamalik
(d) Diwan-i-Insa
Answer:
(a) Wazir

Question 21.
Minister who was engaged in Religious donation work was known as?
(a) Diwar-i-Kwaja
(b) Sadar-us-Sadar
(c) Ariz-i-Mamalik
(d) Barid-i-Mamalik
Answer:
(b) Sadar-us-Sadar

Question 22.
Designation of Defence Minister in Sultan Administration?
(a) Ariz-i-Mamalik
(c) Diwan-i-Kwaja
(b) Wazir
(d) Sadar-us-Sadar
Answer:
(a) Ariz-i-Mamalik

Question 23.
Name of the Agriculture minister in Sultan administration?
(a) Diwan-i-Kwaja
(b) Amir-i-Kohi
(c) Min-i-Ampat
(d) Sadar-us-Sadar
Answer:
(b) Amir-i-Kohi

Question 24.
Designation of Defence in charge Minister?
(a) Diwan-i-Insa
(b) Diwan-i-Rasayat
(c) Diwan-i-Wazrat
(d) Diwan-i-Ariz
Answer:
(d) Diwan-i-Ariz

Question 25.
Designation of External Affairs Minister in Sultan administration?
(a) Diwan-i-Ariz
(b) Diwan-i-Insa
(c) Diwan-i-Rasalat
(d) Mir-i-Amrat
Answer:
(c) Diwan-i-Rasalat

Question 26.
In Delhi Sultanate period the minister in charge of Royal correspondence was known as?
(a) Wazir
(b) Barid-i-Mamalik
(c) Diwan-i-Insa
(d) Sadar-us-Sadar
Answer:
(c) Diwan-i-Insa

Question 27.
In Sultan administration “Quazi-i-Mamalik” was in charge of which post?
(a) Chief Defence Minister
(b) Minister of Urban development
(c) Minister in charge of Religious institution
(d) Chief Justice
Answer:
(d) Chief Justice

Question 28.
In sultan administration head ofSpy and correspondence department was known as?
(a) Barid-i-Mamalik
(b) Diwan-i-Insa
(c) Dabir-i-Khas
(d) Mir-i-Amrat
Answer:
(a) Barid-i-Mamalik

Question 29.
Designation of Urban development minister?
(a) Amir-i-Kohi
(b) Diwan-i-Rasalat
(c) Mir-i-Amrat
(d) Aniz-i-Mamalik
Answer:
(c) Mir-i-Amrat

Question 30.
In sultan administration person in charge of capital administration was known as?
(a) Siyasat
(b) Chief Guard
(c) Karkoon
(d) Chief care-taker
Answer:
(b) Chief Guard

Question 31.
In Sultan administration designation “Wali” referred to whom?
(a) Chief administrator of state
(b) High official of state
(c) Administration of Sikh
(d) Village headman
Answer:
(a) Chief administrator of state

Question 32.
What is the meaning of “Usher”?
(a) One kind of Religious tax
(b) Land tax to the Muslims
(c) Land tax to the non-muslims
(d) Import duty
Answer:
(b) Land tax to the Muslims

Question 33.
In Sultan administration the land tax collected from Non-muslims was known as?
(a) Zakat
(b) Kharaz
(c) Usher
(d) Rashad
Answer:
(b) Kharaz

Question 34.
Who was regarded as the real founder of Sultan administration?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allaudin Khilji
(c) Kutubuddin Aibak
(d) Giyasuddin Bulban
Answer:
(a) Iltutmish

Question 35.
Which Sultan of Delhi administration paid utmost importance in organisational matter and efficiency of military?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allaudin Khilji
(c) Mohammad Bin-Tuglaq
(d) Firoz Tughlaq
Answer:
(b) Allaudin Khilji

Question 36.
At the time of Allaudin Khilji the given sign in horse back was known as?
(a) Khairat
(b) Ikta
(c) Hulia
(d) Murkadam
Answer:
(c) Hulia

Question 37.
In sultan administration “Ikta” was known to?
(a) State
(b) District
(c) Country
(d) Village
Answer:
(a) State

Question 38.
What was known to union territories in sultan administration?
(a) Ikta
(b) Khalsa
(c) Sik
(d) Adan
Answer:
(b) Khalsa

Question 39.
In sultan administration who was the chief of district administration?
(a) Sikdar
(b) Amir
(c) Kanoongo
(d) Nazir
Answer:
(a) Sikdar

Question 40.
Name of the Religious duty referred to Non-muslims?
(a) Zakat
(b) Ziziya
(c) Ushar
(d) Kharaj
Answer:
(b) Ziziya

Question 41.
In Delhi Sultan administration which type administration praised?
(a) Religious administration
(b) Generous administration
(c) Democratic administration
(d) Autocratic administration
Answer:
(d) Autocratic administration

Question 42.
Which sultan constructed Vandegan-i-Chihilgan (Army or Fourty)?
(a) Balban
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Kutubuddin Aibak
Answer:
(c) Iltutmish

Question 43.
Which sultan rested upon “Divine Autocratic Theme”?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Giyasuddin Balban
(d) Kutubuddin Aibak
Answer:
(c) Giyasuddin Balban

Question 44.
Which sultan introduced the principles of “Sizda” and “Pibus”?
(a) Giyasuddin Balban
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Kutabuddin Aibak
Answer:
(a) Giyasuddin Balban

Question 45.
The renowned family members of Muslim society were known as?
(a) Khalaq
(b) Awam
(c) Ulema
(d) Umar
Answer:
(d) Umar

Question 46.
Which sultan of Delhi prevailed market control policy?
(a) Allauddin Khilji
(b) Firozsah Tughlaq
(c) Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
(d) Ibrahim Lodi
Answer:
(a) Allauddin Khilj

Question 47.
To whom “Ulema” was told?
(a) Muslim Religious experts
(b) Revenue Minister
(c) Defence Minister
(d) Prime Minister
Answer:
(a) Muslim Religious experts

Question 48.
Who was the head of Islamic society?
(a) Khalifa
(b) Ulema
(c) Sultan
(d) Amir
Answer:
(a) Khalifa

Question 49.
What is the meaning of “Shariat”?
(a) Head of Law Department
(b) One type tax
(c) Islamic Law
(d) Punishment system
Answer:
(c) Islamic Law

Question 50.
What we understand regarding “Zakar”?
(a) Revenue officials of sultanate period
(b) Religious tax
(c) Some village
(d) Punishment system
Answer:
(c) Religious tax

Question 51.
Which sultan was not a slave from the beginning of his life?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Mohammad-Bin-Tughiaq
(c) Giyasuddin Balaban
(d) Allauddin Khilji
Answer:
(a) Iltutmish

Question 52.
What do we understand regarding “Zital”?
(a) Copper coin of sultan age
(b) One type of tax in sultan period
(c) Business centre in sultan age
(d) Ministry of sultans
Answer:
(a) Copper coin of sultan age

Question 53.
Which sultan of Delhi sultanate had rejected the system of amputation from the empire?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Allauddin Khilji
(c) Balban
(d) Firoz Saha Tughlaq
Answer:
(d) Firoz Saha Tughlaq

Question 54.
Which sultan has appointed the Indian Muslims in various spheres of his administration?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Balban
(c) Allauddin Khilji
(d) Giyasuddin Tughlaq
Answer:
(c) Allauddin Khilji

Question 55.
When the Arabs captured Sind province?
(a) 709 A.D.
(b) 710 A.D.
(c) 711 A.D.
(d) 712 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 712 A.D.

Question 56.
Which Italian ambassador has came to India in Sultanate period?
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) Mahuan
(c) Marco Polo
(d) Francois Berrier
Answer:
(c) Marco Pol

Question 57.
Which Mughal king has transferred capital from Agra to Delhi?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Babur
(d) Sahajahan
Answer:
(d) Sahajahan

Question 58.
Many things regarding the diet system of Amirs of sultanate period are known the accounts of which ambassador who came to India at the time of Jahangir?
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) AbulFazl
(c) Francois Berrier
(d) Sir Tomas Roe
Answer:
(d) Sir Tomas Roe

Question 59.
In Mughal society who secured the highest position?
(a) Ulema
(b) Honourable class
(c) King
(d) Middle class
Answer:
(c) King

Question 60.
In Mughal count the higher officials were renowned in which name?
(a) Mansabadari
(b) Ekhazari
(c) Panchhazari
(d) Das hazari
Answer:
(a) Mansabadari

Question 61.
Who was the author of Ain-i-Akbari?
(a) Akbar
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Fayaji
(d) Abdul Nabi
Answer:
(b) Abul Fazl

Question 62.
Who wrote “Humayun Nama” ?
(a) Gulbadan Begum
(b) Salima Sultana
(c) Sitiunnisha
(d) Jebaunisha
Answer:
(a) Gulbadan Begum

Question 63.
In which year Akbar exempted the pilgrimage tax from the Hindus?
(a) 1560 A.D.
(b) 1561 A.D.
(c) 1562 A.D.
(d) 1563 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1563 A.D.

Question 64.
In which year Akbar exempted the henious Zizya tax from the Hindus all over India?
(a) 1562 A.D.
(b) 1563 A.D.
(c) 1564 A.D.
(d) 1565 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1564 A.D.

Question 65.
When Akbar introduced a new religious Cult “Din-i-Illahi”?
(a) 1580 A.D.
(b) 1581 A.D.
(c) 1582 A.D.
(d) 1583 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1582 A.D.

Question 66.
Among the Hindus who has initiated in the new religious cult “Din-i-Illahi”?
(a) Birbal
(b) Bhagwan Das
(c) Mansingh
(d) Badauni
Answer:
(a) Birbal

Question 67.
For what purpose Akbar has constructed “Ibadat Khanna’ at Fatehpur Sikri?
(a) Smooth running of administration
(b) Religious discussion
(c) Shelter for poor
(d) Rest house for Ulemas
Answer:
(b) Religious discussion

Question 68.
Which two Hindu pundits were invited by Akbar and engaged in religious discussions?
(a) Purusottam and Devi
(b) Abdul Nabi and Sultanpuri
(c) Hirabijay Suri and Bhanu Upadhyaya
(d) Bihari Malla and Mansingh
Answer:
(a) Purusottam and Devi

Question 69.
Which two Pundits of Jaina Religion has invited by Akbar to Ibadat Khanna?
(a) Biharimall and Mansingh
(b) Hiravijay Surin and Vijaysen-Sun
(c) Abdul Nabi and Sultanpuri
(d) Purusottam and Devi
Answer:
(b) Hiravijay Surin and Vijaysen Suri

Question 70.
By whom the precious structure “Taj-Mahal” was built?
(a) Humayun
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahajahan

Question 71.
For tower structure which Monarch has brought the disciples of Veteran architect Siiian from Constantinople to India?
(a) Babar
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Sahajahan
Answer:
(a) Babar

Question 72.
The Sasanam grave tomb was built in Islamic style but its inner system was of Hinduist formulla by whom it was built?
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Sher Saha
Answer:
(d) Sher Saha

Question 73.
The grave of Humayun was built in the style ofTaimurlang who was the architect?
(a) Sinar
(b) Mirza Giyas
(c) Kasim Khan
(d) Istadlasa
Answer:
(b) Mirza Giyas

Question 74.
The Agna Red Fort of Akbar was in of new structural system basing upon old. Under whose jurisdiction it was built?
(a) Kasim Khan
(b) Akbar
(c) Bairam Khan
(d) Istadisa
Answer:
(a) Kasim Khan

Question 75.
“Buland Darwaza” was built for which ruler’s southern victory memory?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Sahajahan
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 76.
Who told “Fatepur architecture is of occeleration of stone. Under any time and any circumstance it is unthinkable and impossible”?
(a) Iswari Prasad
(b) V. A. Smith
(c) S. R. Sharma
(d) R. C. Majumdar
Answer:
(b) V. A. Smith

Question 77.
Which Mughal king has constructed “Mod Maszid’ for the honour of his own daughter Jahannara?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahazahan

Question 78.
Who said “Taj-Mahal is a memorable tower of love and affection in between husband and wife”?
(a) V. A. Smith
(b) Percy Brown
(c) Iswari Prasad
(d) S. P. Sharma
Answer:
(c) Iswari Prasad

Question 79.
What was the excellent monument of Mughal administration?
(a) Taj-Mahal
(b) Red Fort
(c) Moti Masjid
(d) Buland Darwaza
Answer:
(a) Taj-Mahal

Question 80.
Who was the founder of “Din-i-Illahi”?
(a) Sahajahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Akbar

Question 81.
Who constructed Fatepur Sikri?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(a) Akbar

Question 82.
By whom Red Fort was built?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahazahan

Question 83.
Where “Round Tower” was constructed?
(a) Jayapur
(b) Bijapur
(c) Gwalior
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(b) Bijapur

Question 84.
Where ‘“Mana Temple” was built?
(a) Agra
(b) Gwalior
(c) Jayapur
(d) Punjab
Answer:
(b) Gwalior

Question 85.
Who was Agareja?
(a) Renowned painter
(b) Famous poet
(c) Renowned architect
(d) One king
Answer:
(a) Renowned painter

Question 86.
For what Bishan Das was famous?
(a) Architecture
(b) Poem
(c) Painting
(d) Drama
Answer:
(c) Painting

Question 87.
By whom the “Peacock Throne” was constructed?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahazahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(c) Sahazahan

Question 88.
Where “Hawa Mahal” is situated?
(a) Rajsthan
(b) Delhi
(c) Bombay
(d) Jaipur
Answer:
(d) Jaipur

Question 89.
Who built “Juma Maszid” at Delhi?
(a) Sahajahan
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Humayun
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Sahajahan

Question 90.
Where the grave tower of Sher Saha is seen?
(a) Fatepur Sikri
(b) Rajsthan
(c) Sasaram
(d) Jaypur
Answer:
(c) Sasaram

Question 91.
Who has wrote “Ramcharita Manas”?
(a) Sarala Das
(b) Valmiki
(c) Tulasi Das
(d) Jagannath Das
Answer:
(c) Tulasi Das

Question 92.
In Mughal architecture which place is regarded as “An epic of red Sandstone”?
(a) Old Fort
(b) Fatepur Sikri
(c) Taj Mahal
(d) Itmaudola grave
Answer:
(b) Fatepur Sikri

Question 93.
Who constructed Itmoudola grave?
(a) Sher Saha
(b) Nurjahan
(c) Humayun
(d) Mumtaz
Answer:
(b) Nuijahan

Question 94.
Where Auragzeb built his own grave?
(a) Sasharam
(b) Agra
(c) Sambal
(d) Aurangabad
Answer:
(d) Aurangabad

Question 95.
Which Mughal emperor has given utmost importance to indigenous painting and freed it from foreign influence?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Question 96.
By 1510 A.D. which European power was powerful at Goa?
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(d) Portuguese

Question 97.
Who was an eminent painter at the time of Jahangir?
(a) Asaf Khan
(b) Mir Sayad Ah
(c) Abul Hasan
(d) Abdul Samad
Answer:
(c) Abul Hasan

Question 98.
Which Mughal emperor has converted Delhi city to Marble city?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Shersaha
Answer:
(c) Sahajahan

Question 99.
By whom “Moti Masjid” of Agra was constructed?
(a) Akbar
(b) Sahajahan
(c) Jahangir
(d) Jurjahan
Answer:
(b) Sahajahan

Question 100.
Who was the builder of Agra Fort?
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Akbar

Question 101.
Which Mughal emperor celebrated “Raksha Vandhan” festival in his court premises?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Sahajahan
(c) Humayun
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(d) Akbar

Question 102.
Which system of Hindu principle was opposed by Din-i-Illahi?
(a) Early marriage
(b) Purda system
(c) Polygamy
(d) Sati burning system
Answer:
(a) Sati burning system

Question 103.
In Mughal period which Indian text was famous and translated into various Islamic languages?
(a) Ramayan
(b) Mahabharat
(c) Meghadoot
(d) Panchatantra
Answer:
(d) Panchatantra

Question 104.
Which Mughal emperor’s reign is regarded as the golden age of painting?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Akbar
(c) Sahajahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer:
(a) Jahangir

Question 105.
By whose endeavour the small drawings of Mughal age are seen in security at the London city’s library?
(a) Dara Siko
(b) Nurjahan
(c) Mumtaz
(d) Suja
Answer:
(a) Dara Siko

Question 106.
In the century who advocated the theory of omnism from the philososphy of Upanishad and Propounded it?
(a) Harisena
(b) Vishnu Sharma
(c) Sankaracharya
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(c) Sankaracharya

Question 107.
Who said “Hindus believed in omnism and omnisciency of God. They prayed stone image or tree or sun for the cause it were all created by God”?
(a) Amir Khusru
(b) Ziauddin Barani
(c) Nizamuddin Aulia
(d) Baba Farid
Answer:
(a) Amir Khusru

Question 108.
Which language was known primarily as “Jabar-i-Hindvi”?
(a) Hindi
(b) Urdu
(c) Arabi
(d) Persian
Answer:
(b) Urdu

Question 109.
Which Muslim saint was the founder of Chisti clan?
(a) Shaikh Hamiuddin
(b) Shaikh Fariuddin
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti
(d) Nizamuddin Aulia
Answer:
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti

Question 110.
Which Sufi saint was in Ajmir at the reign of Prithviraj Chauhan?
(a) Baba Farid
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
(c) Muiuddin Chisti
(d) Shaik Hamiuddin
Answer:
(c) Muiuddin Chisti

Question 111.
Who was the first preacher of Sufi cult at India?
(a) Saikh Salim
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
(c) Nizamuddin Chirag
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(d) Muinuddin Chisti

Question 112.
Name of the eminent young disciple of Muinuddin?
(a) Shaikh Hamiuddin
(b) Shaikh Fariduddin
(c) Nizamuddin Aulia
(d) Shaikh Nasiruddin Aulia
Answer:
(a) Shaikh Hamiuddin

Question 113.
Which Sufi saint born at Badaun in 1236 A.D.?
(a) Shaikh Salim
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia
(c) Baba Farid
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(b) Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 114.
Which Sufi saint began his working life as Giyaspur near Delhi?
(a) Shaikh Salim
(b) Baba Farid
(c) Nizamuddin Aulia
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(d) Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 115.
Which Sultan of Delhi contacted many times Nizamuddin Aulia to meet him?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Alauddin Khilji
(c) Balaban
(d) Kutabuddin Aibak
Answer:
(b) Alauddin Khilji

Question 116.
Which sultan ordered Nizamuddin Aulia to leave Delhi?
(a) Alauddin Khilji
(b) Kutabuddin Aibak
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Giyasuddin Tughlaq
Answer:
(d) Giyasuddin Tughlaq

Question 117.
Which sufi saint is regarded as the “Chirag of Delhi”?
(a) Shaikh Narsiruddin
(b) Baba Farid
(c) Shaikh Salim
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(a) Shaikh Narsiruddin

Question 118.
Which sufi saint wandered many places of India and made popular the sufi cult?
(a) Shaikh Nasirudin
(b) Nizamudding Aulia
(c) Shaikh Allaudin Mohammad Sabir
(d) Shaikh Salim
Answer:
(c) Shaikh Allaudin Mohammad Sabir

Question 119.
Which sufi saint established sufi cult at Daulatabad?
(a) Shaikh Alluddin Mohammad Sabir
(b) Moulana Gharib
(c) Sayad Mohammad Zafar Ah
(d) Khwaja Banda Nawaj
Answer:
(b) Moulana Gharib

Question 120.
Which sufi saint was an eminent writer and philosopher?
(a) Moulana Gharib
(b) Khwaja Banda Nawaj
(c) Nizamudding Aulia
(d) Muinuddin Chisti
Answer:
(b) Khwaja Banda Nawaj

Question 121.
Which Sufi saint has established branch of sufi cult at Bengal?
(a) Shaikh Sherazuddin Usman
(b) Moulana Gharib
(c) Khwaja Banda Nawaj
(d) Saikh Allauddin Mohammad Sabir
Answer:
(a) Shaikh Sherazuddin Usman

Question 122.
Name of the introducer of suravardi branch of sufism?
(a) Khawaja Banda Nawaj
(b) Moulana Gharib
(c) Shaikh Shiabuddin
(d) Shaikh Sherazuddin Usman
Answer:
(c) Shaikh Shiabuddin

Question 123.
Which saint preached Vaishnavism during the first part of 12th century and introduced Bhakti movement?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Nimbark
(c) Ramananda
(d) Kabir
Answer:
(a) Ramanuja

Question 124.
Which saint was famous for his “Dis-similitary policy”?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Nimbark
(c) Madhab
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(b) Nimbark

Question 125.
Which Bhakti cult saint first preached Bhakti message in Hindi language?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Nimbark
(c) Madhab
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(d) Ramananda

Question 126.
When Kabir was born?
(a) 1434 A.D.
(b) 1435 A.D.
(c) 1438 A.D.
(d) 1440 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1440 A.D

Question 127.
Who was the first preacher of Bhakti cult at North India?
(a) Kabir
(b) Nimbark
(c) Ramanuja
(d) Nanak
Answer:
(a) Kabir

Question 128. Muslim weaver Ninu and his wife Nima reared upon to whom?
(a) Nimbark
(b) Nanak
(c) Kabir
(d) Sri Chaitanya
Answer:
(c) Kabir

Question 129.
The divine songs of Kabir are known as?
(a) Stanza poem
(b) Doha
(c) Sun Sagar
(d) Divine epilogue
Answer:
(b) Doha

Question 130.
Which saint of Bhakti movement was the follower of “Nirguna” cult?
(a) Ramananda
(b) Kabir
(c) Nanak
(d) Dadu Dayal
Answer:
(d) Dadu Dayal

Question 131.
Who first preached Bhakti cult as south India?
(a) Ramanuja
(c) Kabir
(b) Nimbark
(d) Ramananda
Answer:
(a) Ramanuja

Question 132.
Which preacher of Bhakti cult burn at Prayag?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ramananda
(c) Nimbark
(d) Nanak
Answer:(b) Ramananda

Question 133.
The followers of which Bhakti cult saint are known as “Kabirpanthi” (Followers of Kabir)?
(a) Nanak
(b) Sri Chaitanya
(c) Kabir
(d) Nimbark
Answer:
(c) Kabir

Question 134.
Who established Sikh religion?
(a) Kabir
(b) Nanak
(c) Sri Chaitanya
(d) Ramanuja
Answer:
(b) Nanak

Question 135.
In 1469 who born at Talwandi near Lahore?
(a) Ramanuja
(b) Ramananda
(c) Kabir
(d) Nanak
AAnswer:
(d) Nanak

Question 136.
Whose verses are indebted in Gugu Granth Sahib or Adi Grantha?
(a) Nanak
(b) Kabir
(c) Ramanuja
(d) Sri Chaitanya
Answer:
(a) Nanak

Question 137.
When the demise of Nanak occured?
(a) 1536 A.D.
(b) 1537 A.D.
(c) 1538 A.D.
(d) 1539 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1538 A.D

Question 138.
Which saint selected Angada as his succession before his death?
(a) Kabir
(b) Ramananda
(c) Nanak
(d) Sri Chaitanya
Answer:
(c) Nanak

Question 139.
The famous “Ram Charita Manas” is written by whom?
(a) Nanak
(b) Mirabai
(c) Suradas
(d) Tulasi Das
Answer:
(d) Tulasi Das

Question 140.
Which personality was born in 1486 A.D. at Nabadwip in West Bengal?
(a) Nanak
(b) Sri Chaitanya
(c) Kabir
(d) Ramanuja
Answer:
(b) Sri Chaitanya

Question 141.
Jagannath Mishra and Sachi Devi were the parents of whom?
(a) Nanak
(b) Sri Chaitanya
(c) Kabir
(d) Ramanuja
Answer:
(b) Sri Chaitanya

Question 142.
Who was popular as Biswambara and Nimain?
(a) Sri Chaitanya
(b) Kabir
(c) Nanak
(d) Nimbark
Answer:
(a) Sri Chaitanya

Question 143.
Who was famous as Gouranga Mahaprabhu”?
(a) Nanak
(b) Kabir
(c) Sri Chaitanya
(d) Ballavacharya
Answer:
(c) Sri Chaitanya

Question 144.
When at Puri the demise of Sri Chaitanya occured?
(a) 1530 A.D.
(b) 1531 A.D.
(c) 1532 A.D.
(d) 1533 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1533 A.D.

Question 145.
Which saint wrote Bhagvat Gita in Marathi language?
(a) Jnaneswar
(b) Namdev
(c) Tukai-am
(d) Nanak
Answer:
(a) Jnaneswar

Question 146.
Which saint was a culprit in his primary life?
(a) Jnaneswar
(b) Namdev
(c) Tukaram
(d) Angada
Answer:
(b) Namdev

Question 147.
Which saint was the contemporary to Eminent Shivaji?
(a) Jnaneswar
(b) Angada
(c) Namdev
(d) Tukaram
Answer:
(d) Tukaram

Question 148.
Which saint got initiation from the Godly man Iswarpuri?
(a) Nimbark
(b) Nanak
(c) Sri Chaitanya
(d) Kabir
Answer:
(c) Sri Chaitanya

Question 149.
Name of the Chief religious book of the followers of Kabir?
(a) Doha
(b) Bijaka
(c) Granth Sahib
(d) Gurumukhi
Answer:
(b) Bijaka

Question 150.
Which Muslim poet first composed poem in Urdu language?
(a) Abdul Fazl
(b) Fayaji
(c) Amir Khusru
(d) Amir Hasan
Answer:
(c) Amir Khusru

Fill in the Blanks.

Question 1.
Al-Beruni has come to India at the time of sultan______.
Answer:
Mamud

Question 2.
The book of AI-Beruni was _______.
Answer:
Tahiq-E-Hind

Question 3.
Alberuni has born in_______ state of middle Asia.
Answer:
Khwarijam

Question 4.
At the time of attacking _______temple, Al-beruni was with sultan Mamud.
Answer:
Somanath

Question 5.
“Tahiq-E-Hind” book divided in to________ parts.
Answer:
80

Question 6.
In the language of Al-beruni the new muslims of India were called as________.
Answer:
Savage or unholy

Question 7.
According to the description of Al-beruni Indian social system was conducted by mainly_______system.
Answer:
Caste system.

Question 8.
Al-beruni his not given any information regarding the________part of India.
Answer:
Southern

Question 9.
Al-beruni was expert in_______and study.
Answer:
Mathematics and Astrology.

Question 10.
At India Al-beruni acquired _______ language.
Answer:
Sanskrit

Question 11.
Regarding India_______books were composed by Al-beruni.
Answer:
20

Question 12.
Alberuni has translated many books to Arabian language from________language of India.
Answer:
Sanskrit

Question 13.
Ibanbattuta was the ambassador of _______country.
Answer:
Africa

Question 14.
Ibanbattuta reached at sind in_______ A.D.
Answer:
1333

Question 15.
According to the description of Ibanbattuta_______system was rigorous in Hindu society of India.
Answer:
Caste System

Question16.
According to Ibanbattuta_______system was hand and fast within the women of India.
Answer:
Parda System

Question17.
According to the description of Ibanbattuta the Muslim students got their education at________.
Answer:
Muktab

Question 18.
At the reign of_______ Sultan Ibanbattuta had come to India.
Answer:
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq

Question 19.
The social condition of India was described in the_________ book of Ibanbattuta.
Answer:
Rihla

Question 20.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq has send Ibanbattuta to________country.
Answer:
China

Question 21.
The book “Travels in the Mughal Empire” was written by _______.
Answer:
Francois Bernier

Question 22.
Francois Bernier was born in_______ country.
Answer:
France

Question 23.
According to Francois Bernier_was the chief food in the North India.
Answer:
Roti

Question 24.
Francois Bernier has come as the personal doctor of________.
Answer:
Dara

Question 25.
According to_________ law the Turkish Muslims administered in India.
Answer:
Duoran

Question 26.
In the Sultan administration at Delhi_______was the Supreme authority in administration and law.
Answer:
Sultan

Question 27.
The sultan kingdom of Delhi was the kingdom of________type.
Answer:
Religious

Question 28.
Sultans were regarded as the representative of________.
Answer:
Khalifa

Question 29.
According to Islamic law___________ was the representative of God.
Answer:
Sultan

Question 30.
In the beginning of Eighth century_________ was the administrator of Iraq under Khalifa.
Answer:
Hejaj

Question 31.
In eighth century _______ was the Hindu king of Sindh.
Answer:
Dahir

Question 32.
In 712 A.D________attacked sindhu province.
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-kasim

Question 33.
________ principle of Islam was given importance in sultan age.
Answer:
Sariyat

Question 34.
The religious crusade in sultan age was known at_______.
Answer:
Zihad

Question 35.
In sultan administration the knowledgious and eminent persons were called as _______.
Answer:
Ulem

Question 36.
In sultan times the muslims were taught in_______ language.
Answer:
Persian

Question 37.
In the name of Khalifas _______ was recited.
Answer:
Khutwa

Question 38.
_______ were realised utmost power at the time of sultan administration.
Answer:
Ulema

Question 39.
In sultan times the muslims were taught in language.
Answer:
Persian

Question 40.
Minister engaged in religious work was known as _______.
Answer:
Sadar-as-Sadar

Question 41.
Military Minister was called as _______.
Answer:
Ariz-E-Mamalik

Question 42.
Agriculture Minister was called as _______.
Answer:
Amin-E-Kohi

Question 43.
Defence Minister was called ________.
Answer:
Diwan-E-Ariz

Question 44.
Foreign Minister in sultan age was known as______.
Answer:
Diwan-E-Rishalat

Question 45.
Minister engaged in royal corresponding known as _______.
Answer:
Diwan-E-Insa

Question 46.
In sultan administration Kazi-E-Mamalik was installed in_______ posts.
Answer:
Chief Judg

Question 47.
Chief in spy and news corresponding was known as_______.
Answer:
Barid-E-Mamalik

Question 48.
Urban development minister was called________.
Answer:
Mir-E-Amrat

Question 49.
In sultan age was _________engaged peace and discipline in the urban area.
Answer:
Katuala

Question 50.
In sultan administration the wali designated persons were __________.
Answer:
Administration of states

Question 51.
_________is the meaning of “Ushan”.
Answer:
Revenue collected from Muslims

Question 52.
Revenue collected from non-muslims in sultan age was known as _________.
Answer:
Kharaz

Question 53.
Religious revenues collected from muslims known as_________.
Answer:
Zakat

Question 54.
Religious revenues collected from non-muslims known as__________.
Answer:
Ziziya

Question 55.
According to Islamic law people not giving ________revenue was not able to settle in the state.
Answer:
Ziziya

Question 56.
The real founder of Delhi Sultan administration was________.
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 57.
________sultan in Delhi administration given utmost importance in military activities and efficiency of soldiers.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 58.
To give maximum facilities to soldiers ________sultan introduced market regulatory system.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 59.
At the time of Allauddin Khilji a symbol was engraved in every horse and________was its name.
Answer:
Hulia

Question 60.
In sultan administration states were known as________.
Answer:
Ikta

Question 61.
The union territories in sultan administration called as_______.
Answer:
Khalsa

Question 62.
________were engaged in district administration in sultan age.
Answer:
Sikdar

Question 63.
Each State was divided into many_______.
Answer:
Sik

Question 64.
Officials engaged for moral character and market control policy in sultan administration called as_________.
Answer:
Mohatosib

Question 65.
Sultan administration based on ________power.
Answer:
Military power

Question 66.
Sultans of Delhi established_______type administration.
Answer:
Dictatorship

Question 67.
sultan constructed Bandegan-e-chihilgan (forty groups).
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 68.
________sultan believed “Divine Monarchical system”.
Answer:
Giyasuddin Balban

Question 69.
________sultan introduced “Sizda” and “Pybus” principles.
Answer:
Giyasuddin Balban

Question 70.
________sultan began the works of famous Kutab-Minar.
Answer:
Kutabuddin Aibak

Question 71.
________sultan finished the eminent Kutab-Minar work.
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 72.
Delhi sultan________prevailed market regulating system.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 73.
________sultan from beginning was not a slave.
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 74.
________sultan from kingdom abolished the system of amputation limbs.
Answer:
Firozsaha Tughlaq

Question 75.
_______sultan first employed the Indian Muslims in Govt, administration.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 76.
In sultan age _______foreign ambassador has come to India.
Answer:
Marcopolo

Question 77.
In sultan age both in Hindu and Muslim community, the position of _______deteriorated.
Answer:
Women

Question 78.
In sultan age in Muslim society________ system was developed.
Answer:
Slave

Question 79.
In sultan administration the status oriented people were called as_______.
Answer:
Umar

Question 80.
In sultan age_______ visitor come to India and stayed here from 1334 A.D. to 1342 A.D.
Answer:
Ibanbattuta

Question 81.
In India_______ was the founder of Mughal empire.
Answer:
Babar

Question 82.
_______Mughal emperor has transferred capital from Agra to Delhi.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 83.
Many things regarding the food menus are known from the description of the visitor_______ , who has come at the time of Jahangir.
Answer:
Sir Thomas Roe

Question 84.
In mughal society_________was secured the highest position.
Answer:
King

Question 85.
The higher officials of Mughal court were popular in________ name.
Answer:
Mansabadari

Question 86.
Aeen-E-Akbari was written by _______.
Answer: Abul Fazal

Question 87.
The book “Humayun Nama” was written by_______.
Answer:
Gulbadan Begum

Question 88.
Akabar ejected pilgrimage tax from Hindus on _______ A.D.
Answer:
1563

Question 89. In the entire kingdom Akabar abolished the Zizya tax on_A.D.
Answer:
1564

Question90.
On the grave of________ Akbar constructed a memorable Masjid.
Answer:
Salim Chisti

Question 91.
In ______A.D. Akbar constituted a new religioius particle “Din-I-IIlahi?
Answer:
1582

Question 92.
By assembling the cream of each religion Akbar created a new religion and it was _____.
Answer:
Din-I-Illahi

Question 93.
Akabars Din-I-Illahi was based upon_______“Ism”.
Answer:
“All-Isms”

Question 94.
Among the Hindus_______ accepted “Din-I-IIIahi” religion.
Answer:
Birbal

Question 95.
At Fatepur Sikri Akbar constructed Ibadat Khanna for _______ purposes.
Answer:
Religious discussion

Question 96.
_______ and______ Hindu Pundits invited by Akbar to Fatepur Sikri for religious discussions.
Answer:
Purusottam and Devi.

Question 97.
Ibadat Khanna built Taj-Mahal.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 98.
Tajmahal regarded as best Ibadat Khanna sculpture.
Answer:
Indo-Islamic

Question 99.
From the account of_______ it was known that for the construction of Taj-Mahal it took twenty two years time and expenditure of three crores rupees.
Answer:
Javenier

Question 100.
Eminent sculpturist _______has described the grave of Humayun as “persian emotion of Indian description”.
Answer:
Percy Brown

Question 101.
For the construction of various towers in India________had brought the disciples of sinan of Constantinople to India.
Answer:
Babur

Question 102.
Sasaram grave tower though build in Islamic style still its inner position shows Hinduist culture and its creator was _______.
Answer:
Shersaha

Question 103.
The Dome of Humayun was built in the style of Taimurlangs dome. Name of its sculpturist_______.
Answer:
Mirza Giyas

Question 104.
By__________ guidance the Red Fort of Akbar was built.
Answer:
Kasim Khan

Question 105.
To memorise the southern vistory of_________ emperor Buland Darwaza was built.
Answer:
Akabar

Question 106.
_______opined that the “Fatepur sculpture is the acceleration of stone under any circumstances it is unthinkable and impossible.
Answer:
V.A.Smith

Question 107.
_________ Mughal emperor had built Moti Masjid to commemorate his daughter Jahannara.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 108.
__________ told that “Taj Mahal is the eternal emmorable tower of love and affection in between husband and wife.
Answer:
Iswariprasad

Question 109.
The best cultural episode was__________ in Mughal age.
Answer:
Taj Mahal

Question 110.
The meaning of Dil-I-Illahi is __________.
Answer:
Eternal faith

Question 111.
Son of Sahajan__________was an eminent artist.
Answer:
Dara

Question 112
In Mughal age Mirsaysd Ali was famous for________.
Answer:
Art

Question 113.
The builder of Fatepr Sikri was _______.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 114.
The builder of Red Fort was _________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 115.
Sahajan spent the last stage of life at ___________.
Answer:
Musmumkunz

Question 116.
Mir Hasan was the best _________ in the time of Sahajahan.
Answer:
Artist

Question 117.
In _________ A.D near Delhi Sahajan constructed a new city Sahajahanabad.
Answer:
1638

Question 118.
Jahangir slain to _________.
Answer:
Aijun Singh

Question 119.
Chief artist of Taj Mahal was __________.
Answer:
Ustad Isa

Question 120.
The round tower constructed at__________.
Answer:
Bijapur

Question 121.
Mana Mandira was built at___________.
Answer:
Gwalior

Question 122.
Agareja was an eminent __________.
Answer:
Artist

Question 123.
Bishan Das was famous for __________.
Answer:
Drawing

Question 124.
Mayur throne was built by ___________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 125.
Hawa Mahal is seen at____________.
Answer:
Jaypur

Question 126.
At Delhi Juma Masjid constructed by_____________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 127.
At___________ the grave tower of Sher Saha came into existance.
Answer:
Sasharam

Question 128.
Ramcharita Manas was written by __________.
Answer:
Tulsidas

Question 129.
_____________ place is popular as “Land of Red sand stone’s epic”.
Answer:
Fatepur Sikri

Question 130.
Builder of Itmudoula dome was _____________.
Answer:
Nurjahan

Question 131.
Aurangzeb has built his dome at_____________.
Answer:
Ourangabad

Question 132.
______________ Mughal emperor has freed Indian art from foreign influence.
Answer:
Jahangir

Question 133.
By 1510 A.D.__________Europeans were powerful in Goa.
Answer:
Portuguese

Question 134.
_____________was an eminent artist at the time of Jahangir.
Answer:
Abul Hassan

Question 135.
_____________ Mughal emperor converted Delhi city to a manual city.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 136.
Moti Masjid of Agra was built by_____________.
Answer:
Sahajahan

Question 137.
Builder of Agra Fort was ____________.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 138.
_____________ Mughal emperor had celebrated “Rakshayabandhan Festival” in his court premises.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 139.
In Din-I-Illahi ___________ Hindu system was vehemently protested.
Answer:
Sati system

Question 140.
In middle____________famous Indian text had its importance and it was translated into many Islamic language.
Answer:
Panchatantra

Question 141.
Reign of________ Mughal emperor regarded s the Golden age in art.
Answer:
Jahangir

Question 142.
By the endeavor and collection of ___________he small art particles of Mughal period are seen in the libraries of London.
Answer:
Dara shiko

Question 143.
In nineth century___________ preached the theory of unilaternalism from Upanishad.
Answer:
Shankaracharya

Question 144.
__________told the Hindus believed in unilateralism and they had utmost faith in God and the cause of various worshipping is that they think it is the creation of God.
Answer:
Amir Khusru

Question 145.
________language was told at first tole “Yavan-E-Hindu”.
Answer:
Udru

Question 146.
Chisti clan was founded by________ muslim saint.
Answer:
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti

Question 147.
In _________A.D. Chisti clan begun.
Answer:
966

Question 148.
Sufi “Ism” in___________ century widely preached in India.
Answer:
Twelve

Question 149.
The meaning of sufi is__________.
Answer:
A material made in Ullen

Question 150.
At the reign of Pritviraj Chauhan__________ sufi saint lived in Ajmer.
Answer:
Muinuddin Chisti

Question 151.
The first preached preacher of sufi “Ism” in India was________.
Answer:
Muinuddin Chisti

Question 152.
Name of eminent young disciple of Khawaja Muinuddin Chisti was_________.
Answer:
Shaikh Hamiduddin

Question 153.
In I236 A.D. at Badaun________Sufi Saint had born.
Answer:
Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 154.
__________Sufi saint had begun his working life at Giyaspur near Delhi.
Answer:
Nizamuddin Aulia

Question 155.
____________ Sultan many times requested to meet Sufi saint Nizamuddin Aulia.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji

Question 156.
__________sultan had ordered Nizamuddin Aulia to left Delhi.
Answer:
Giyasuddin Tughlaq

Question 157.
__________sufi saint was known as “Chirag of Delhi”.
Answer:
Saikh Nasiruddin

Question 158.
_______sufi said had visited to many places of India and popularise sufi movement.
Answer:
Shaikh Allauddin Muhammad Sabir

Question 159.
Sufi saint_________ established Chisti clan at Daulatabad.
Answer:
Maulana Gharib

Question 160.
__________ sufi saint was an eminent written and Philosopher.
Answer:
Khwaja Banda Nawaz

Question 161.
At Bengal__________sufi saint established Chisti branch.
Answer:
Saikh Sherajuddin Usman.

Question 162.
Founder of Suravardi clan of sufism was _________.
Answer:
Shaikh Sihabuddin

Question 163.
Saint__________in twelvth. century’s first part preached Baishnavism and introduced Bhakti movement in india.
Answer:
Ramanuja’.

Question 164.
Saint________was popular for his “Divident” policy.
Answer:
Nimbark

Question 165.
________saint at first preached Bhakti cult in Hindi language.
Answer:
Ramananda

Question 166.
Kabir was born in ________A.D.
Answer:
1440

Question 167.
First preacher of Bhakti movement in North India has________.
Answer:
Kabir

Question 168.
Muslim weaver Niru and his wife Nima brought up to _______.
Answer:
Kabir

Question 169.
Divine songs of Kabir are popular as_______.
Answer:
Doha

Question 170.
__________saint of Bhakti movement was the follower of “Nirguna”.
Answer:
Dadu Dayal

Question 171.
__________saint first preached Bhakti cult in South India.
Answer:
Ramanuja.

Question 172.
Preacher of Bhakti cult_____________had born at Prayag.
Answer:
Ramananda

Question 173.
Disciples of__________saint of Bhakti movement were known as “Kabirparthi”.
Answer:
Kabir

Question 174.
Sikhism was founded by __________.
Answer:
Nanak

Question 175.
Nanak was born in ___________A.D.
Answer:
1469

Question 176.
Nanak was born at__________near Lahore.
Answer:
Talwandi

Question 177.
From___________word of Sanskrit “Sikh” word came into existance.
Answer:
Sisya

Question 178.
In “Guru Granth Sahab” on “Adi Granth” the verses of________saint are found.
Answer:
Nanak

Question 179.
In __________A.D. Nanak breathed his last.
Answer:
1538

Question 180.
__________ saint had chose angad as his successor before his death.
Answer:
Nanak

Question 181.
In 1486__________saint has born in Nabadwip of West Bengal.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 182.
Jagannath Mishra and Sachi Devi were the parents on____________.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 183.
__________was popular as Biswambara and Nimain.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 184.
___________ was famous as “rourranga Mahaprabhu”.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 185.
In___________ A.D. the death occured to Sri Chaitanya at Puri.
Answer:
1533

Question 186.
Saint__________composed “Bhagabat” in Marathi language.
Answer:
Ynameswara

Question 187.
__________ said was a culprit in his primary life.
Answer:
Namadev

Question 188.
Saint__________was contemporary to Chhatrapati Shivaji.
Answer:
Tukaram

Question 189.
_______ has took initiation from eminent saint Iswarapuri.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 190.
Religious text of “Kabirpanthis” is known as__________.
Answer:
Bijaka

Question 191.
__________ muslim poet first composed Urdu poem.
Answer:
Amir Khusru.

Question 192.
Fourth sikh Guru_________constructed Golden Temple at Amritsar.
Answer:
Ramdas

Question 193.
At Punjab in__________ place the death of Nanak occured.
Answer:
Kartarpur

Question 194.
The composer of “Chaitanya Chanitamamtra” is__________.
Answer:
Krushnadas Kabiraj

Question 195.
The other preacher ofBaishnavism___________had obtained pioneer ship of Krushnadeva Ray.
Answer:
Ballavacharya

Question 196.
Sufism in__________ century had eminent impact allover India.
Answer:
Twelvth

Question 197.
The presentation of woolen dresses and money purse given by____________ sultan was discarded by saint Shaikh Nasiruddin.
Answer:
Mahammad-Bin-Tughlaq

Question 198.
The famous “Panchasakha” of Odisha accepted the discipleship of_________.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya

Question 199.
If one get God by worshipping a stone, then I will worship a hill _________ said it.
Answer:
Kabir

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 5 Colonial Cities Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 5 Colonial Cities Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe the pre-colonial cities and mention the changes that took place in the cities in the 18th century.
Answer:
During the British administration, Indian towns and cities developed. During that period much colonial architecture grew in different cities. Fortes, ports, town halls, and hill stations grew enormously due to British patronage. The architecture of that period was an amalgamation of Indo-European style. Here is a discussion on these aspects:

Town And Cities In Pre-Colonial Times:
Towns and cities grew in contrast to rural areas. The villagers constitute the rural area where agriculture, rearing of animals, products of artisans, and cottage industries give sustenance to the people who live there. In a similar way, town or city life grows by taking into consideration its trade, commerce, administration, education, industry culture, and so on.

However, both cities and rural areas are dependent on each other. The products of peasants and artisans move to towns and cities with their products and sell them. The rural area helps for the comfortable and luxurious life of the people living in towns. During natural calamities like floods, cyclones, and droughts, the people of rural areas move to towns and cities.

In these ways, both rural town areas are complementary to each other. The Pre-Colonial towns and cities grew up in the 16th-17th century. All these cities and towns developed during the Mughal period. During that time Delhi, Agra, Lahore, and other cities grew which were life centers of the Mughal administration.

The Jagirdars, Mansabdars, Qazi, Kotwal, and other aristocratic people who lived in these cities and towns were associated with the Mughal administration. Besides the people who live in these cities and towns who were associated with the Mughal administration. Besides the people like weavers, artists, cobblers, traders, soldiers, and others also lived in those towns and cities.

The rural products found their way to the cities and towns. By selling those products in the towns and cities, the farmers and artisans earned their livelihood. The gardens, mosques, and market monuments formed the source of entertainment of the people. The towns and cities were surrounded by big walls. At night, the entry routes to the towns were closed and guards were engaged for century duties.

That is why the intruders could not enter the towns and cities. The towns and cities were centers of culture and civilization. During that period, Madurai, Kanchipuram, and other cities were very famous in South India. Many big temples grew up in those cities. These temples were the centers of education and culture. Many tourists from rural areas, towns, and outside the towns came to visit those temples.

Since these towns were located near the sea, trade and commerce could be easily carried out in that area. The rulers of that time patronized the ten sole cultures and trades during that period. The people of the medieval period were cautious regarding their position in society. They could know their position in comparison to others. Thus, in pre-colonial cities and towns, culture and civilization grew and social life was very simple.

Changes In The Eighteenth Century :
In the 18th century, many changes took place in the cities, and with the downfall of the Mughal empire, the importance of the cities like Agra. Del; and Lahore was reduced. Due to the rise of local rulers, the cities like Lucknow, and Hyderabad. Seringapatam, Poona (present day Pune) Nagpur, Baroda (Present day Vadodara), and Tanjore (Present day Thanjavur), etc.

grew and their importance increased. Many artists, artisans, workers and traders came to these towns and cities to earn their livelihood. The soldiers also lived inside the cities because of the frequent wars which took place among the kingdoms. Many people also joined in the army of the local rulers. All these cities paved way for the earning of livelihood for many people.

The population of the towns and cities grew and people lived happily there and exchanged their feelings with each other. The coming of Europeans to India is regarded as a great event during the Mughal period. In due course of time, they settled in a different part of the country. The Portuguese settled in Panaji (Goa), the Dutch at Masulipatnam, the British in Madras, and the French in Pondichery.

In due course of time, they built factories in these places and galvanized trade and commerce. After gaining victory in the Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxer, the British expanded the empire in India by defending the local rulers and keeping them under their clutches. Generally, it is spoken, ‘the British entered India with a Bible and a pistol inside.

Its meaning is very simple which convinces that the British wanted to spread Christianity in Inda and to spread their empire in this land. As a branded group of traders, the Europeans wanted to protect their commercial interest in India. For realizing that goal they even fought among themselves, the Carnatic wars between the French and the English is a pointer in this direction.

They always wanted constant progress in trade and commerce, “which is why they prepared maps to locate different towns. In those maps, the rivers, mountains, agricultural lands, markets, and forts near the town also found the place. They prepared these maps in order to keep themselves safe during the attack of their enemies.

Among all the European powers in India, the British were very clever. By determining the strategic location of different routes in towns and cities, markets, and trading centers and their importance, they collected taxes from the people accordingly. By doing so, they also secured and strengthened their administration.

Question 2.
Throw light on the changes in the cities and towns in the 19th century.
Answer:
In the 19th Century, during British rule, the cities and towns bore the imprint of changes. In 1853 railway was introduced in India. After that various parts of India were connected through railway lines. That is why many railway colonies and workshops grew up. So, life became vibrant in the towns like Jamalpur, Waltair, and Bareilly.

That helped the rise of other new towns. Cotton, iron ore, and other materials collected from one place were transported to other places. For example, cotton mills grew up in Bombay. Just factories in Calcutta, leather factories at Kanpur, steel factories at Jamshedpur, and iron factories at Villa, etc. Labour colonies were established in towns.

The supervisee was employed, in different factories to supervise the works of the farmers. Different towns were connected with telegraphs. At the time of need due to communication through telephone and telegraphs, soldiers could be sent from one place to another for quelling the rebellion. The role of the telegraph, telephone, and roadways during the Great Revolt of 1857 is well aware.

The Municipality system was introduced by the British for the better management of towns and cities. For the maintenance of towns, road tax, water tax, etc. were collected from the people. The Municipalities took up certain works like building and maintenance of roads, supply, and drainage of water, cleaning of town, the establishment of hospitals, etc.

The census started from the time of Lord Ripon in 1881. It was decided to have a census in every ten years and that system is even prevalent today. The census brought a great change in towns. The census report, municipality reports, and maps give ideas regarding various colonial towns of India. Similarly, the archives also have preserved information regarding various police stations of towns and their fruitions.

Further from those records information is gathered regarding the system to control crimes judicial system. Punishment to culprits etc. in different colonial towns. During the British rule special care was taken for the improvement of the cities like Calcutta(Kolkata), Bombay(Mumbai) and Madras(Chennai) other small cities and towns also developed were selling various products.

They were also exporting some quality products. Due to the industrial revolution, foreign products were sold in the towns of those markets. This brought a heavy loss to the Indian merchants and traders. This also led to the ruination of the Indian cotton industries. Thus in the nineteenth century, marriage change took place in the cities and towns and towns of India.

The Collector and District magistrate regulated the administration of these cities and towns. Mamy officers were appointed in those Collectorates and Municipalities to look after the administration of the cities and towns. They tried their level best for the all-round development of the cities and towns.

The present-day municipality system bears the memory of that period different corporation of cities of the present time is governed by the pattern of the municipality system of that period. Of course, many changes have occured in that system during the present time.

Social Life In-New Cities:
The colonial cities grew up due to industry, trade, and commerce. Those cities were inhabited by educated intellectuals and government servants. British administrators, traders, workers artisans, and common people. That is why the social life of the cities and towns was different from the villages. For transport facilities, horse-drawn carriages, rickshaws, trams, and buses were available in the cities and towns.

The people took delight to use these transport facilities for going to their offices and traveling inside the cities. The parks, cinema halls theaters, and town halls were built in the cities and towns which provided entertainment to the people. A new society emerged in the society. People of every walk of social life settled in towns and cities coming from various places.

The teachers, clerks, doctors, advocates, engineers, administrators and police had high demand in society. Against these classes stood for common people like laborers, artisans, sweepers, peons, and vegetable-sellers who constituted the majority people of the towns and cities. The rich British officers remained at the top of the ladder of society.

Among these people the condition of workers and artisans was deplorable. It became very difficult for them to stay and live in society due to low income. That is why they left their family villages and came to town for earning. Women enjoyed a special position in city life. A new atmosphere was created for them in society. The educated women published their writings in different magazines.

They attended different meetings held at town halls and other places. They also attended various functions held in town. They also entertained by going to parks clubs and cinema halls. This freedom enjoyed by the city women perturbed the orthodox people of the society They opined that such liberty granted to women would spoil them.

That is why they expressed that women should be confined within the four walls of society. However, their view had hardly any impact on women. Many women also acted as workers in different factories, other ladies became teachers and actresses in cinema and theatre which improved their social position. In urban life, the people remaining at the bottom of the social ladder, suffered a lot.

Food, cloth, and shelter became very costly for them. However, different jaffas, dances and songs, tamas (folk theatre), and saunas(satires) were the main sources of their entertainment. Somehow or other, they adjusted to city life and became a part of the mainstream of social life. Amidst sorrows and hardshell they also get some entertainment.

This was a unique experience of city life during colonial rule. In fact, the towns and cities which grew up during the British period were certainly different from those of the Mughal period. The presence of intellectuals and educated persons, Government servants, and workers, improved conditions the women, and entertainment facilities in the cities made city life vibrant. Even today, the shadow of that life is also reflected in present-day city life.

Question 3.
Describe the colonial architecture of Calcutta.
Answer:
With the defeat of Sirajudallah in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, began the rule of East India Company in India. Calcutta city is constituted of three villages – Sutanti, Calcutta, and Govindpur. The weavers and traders have been driven away from those villages. Fort William was built at Calcutta. In 1798 Lord Wellesley built buildings for Government offices and his own residence at Calcutta.

After that, colonial architecture grew in Calcutta. Fort William Among the Colonial architecture in Calcutta, Fort William occupies a unique position. There are actually two Fort William – The old and the new. The original was built in 1696 by the British East India Company. Sirajaudallah occupied it in 1757 and was renamed as Alinagar.

In 1766, this old fort was repaired and used as a customs house. The New Fort William was built on the eastern bank of river Hoogly. Robert Clive started the building of this fort in 1758 and it was completed in 1781. The vast field stretched in front of this fort is known as ‘Gadar Math’. The enemies approaching the fort could be fired directly from the fort. This fort was named after King William III of England.

Nowadays, this fort is under the control of the Indian Army. There is the provision of stationing 10,000 soldiers at a time inside this fort. Victoria Memorial Built in marble the Victoria Memorial in another great architecture of the British period. The beginning of this architecture took place in 1906 and it was completed in 1921. This was built in memory of Queen Victoria of England.

The work of the memorial began when Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India. The architect of this building was William Emerson. This architecture was a mixture of Mughal, British, Venetian, Egyptian, Deccani, and Islamic elements. It was constructed in white makrana marble. Many memories of the British period are found preserved inside it.

St. Paul’sCathedralAmong other architectural splendors of the colonial period. St. Paul’s Cathedral of Kolkata began in 1839 and was completed in 1847. Bishop Wilson had helped generously with the building of this architecture. This Indo-Gothic design was made by a military engineer major William Naim Forbes. This is not only a religious monument but also an architecture of excellence.

The huge main hall of the cathedral contains beautifully carved wooden pews and chairs. There is also a big library at St. Paul’s Cathedral. Marble Palace The Marble Palace was built in Maktaram Babu street. Raja Rajendra Mallick was a contemporary of Dwarakanath Tagore. This Palatial mansion was built by a French architect. It was later named ‘Marble Palace’ by Lord Minto.

The outside lawn of the marble palace contains a pond with a beautifully engraved stone fountain. The garden attached to this palace is very beautiful to look at. Town HallThe Town Hall at Calcutta was built in 1813. The architect and engineer of this Palace were Major General John Garstin. This was built in Roman Doric Style. The pillars attached to this hall are attractive.

In 1867, the town hall came under the management Of the municipality authority. Before the. building of the present High Court, this hall was used for the same purpose. In a later period, this building was used by the Legislative Council of Bengal. Now, this building has been declared the Heritage Building and is under the Archaeological Survey of India.

Belvedere Estate The Belvedere Estate is located in the Alipore area of Kolkata. After the battle of Plassey, Mirjaffar built this palace at Alipore. Later on, he offered it to Warren Hastings. It is heard that around 1780, the family of Hastings sold this Belvedere house to Major Tolly. Inside this estate, there are 24 very big quarters and 77 big quarters.

The ‘National Library’ started functioning inside this estate in 1948. This is one of the great buildings of the colonial period in Kolkata. High CourtLocated on the Esplanade Rowin Calcutta, the High Court is one of the marvelous buildings of the colonial period. It was built with red bricks. The open windows surrounded this building. The vastness of the building allure the attention of all. The High Court bears the memory of the justices of the British period.

It is also built in the Gothic style. Other Architecture During the British period, many colonial architectures grew up in Calcutta. Among them are the ‘Great Eastern Hotel’, ‘Howrah Bridge’, ‘Howrah Station’, General Post Office, ‘Esplanade Mansion’, ‘White way Ladel Departmental store’(Metropolitan Building), etc. All these architecture and buildings bear the memory of the British period.

Question 4.
Discuss the colonial architecture of Bombay.
Answer:
Bombay(Mumbai) was a combination of seven islands. The British East India Company was exporting opium from its coast to China. The Persians, Marwaris, Konkani, Muslims, Gujratis, Jews, Americans, and English constituted the population of Bombay. In the Latin Language, Bombay is called ‘ Arbas Prima in Indis’ or ‘the most famous city of India’ In due course of time, many colonial buildings and architecture grew in Mumbai.

Town HallThe Town Hall of Bombay was built during British rule. This was colloquially called ‘Tondal’. It was built in 1833. The architect of this building was a military engineer named colonel Thomas Cowper. This building was a mixture of Greek and Roman styles of architecture. The Town Hall houses the ‘ Asiatic society of Bombay’ which is a public library in the city.

It also houses a museum. Apart from the ancient manuscripts in Persian, Prakrit, Urdu, and Sanskrit, there one finds a collection of 1,000 ancient coins including the gold ‘mohur’ of Akbar. This building is the main attraction for tourists who visit Bombay. Rajabai TowerThe Rajabai Tower is South Mumbai is located in the confines of the fort campus of the University of Mumbai.

It was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott an English architect. The tower fuses Venetian and Gothic styles. It is built out of locally available buff-colored Kurla stone and stained glass. The clock placed at the top of the tower is built in the model of Big Ben, the clock tower of the House of Parliament in London. The height of the tower is 118 feet.

Its building work started on 1 March 1869 and was completed in November 1878. For a long period, the sound of this bell indicated the time to the people of Bombay. Now, the watch inside the tower is defunct. Gateway of India The Gateway of Inda is one of the major monuments in the city, located in the Apolo Bunder area in Mumbai.

It was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Bombay in 1911. Its foundation stone was laid on 31 March 1911 by Sir George Sydenham Clarke. It was designed by George Witter. Its construction was completed in 1924. The building got the name ‘the Gateway of India’ because in the colonial era, the Europeans entered India from this location and it was the first thing they saw while entering the country.

It is built with a mixture of Hindu and Islamic architecture in Gujarati style. Victoria Terminus Or Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus- The Victoria Terminus (VT) is a classic example of the colonial architecture of Bombay. Its present name is Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST). Build in 1888. This railway station bears the memory of the Victorian age.

The plan for this railway station was designed by an English Engineer names F.W. Stevens. This station is very nearer to the seashore of Mumbai. Generally, railway stations were constructed near the seashore to facilitate trade and commerce during the British period. Due to this export and import became convenient.

The VT railway station helped a lot in the progress of trade and commerce in Bombay. At the entrance of the station are found one lion and a tiger, representing England and India, respectively. The main structure is made of sandstone and limestone and the interiors of the station are linked with high-quality Italian marble, Suresh Kalmadi, the then Railway Minister of India had changed its name from Victoria Terminus to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

Bombay(Mumbai) UniversityThe Bombay University was constructed in 1857. It functions inside 230 acres of land. The main campus of this university is located in Santacruz. Apart from the this-main campus of the University, it has other branches like ‘Kalina Campus’, ‘Art Campus’, and ‘Ratnagiri Campus’.

The ‘Rajabai (clock) Tower’ is located in the Ratnagiri campus of this university. This university is regarded as one of the leading Universities of the country. This University is built in the light of British architecture. Mount Mary Church Mount Mary Church is a Roman Catholic Church, dedicated to the ‘Virgin Mary’ situated in Mumbai.

It was first built in 1640 and then rebuilt in 1761. What makes this church even more beautiful is that it is situated on the top of the hill known as ‘Sunderban Bandra’, which overlooks the mighty Arabian Sea. It is believed that the church has unbelievable healing powers. That is why the devotees come to this church every day.

Some also say that those who sincerely pray at the Mount Mary church offer get their wishes fulfilled. The ‘Bandra Fair’ or the ‘Feast of Mount Mary’ is a week-long celebration held at every September at the Mount Mary Church. Tourists from all over the world who visit Mumbai always make sure to visit this popular Church while in the city.

Eros Cinema The building of the Eros Cinema started in 1935 and it was completed in 1938. It has a seating capacity of 1,204 people per show. The hall was built in red, sandstone brought from Agra. The foyer of this hall is made of white and black marble with touches of gold. Marble staircases lead up to the upper floor. To watch the cinema in this hall was a luxury of that period. Bombay High CourtSituated in the Apollo Street.

The Bombay High Court started functioning in 1862. There are two life-size statues in the western side of the High Court. One among them is the stone ‘Statue of the Goddess of Justice’ holding the sword of Justice in one hand and the scales, In the other ‘The second is the ‘Statue of Goddess of Mercy’ with hand folded. The depiction of two litigious cats and a monkey judge on the first floor of the court is very interesting in fact, the Bombay High Court bears the memory of colonial architecture.

Other architecture Bombay also contains other colonial architecture. The City hall, Elphinstone circle, Municipal Corporation Building, Ballard estate. St. Thomas Cathedral, Elphinstone college, Food Market, Oval Field, and St. Anne High School are some of the important architecture of Bombay which bears testimony of the colonial period.

Question 5.
Give a clean picture regarding the movement of Linguistic identity and demand of a separate province.
Answer:
The formation of Odisha as a separate province is a landmark in the modem history of this land. The fragmented Oriya-speaking tracts remained in Bihar, Madra residency. Central Province and Bengal were at last united and the separate province of Odisha was formed on April 1936. This formation became possible due to the untiring effort of Fakir Mohan Senapati, Madhusudan Das, Raja Baikunth Nath Dey, Gangadhar Meher, Nilamani Bidyaratna, Lingaraj Panigrahi, Krushna Chandra Gajapati, Narayan Deo and many other celebrities.

Movement For Linguistic Identity:
Odisha was occupied by the Afghans with the death of Mukunda Dev in 1568. After that began the rule of the Mughals Naib Nazims. Marathas and British in succession. In due course of time. Odia language which had created immortal literature began to decline. For administrative convenience, the British amalgamated many parts of Odisha with Central Province, West Bengal, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh (under Madras Presidency), due to this, the Odia language lost its identity. To preserve the identity of the Odia language began the language movement.

Caused of the language movement:
Keeping the odia language alive, the language movement began several reasons were responsible for this.

British administration and plight of the odias:
The plight of the odias began with the British occupation of Odisha in 1803. Within one hundred years of their rule from 1803 to 1903, the Odia language gradually declined. The one-point goal of the British was to collect revenue. That is why they appointed the Benglees for that purpose. The prevalence of Persi in the courts diminished the influence of the Odia language.

Again in 1848-49, the Bengalee language was recognized as the language for official use by the British. The Bengals who occupied a high position in Government services in Odisha tried to put an end to the Odia language.

Scarcity of Printing Press and Odia Books :
The Bengal renaissance began in 1829 with the foundation of Brahmo Samaj by Raja Rammohan Roy. The Renaissance in Odisha began after the Nanka famine of 1866. That is why the number of intellectuals in Odisha was less than in Bengal. Further, there was very less printing press in Odisha. That is why textbooks could not be printed to cater to the needs of the school students. It created a great hindrance to teaching odia to the students in schools.

Role of Bengalee Intellectuals :
The Bengalee intellectuals tried their best to put an end to the odia language. In 1869, Uma Charan Haidar a Deputy Inspector of Schools stated that since there was a dearth of Odia books and Bengalee books were plentily available during that time, the schools should go for Benglee books.

Further, Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya a Sanskrit Pandit of Balasore Zilla school opined that Odia is not an independent language. He further argued that Odia was a sub-language of the Bengalee language, his argument was supported by Rajendra Mitra a notable historian of Bengal. Thus, the Benglees conspired a lot to finish the Odia language.

The atmosphere of Argument and Counter Argument:
The view of the Bengalee scholars regarding the Odia language was challenged by others. John Beams, a great Sanskrit scholar, and linguist, and Goldsbury, the Governor of Odisha could not accept the view of Kanti Chandra and Rajendra Mitra. The ‘Cuttack Society’, ‘Debating Club’, and ‘Utila Hitaisin’ supported the view of Bengalee scholars.

On the other hand, notable Odia scholars like Fakir Mohan Senapati, Nilamani Bidyaratna, Gouri Shankar Roy, and others opined that Odia was a separate and independent language and education in Odisha should be imparted through Odia medium. Their views were expressed through the ‘Sambad Bahika’ which was edited by Fakir Mohan Senapati and ‘Utkal Dipika’ edited by Gouri Shankar Roy. This atmosphere of argument and counterargument made the language movement more vibrant.

Influence of Na’anka Famine :
The Na’anka Famine of 1866 galvanized the language movement in Odisha. This famine took away one-third population of coastal Odisha. After this famine, Thomas Eric Revenshaw took steps for the spread of education in Odisha. He established schools in the nook and corner of Odisha where education was imparted in Odia medium.

In 1868 Ravenshaw College was established which played a leading role in the spread of education in Odisha. The intellectuals, who were the products of Ravenshaw College took the language movement ahead which helped a lot for the formation of Odisha province on the basis of language.

Establishment of Printing Press :
The establishment of the printing press at Cuttack in 1866 by Bichitrananda Das, played a vital role in the language movement in Odisha. From that place was published ‘Utkal Dipika’ under the editorship of Gouri Shankar Roy. Through the effort of Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthnath Dey, two printing presses were established at Balasore.

Due to that two newspapers named ‘Sambad Bahika’ and ‘Utkal Darpana’ were published in Balasore. Though these magazines efforts were made to preserve the Odia language and expedite the language movement. In fact, the language movement is a landmark in the history of modem Odisha.

By the efforts of odia intellectuals. This Odia language agitation gained momentum in this land. Due to that, languages like Telegu, Bengali, and Hindi could not exert their influence in Odisha. During the later period, this language movement helped a lot in the creation of Odisha, as a separate province.

Question 6.
Give a clean picture regarding the event leading to the formation of Odisha Province.
Answer:
The formation of a separate Odisha Province is a landmark in the modem history of this land. The fragmented Odia-speaking tracts which remained in Bihar, Madaras, Bengal Presidencies, and central province were at last united and the separate province of Odisha was formed on 1 April 1936. This was a great victory for the Odias.

The then position of Odisha :
With the British occupation of Odisha in 1803, the far-flung medieval Odisha empire came to an end. In due course of time Sambalpur remained under the governance of Madhya Pradesh, Ganjam became a part of Madras Presidency, Midnapore was tired with Bengal Presidency and Odisa-speaking areas of singbhumi remained as part of Bihar-Chhotnagpur Division. When Kantilal Bhattacharya spoke bluntly that ‘Oriya is not a separate language’ (Oriya swatantra bhasanai), Fakirmohan opposed it vehemently.

Radhanath Roy and Gouri Shankar Ray also raised their voices against it. In 1882 Utkal Sabha was established. During the visit of Lt. Governor of Bengal Sir S.C. Bele, a representation On behalf of the Utkal Sabha was given to him. In that representation, demand was made regarding the separation of the Odiya-speaking tracts from Bengal Madras and Madhya Pradesh.

An amalgamation of Sambalpur:
In 1862 Sambalpur and the adjacent feudatory states were included in Madhya Pradesh (Central Province) for administrative convenience. As per notification No.227 of the Chief Commissioner of Nagpur Hindi was introduced as an official language in Sambalpur on 1 January 1896. Dharanidhar Mishra in Sambalpur mobilized the people against this and submitted a memorandum to viceroy Lord Elgin which yielded no fruit.

In 1901 under the leadership of Madan Mohan Mishra other leaders like Balabhadra Supakar, Biren Das Mohanta, Sripati Mishra and Brajamohan Patnaik met Viceroy Lord Curzon at Shimla and demanded the restoration of the Oriya language in Sambalpur. They also appraised the Chief Commissioner of the central province Sir Andrew Frozen at Nagpur about it.

Nilamani Bidyaratna vehemently opposed Frazer’s decision to implement Hindi in Sambalpur. He was supported by Gangadhar Meher. In 1902 Madhusudan Das and Gourishankar Roy attended the sesson of the Indian National Congress at Nagpur and gave a proposal for the amalgamation of Ganjam with Odisha.

It was not accepted and Madhu Babu left congress. Fazer visited Sambalpur in September 1901 and recommended the Viceory to restore Oriya as the official language in Sambalpur. As per Cuzon’s desire, on 3 December 1903, H.H. Risley issued a circular named Risley circular by which Oriya was restored as the official language in Sambalpur and adjacent feudatory states.

On 19 July 1905 Sambalpur was detected from the central province and became a part of the Odisha Division along with Kalahandi, Sonepur, Rairakhol, Bamenda, and Patna, Bonei, and Gangpur were detached from Chhotnagpur and amalgamated in the Odisha division.

Creation of Bihar – Odisha Province :
Viceroy Lord Hardinge found it difficult to administer Bengal. He ceded the Odisha division to Bihar and created a new Bihar-Odisha Province in 1912 Sambalpur, Angul, Balasore, Cuttack, and Puri were brought from Bengal province and amalgamated with Bihar-Province of course, the Ganjam and Vijayanagaram Agency remained under Madras. This did not save the problem of the Odias but made it critical.

Madu Babu and the Utkal Union Conference :
During 1903-1920, the Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) passed many resolutions for a unified odia speaking area. Madhusudan Das considered it as a ‘political earthquake’ and led a delegate to meet Montagu in 1917 with a prayer for a united province for Odia-speaking people, of course, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms or India Act, of 1919 frustrated the odias because there was no mention about Odisha Province in it.

The Sinha Resolution :
Sachidananda Sinha, a staunch supporter of the Oriya movement, moved a resolution in 1920 recommending the Government of India ‘to formulate a scheme for the amalgamation of Oriya speaking tracts’. This was famous as the ‘Sinha Resolution. By this, the Central Province gave consent to transfer Khariar Zamindari and Bihar gave a favorable reply.

When Madras Government was pressurized to handover Ganjam, Sasibhusan Rath, the editor of ‘Asha’ mobilized the people of Ganjam and by the pressure of the Government of India, Madras Government appointed Philip -Duff Committee in 1924 to look into the matter.

This Philip-Duff Committee:
In 1924 a committee consisting of C.L. Philip, the then political Agent of Odisha state, and A.C. Duff, the then collector of Visakhapatnam visited to survey the public opinion regarding the amalgamation. The Committee opined that Mandrass, Tekkali, Tarala, Jalantar, Budarsingh, and Partkhemundi in Ganjam should be included in Odisha. This declaration pushed the desire for a United Odisha forward.

The Simmon Commission and Atlee Sub-Committee :
Although the Simon Commission was boycotted by the Indian National Congress a delegation led by Rajendra Narayan Bhanja Dev welcomed it at Patna Railway Station. By the recommendation of John Simmon, a committee named the Atlee Sub-Committee consisting of C.R. Atlee Rajendra Narayan Bhanjadev.

Dr. A. Subhrawady and Laxmidhar Mohanty were formed, and it accepted the justification of a separate province consisting of Odisha Division, Angul, Khariar, Ganjam, and the agency tracts. The Simon Commissioner recommended the formation of a Boundary Commission when its report was published on 27th May 1930.

O’Donnell Boundary Commission :
In the First Round Table Conference, Maharaja K.C. Gajapati Narayan Deo of Parlakhemundi made an impressive speech about the formation of Odisha as a separate province. After due consideration, a Boundary Commission was formed in 1931. It was headed by I.P.O. Donnell, the Chairman, and other two members namely H.M. Mehta of Bombay and T.R. Phukoon of Assam. The associate members of the committee consisted of K.C. Gajapati representing the Oriyas, Sachidananda Sinha, representing the Biharis and C.V.S. Narasimha Raju representing the Telugus.

Following the 1931 census and receiving evidence from 400 witnesses, the commission recommended the creation of a separate Oriya province which would include Odisha Division, Angul, Padmapur, Khariar Estate, the greater part of Ganjam district, and Vizagpatnam Agency. The new province would have an area of 33,000 square miles and a population of 8,277,000.

Joint Parliamentary Committee :
The Joint Parliamentary Committee under the Chairmanship of Lord Linlithgow examined the report of the Boundary Commission and gave consent for the formation of Odisha Province retaining all its recommendations, further including a Paralakhemundi town, Mali and Jalantar.

Hubback Committee :
The Odisha Administrative Committee or Hubback Committee was formed which examined the issue and substituted its final report on 20, December 1933. It made Cuttack, the capital of Odisha, and Puri its summer resort. It recommended a High Court and University for Odisha. The post of Director of Education. Inspector General of Police, Revenue Commissioner, etc., were also recommended by this Committee.

Birth of Odisha Province :
The Government of India Act was promulgated in 193 5 and its clause 289 recognized Odisha as a separate province. On 3rd March 1936, the Odisha Act was ratified by the British Parliament and received the signature of the Emperor. On 1st April 1936, Odisha created a separate province.

It consisted of six districts, viz, Cuttack Puri, Balasore, Ganjam, Sambalpur, and Koraput with 32, 695 square miles and 8.043,681 population. Sir John Austin Hubback became the First Governor of Odisha. Of course, Madhu Babu did not live to see it. He breathed his last in 1934. Thus, the struggle of Odias ended with victory the long cherished dream of Oriya leaders was materialized.

However many Oriya-speaking areas like Phulighar, Midnapore, and Sompeta were not amalgamated with it which was really painful of course, the creation of Odisha as a separate province reminds me of the victory of Oriyas over British hegemony.

Question 7.
Evaluate the works of Madhusudan Das as the maker of modern Odisha.
Answer:
Famous in the nook and corner of Odisha as ‘Madhu Barister’ and ‘Grand Old Man’ Madhusudan Das was an intellectual per excellence a leader, a reformer, and above all, the architect of the creation of Odisha as a separate province. Through the Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani), he mobilized millions of Odias to come forward for the creation of Odisha province on a language basis.

He had tried his level best to keep up the prestige of the Odias and their self-esteem at the top. Even today, he is remembered with love by the people of Odisha. Madhusudan Das was bom on 28 April, 1848 at Satyabhamapur in the Cuttack District. After finishing their primary education in his village, he passed matriculation from the Ravenshaw Collegiate School.

Leaving their job as a teacher and subsequently as a clerk from Balasore, he left for Kolkata for higher education. He passed F. A. (L. A.) from the Bethune College of Kolkata in 1868. While reading there, he came in contact with Ambika Charan Hazra and both of them became close friends.

He passed M.A. from Calcutta University in 1873 and B.L. (L.L.B.) in 1878. By the influence of Ambica, he was convened to Christianity. He married a Christian lady named Saudamini but she breathed her last after six years of marriage. After the death of Ambica Charan, Madhu Babu adopted his daughters Sailabala Sudhansubala Hazra as his own daughters and returned to Cuttack and established himself as a great lawyer.

Gradually his house at Cuttack was frequently visited by educated people, intellectual leaders, and the like. There the draft for the creation of a new vibrant Odisha was prepared. Dedicating himself to the all-around development of Odisha, Madhu Babu breathed his last on 4th February 1934.

Madhu Babu and Odisha Association :
Some people of Cuttack formed Orissa Association in 1878. It was a milestone for the new awakening of Modem Odisha. By the influence of Gouri Shankar Roy, Madhu Babu became a member on 21st May 1883, this association discussed the Libert Bill and all the members unanimously supported it. Madhu Babu and Gouri Shankar Roy attended the Modem Session of the Indian National Congress in 1888. Through this association, the liberal ideal of the Congress found expression in Odisha and this trend continued till 1903.

The Utkal Union Conference :
The formation of the Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) was a bold step taken by Madhu Babu which play a vital role in the amalgamation of Odisha- speaking tracts. The first session of this conference was organized on 30th December 1903. At the invitation of Madhu Babu, 30 Kings, Zamindars and many representatives attended this conference. Sri Rama Chandra Bhanja Deo, the king of Mayurbhanja presided over the session. The important proposals accepted by this conference were:

• Praise to the effort of the viceroy, Lord Curzon for the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.
• Expression of gratitude to the British Government for the prevalence of Odia language in Sambalpur instead of Hindi.
• Formation of many committees for social reforms and improvement of the Odia language.
• Some steps are taken for the development of industries in Odisha Division, etc.

By the effort of Madhu Babu, this Utkal Union Conference could very well submit a proposal to the British Government to amalgamate Sambalpur, Ganjam, Chhotnagpur, Visakhapatnam, and Midnapore with Odisha. He had given a clarion call to every Odia to be a part of the Utkal Sammilani. In his words: This conference is the ocean of Nation and contains crores of lif-drops you mingle your life-drop jumping into the water of this ocean.

Madhu Babu and his effort to form Odisha Province :
In 1903, the Indian National Congress did not support the claim for the formation of Odisha as a separate province based on language. That is why Madhu Babu shivered in his relationship with congress. In the mean, Lord Curzon tried to unite the Odia- speaking tracts through the ‘Risley Circular’. When Lord Curzon was on leave, the Viceroy- in charge, Lord Ampthill could not allow Ganjam and Visakhapatnam to be part of Odisha.

Of course, he had allowed Patnagarh, Kalahandi, Sonepur, Bamenda, and Rairakhol to be amalgamated with Odisha which was part of the central province. Besides, Ganjam and Bonai were also amalgamated with Odisha. Madhu Babu vehemently opposed this move of the British Government through the Utkal Union Conference.

He submitted a proposal before the ‘Royal Commission to unite the Odia-speaking areas. In 1911, Madhu Babu went to London to create public opinion in its favor. In 1911, Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy of India gave a proposal, for the creation of a new Bihar-Odisha province, which was formed in 1912. This was vehemently opposed by Madhu Babu through the Utkal Sammilani.

Madhu Babu and Politics:
Madhu Babu has left in reliable imprint in the field of politics. He was elected as a representative to ‘Orissa-Chhotnagpur Municipality in 1896. He was again elected for the same post in 1900 and dedicated himself to the progress of Odisha. In 1902, as a member of the ‘Bengal Legislative Council’, Madhu Babu put pressure on the Government to provide more grants for the improvement of Ravenshaw College.

He was again elected to the same post in 1909. He had given a proposal for opening a law college and women’s training school in Odisha. The ‘Orissa Tenancy Bill’ introduced by him was passed in the council but, it was rejected by the viceroy since Odisha was going to be a separate province soon.

To the ‘Legislative Council of Bihar and Orissa Madhu Babu was elected as a member of Bihar and Orissa Province was formed in 1912. Through his effort, the ‘Orissa Tenancy Bill’ was recommended and accepted by the House in 1913. This was linked by the peasants of Odisha. In 1921, Madhu Babu became a Minister of that Council.

He discharged his duty without any remuneration and cited an example of selfless service to his people. By his effort on 25 November 1921, a proposal was laid down before the house for the creation of Odisha as a separate province. Of course, he resigned from the post of Minister in 1913.

Steps for the spread of Education:
Madhu Babu took much pain for the spread of education in Odisha. As Vice-chairman of Cuttack Zilla Parishad and member of the Legislative Council, Madhu Babu had taken steps for opening many schools in Odisha. He had advised giving physical training to the juveniles in the jail. He also encouraged women’s education.

In 1907 when the1 only girl’s school was going to be closed, his adopted daughter Sailabala its Head Mistress, and it survived, later on, it became the famous Sailabala Women’s College and encouraged women’s education in Odisha and still in encouraging the same. Madhu Babu advocated in favor of the voting right of women which materialized in the future.

Efforts for the economic independence of the Odias:
Madhu Babu had tried for the economic independence of the Odias. He took steps for the development of cottage industries in Odisha. The traditional filigree work of Cuttack was encouraged by him. Till today this has retained its position. Madhu Babu had opened ‘Orissa Art Wares’ at Cuttack. For the progress of the leather industry, he established a factory named ‘Utkal Tenancy’ at Cuttack.

When a slight defect was noticed in the production of shoes,’ he was destroying those shoes. For that factory, he became popular. He also taught the weavers, the new art of weaving. He was also instrumental in establishing a palm-sugar factory. In fact, Madhu Babu played an important role in the economic progress of Odisha.

Protection of Puri Jagannath Temple:
Although Madhu Babu had accepted Christianity by choice, he had argued in the Court as an advocate to preserve the dignity of Gajapati. In 1902, the British Government appointed one Deputy Magistrate for the management of Puri Jagannath Temple, Madhu Babu opposed it in the Calcutta High Court and projected that as per the tradition, the Gajapati in the sole custodian of the deities of Puri Jagannath Temple.

The Honourable High Court listened to Madhu Babu and passed an Order that the Gajapati should be the custodian of the deities and would carry temple management as per his desire. This episode made Madhu Babu famous in the nook and corner of Odisha as ‘Madhu Barister’. Madhu Babu breathed his last on 4 February 1934.

Odisha became a separate province after two years of his death in 1936. This had become a reality due to the untiring effort of Madhu Babu. His inspiring poem for the son of Odisha instills new vim and vitality into the nerves even today.

Question 8.
Describe the role of Gopabandhu Das in the Indian National Congress and its impact in Odisha.
Answer:
Gopabandhu played a significant role in popularising the activities of the Indian National Congress in Odisha. Returning from Calcutta after attending a special session of the Indian National Congress in 1920, he was surcharged with the ideology of the Congress He was determined to spread Gandhian activities in Odisha. He also attended the Bombay session of the Indian National Congress with others.

Resolutions like boycotting foreign goods, visit of the prince of Wales, adoption of national education, etc. were passed in this session. The representatives from Odisha were deeply moved by this and returning to Odisha, they wanted to implement these things under the leadership of Gopabandhu. Gopabandhu also went to jail due to his effort to popularize the congress activities in Odisha.

Role in the Non-Cooperation Movement:
Gopabandhu took steps to galvanize the Non-cooperation movement in Odisha. The Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee was formed in 1921. Gopabandhu was its first President Dr. Ekram Rosool was its vice president, Bhagirathi Mohapatra, was its secretary, and Brajabandhu Das was its joint secretary.

Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra, Acharya Harihar Harekrushna Mahatab, Jagabandhu Singh, and many others joined the Indian Nation. Congress by the influence of Gopabandhu. The congress workers were inspired by Gopabandhu to popularise congress activities throughout Odisha.

Gopabandhu and visit of Mahatma Gandhi to Odisha :
The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in Odisha on 23 March 1921 gave a great impetus to the Non-Co-operation movement in Odisha. Within six days he addressed several meetings at Cuttack, Bhadrak, Puri, Satyabadi, and Berhampur, Gopabandhu translated the Hindi speech of Gandhiji into simple Odia and the people became happy. This inspired a lot to the people of Odisha to participate in the Non-Co-operation movement.

By 30 June 1921, the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee was able to collect 21,000 rupees for the Tilak Swaraj Fund’ In the meanwhile, 39,000 workers joined the congress on the inspiration of Gopabandhu. Being inspired by Nationalism, Harekn; bp ’T ’ Nabakrushna Choudhury, NityanandaKanungo, and other young leaders joined the iwi National Congress.

Establishment of Ashrams:
Gopabandhu was instrumental in popularizing the congress ideology in different parts of Odisha. In his instance, several ashrams were established by leaders in different parts of Odisha. Among them, very famous were the ‘Swaraj Ashram’ at Cuttack, ‘Alkashram’ at Jagatsinghpur, and ‘Swaraj Mandir’ at Cuttack.

The congress and social workers learned in these Ashrams about the use of the spinning wheel, the preparation of thread, and other programs related to the congress. To his advice to boycott foreign goods, the congress workers started picketing at Balasore, Cuttack, Puri, Bhadrak, Berhampur, and Sambalpur. Gopabandhu played a leading role to popularize Gandhi’s principle of non-violence in different parts of Odisha.

Steps for improvement of Odia language and literature:
Gapabandhu took steps for the improvement of Odia language and literature. He started publishing a magazine titled ‘Satyabadi’ from Sakshigopal in 1915. In 1919 he published ‘Samaj’ from the same place which was a weekly newspaper. Later on, it became daily. Through this newspaper, he was able to put forth the grievances and demands of the people before the British Government.

He himself was also the author of many books like ‘Bandira Atmakatha’ (self-expression of a prisoner) ‘Dharmapad’ ‘Go Mahatma (Appraisal on a cow)’ Abakasa China (thought of leisure) etc. Which enriched Odia literature. He established odia-medium schools at Singhbhum, Phulighar, Mandala, Tarala, and Tekkali and tried his level best to spread Odia living. Gopabandhu was the ‘Gem of Utkal’ in the proper sense of the term. By following the principle of non-violence of Gandhiji, he gave a strategic blow to the British Government.

Question 9.
Evaluate the role of Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo in the making of Modern Odisha.
Answer:
Gajapati Krushna Chandra Narayan Deo is regarded at one of the makers of modern Odisha. His contribution to making Odisha a prepared province was immense. Loved by the people of this land, he had the credit to be the Prime Minister of Odisha twice. In spite of heavy odds, he was able to convince the British authorities regarding the need of the amalgamation of Odia. Speaking tracts and creation of a new province which was materialized.

Krushna Chandra and Simon Commission :
The Simon Commission which landed on Indian soil was boycotted with the slogan ‘Simon! go back. However, by the effort of K.C. Gajapati and other members of the Utkal Sammilani, that committee was received with the slogan ‘Welcome Simon’ at the Patna Railway station. The Committee became very happy and intimately talked with the members of the Utkal Sammilani paying heed to their problems.

On 27th May 1930, the report of the Simon Commission was published which recommended the formation of a sub-committee for examining the cause of the creation of Odisha as a separate province. It elated K.C. Gajapati.

Atlee Sub-committee and K.C. Gajapati:
By the recommendation of the Simon Commission, the ‘Atlee Sub-committee was created to determine the boundary of the new Odisha Province. Many letters, representations, and personal opinions were reached before the committee by the inspiration of K.C. Gajapati. After examining all this evidence, the committee recommended the creation of a separate province for the Odias.

Although, the Madras Government kept its opinion before the committee against it that was rejected. This was the first victory of K.C. Gajapati concerning the formation of the Odisha Province.

K.C. Gajapati and the First Round Table Conference :
Although the First Round Table Conference was boycotted by the Indian National Congress, K.C. Gajapati went to London in 1930 to present the demand of Odisha province before the British Government. By that time the agenda of the meeting had already been prepared. By the persuasion of K.C. Gajapati, a discussion on it was included with the province of Sind.

When the turn came K.C. Gajapati with politeness presented demand in the following way: ‘Sir, on behalf of 16 million Oriyas, the subjects of his majesty, I rise to represent their long-standing grievances on the occasion. I should lay before you all today that the formation of a separate province for the Oriyas is a life-and-death problem to them.

It is for you to make or mar the destiny of an ancient race, vast in numbers, cultured and advanced, but placed under painful circumstances now. Due to his influential speech, the Odisha matter was placed in ii, vi, and vii of the sub-committee. During his stay in London, K.C. Gajapati was able to influence Sir Samuel Hoare, the secretary of state, and other important parliamentarians. This made the part of the creation of Odisha as a separate province very easy.

K.C. Gajapati’s creation of Odisha Province:
After the First Round Table Conference, O’ Donnel Committed was needed to examine the case of Odisha Province. The Committee was welcomed by K C. Gajapati with much cordiality at the Berhampur Railway Station. After visiting various Odia- speaking tracts and interacting with the people, the committee submitted us report to Samuel Hoare.

In 1933 a ‘white paper’ was published by the British Parliament where there was no mention of Paralakhemundi. This put K.C. Gajapati under stress who went to London and convinced the dignitaries about his plight. After that was formed a ‘Joint Parliamentary Committee’ was to finalize the matter concerning Odisha.

In 1933, the ‘Hubback Committee’ was formed to give shape to the province of Odisha. In its report again Paralakhemundi was absent from the new province. Being frustrated K.C. Gajapati with a delegation went to Shimla in 1934 and convinced the Viceroy regarding the inclusion of Paralakhemundi in Odisha.

On Article 289 of the Government of India Act, 1935, Odisha has given the status of a separate province with the inclusion of Paralakhemundi on it. On 1st April 1936, a separate Odisha Province was created on that evening. Maharaja K.C. Gajapati hosted a grand party at Barabati fort of Cuttack.

Prime Minister Krushna Chandra and the progress of Odisha:
The first Governor of Odisha was Sir John Austin Hubback. By his invitation, K.C. Gajapati became the Prime Minister of Odisha on 1st April 1937. Again he adorned the same position from 1941 to 1944. During that, he devoted his heart and soul to the progress of Odisha. The Odisha High Court, Sri Ram Chandra Bhanja Medical College at Cuttack, Utkal University, and Rice Research Institute at Bidyadharpur of Cuttack were established.

That is why Utkal University and Berhampur University conferred on him the honorary Doctorate Degree. The Berhampur Medical College and Gajapati district have been named after him to preserve his memory. Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati was celebrating Modem Odisha. He fought the last battle of the Odias on the bank of the river. Thames in London and became successful of Modem Odisha, he is ever remembered in the annals of history.

Question 10.
Discuss the role of Rama Devi in the freedom struggle in Odisha.
Answer:
Among the celebrated freedom fighters of Odisha, Rama Devi occupies a special position. She belonged to a rich family but the clarion call of Mahatma Gandhi promoted her to participate in the freedom struggle. She became a source of inspiration for millions of Odias. After India achieved independence, Rama Devi devoted herself fully to working for the poor destitute.

Participation in the freedom struggle :
Rama Devi had heard the coming of Gandhi to Odisha on 23rd March 1921. On the same night, Mahatma Gandhi addressed a meeting organized by the ladies at Binod Bihari at Cuttack. Rama Devi attended this meeting and presented Mahatma Gandhi with her hand spoon thread and contributed all her ornaments to the Tilak Swaraj Fund. She took a vow not to wear ornaments and to wear a khaddar saree throughout her life. She was determined to forgo all the luxuries of her life and to devote her body, mind, and soul to the freedom struggle.

Aikashram and Rama Devi:
Alakashram played a vital role in the freedom struggle in India. The National school started there. As an insider, Rama Devi cooked tiffins and meals for the inmates of the Ashram. In 1923-24, cholera spread in Jagatsinghpur. Rama Devi with other workers moved from the village and advised the people to take preventive injections and take boiled water for the eradication of Malaria in that area, she advised using quinine. She also advised people not to use intoxication. She also taught spinning and preparation of clothes to the people who came for training at, Alakashram.

Rama Devi and Civil Disobedience Movement:
The salt satyagraha was vigorous in Odisha on 13th April 1930. Acharya Harihar started the Civil Disobedience Movement at Inchudi of Balasore district. Rama Devi with Malati Devi and Kiranbala Sen reached, there and called the women of Inchudi, Srijang, Bonita, Kuligaon, Raslpur, and nearby villages and engaged them in the preparation of salt.

Later on, she went to Kujanga and queen Bhagyabati Pattamahadei to break the salt law at Kalipatna in Paradeep. Due to her active participation, the Civil Disobedience Movement in Paradeep, Ersama, Chat, Daria, and other places became quite successive.

Rama Devi and Bari Ashram :
After Alakashram was raised to the ground, ‘Rama Devi with her husband went to Bari and slayed at the Bari Ashram, Popularly known as ‘Sevaghar’. In that Ashram, Rama Devi devoted herself to the Khadi work to uplift Harijan, spread Hindi, uplift women, prohibit bee-keeping, basic education, adult education, clean of the village, and the like. She established there a maternity home, and her service in that area carved a special position for her people called her ‘Maa (mother) with love and devotion.

Gandhiji’s Padayatra Berboi conference and Rama Devi:
In March 1934 started Hariyan Padayatra in Odisha. Ram Devi participated in that and she was advised by Gandhiji to start a congress organization vigorously in Bhadrak and Rama Devi did it. Similarly, Rama Devi worked a lot in the Berboi Conference near Delang in the Puri district, which was held on 26th March 1937. It was attended by Gandhiji, Kasturba, Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, and others who appreciated the selfless service of Rama Devi.

Rama Devi and the Quit India Movement:
On 9 August 1942 began the Quit India Movement. Rama Devi actively participated in the movement. She was arrested with Gopabandhu Choudhury, Malati Devi, Manmohan Choudhtiry, Amapuma Moharana, and Sharat Chandra Maharana, Rama Devi was imprisoned in the Cuttack Jail, even inside the jail she preached about nationalism. In 1944 she was released from jail. Returning to Bari Ashram, she was again engaged in Gandhian constructive works.

Representative of various Organizations :
Rama Devi was a leader of excellence. She was a member of the ‘Seva Mandate of Wardha. She was elected as the treasurer of the All India Charakha Association! She was also a member of the Provincial Khadi Board and the all-India Women’s Association! She was also a member of ‘The all-India Kasturba Gandhi Memorial Trust.

She formed an association at Tumba ligula of Koraput named ‘Navajeevan Mandal’ in 1946 to serve the forest people. In 1947, she worked as the Vice-President of the Utkal Khadi Mandal and ‘Utkal Gandhi Smarak Nidhi’. Besides, she associated with many organizations and worked for the welfare of society.

Rama Devi, Congress session and Bhoodan Movement:
Rama Devi was an active participant in the various sessions of the Indian National Congress, she participated in the Gaya session of the Indian National Congress in 1922 and the Calcutta sessions in 1928. In 1924, she became a member of the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee. She participated in the Bhoodan Padayatra with her husband and went to different places like Panjang, Angul, Tainsi, Brahmagiri, Ganjam, Gunapur, Ramanguda, Bisama Kataka, Bolangir, Padmapur, etc.

In 1955, she moved with Vinoba Bhave from Balasore to Koraput and became ill in 1958, the year her husband expired. Thereafter, she went to Bari and devoted herself to the welfare of the people. She also presided over the All India Sarvodya Sammilani at Padampur of Maharashtra. Rama Devi was really a mother in every sense of the term. She had sacrificed all her wealth at the altar of the country. Due to her less work, she carved a special position in the heart of millions of people. Her graceful figure is preserved in the heart of every Odia.

Question 11.
Discuss the role of Salara Devi in the freedom struggle in Odisha.
Answer:
The contribution of Salara Devito to the freedom struggle is unforgettable. She had joined the freedom movement on the inspiration of her husband. Being inspired by the thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Sarala Devi became instrumental in popularizing the Indian National Congress in Odisha. She was imprisoned during the Civil Disobedience Movement. She devoted herself to the uplift of the Harijans. Through her literacy creations, she enriched Odia literature.

Sarala Devi Congress Sessions and the Non-Co-operation Movement:
In 1921 Salara Devi participated with her husband in the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress. She had brought the message of the Non-Cooperation Movement as the first lady to Odisha. After Gandhiji’s address to the women at Binod Bihari, she was inspired a lot. The call of Gandhiji fasting took place in the country during the Non¬Cooperation Movement from 6 April to 13 April 1921.

Sarala Devi observed fasting for the week. She collected money for the Tilak Swaraj fund by moving from village to village. She distributed spinning wheels to the village and taught them to spin.

Sarala Devi and the Civil Disobedience Movement:
Sarala Devi played an important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement in Odisha. She went to Inchudi and helped the women there with the preparation of salt. By her influence, many people ofLakshmipur, Pallibandha and Huma joined the Salt Satyagraha in Ganjam. Being inspired by her speech, Kulalata Devi of Ghumsar contributed her ornaments to the national fund.

While preaching against the British Government, she was arrested by the police and produced before Chhatrapur court and got six months imprisonment. She was the first lady to go to jail by the order of the court. The Udyog Mandi which was established at Berhampur to train the Satyagraha is impetus by her presence.

After her release from jail, she was welcomed by people at Cuttack Railway Station and a meeting was organized under the leadership of Binapani Devi to facilitate her. In that meeting, the Union Jack was burnt. Thousands of people attended that meeting.

Sarala Devi and no tax campaign :
A part of the Civil Disobedience Movement was not to pay taxes to the British Government. The people of Srijang of Balasore and other places of Odisha, people did not pay tax to the British Government inspired by the speech of Sarala Devi. Due to picketing the people could not get taxes and suffered losses. On the other hand, she preached in favor of the spinning wheel and khaddar and popularized the Swadeshi Movement in Odisha.

Sarala Devi and the Creation of Separate Odisha Province :
In the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress. Sarala Devi persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to form the formation of Odisha province on a linguistic basis. Of course, Mahatma Gandhi did not take any steps in this regard. However, Sarala Devi boldly presented this proposal before Gandhiji. This shows her love for Odisha and Odia language.

Sarala Devi and the Quit India Movement:
Gandhiji selected Sarala Devi as the women leader to start the Quit India Movement in Odisha. While delivering her speech against the British, she was imprisoned and sent to jail. She remained inside the jail for three years. During that period, she gave birth to a son. She also chalked out a program inside the jail with other prisoners on how to quit English from India. This shows her love for the motherland.

Sarala Devi Gandhian Constructive works and Uplift of Harijan :
Sarala Devi popularized Gandhian constructive works like women’s education, uplifting of women, eradication of untouchability adoption of Swadeshi, prohibition, etc. in Odisha. She devoted herself to the uplift of Harijans. She had given a proposal to the Odisha Government to provide education to Harijans and give them jobs.

She had advised the Government to open agricultural banks and land mortgage banks for protecting the Harijans from the clutches of money lenders. Through her effort, the Odisha Government built hosted at Cuttack for the stay of the Harijans.

Works for the Peasants :
Sarala Devi was very sympathetic to the cause of the peasants. She could know about the peasants during the Kanika rebellion of 1921-22. In 1937, she delivered a talk at Delang. There he spoke against ‘Bethi’ (forced labor). This speech was directed against the Zamindari system of Delang. During that period, if a farmer failed to pay revenue to the Zamindar, he was tortured by the latter.

She advised the government in many, meetings to take steps against the Zamindars and also to look after the peasants by helping them to increase their property. In fact, Sarala Devi was an ideal woman. She played an important role in populating the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi in Odisha. Her works for Harijans, peasants women, and common people were praiseworthy. That is why she is ever remembered by the people of Odisha.

Question 12.
Discuss the role of Malati Devi in the freedom of Odisha.
Answer:
Malati Devi is one of the much-talked freedom fighters of Odisha. Although she was a Bengalee, after marrying Naba Krushna Choudhury. She devoted her body, mind, and soul to the freedom struggle in Odisha. Her role in the Prajamandal Movement was to work for the farmers to keep her alive in the memory of Odisha.

Anakhia Ashram and Malati Devi:
On the way to Jagasinghpur at Anakhia, Nabakrushna Choudhury established an Ashram, Malati Devi remained there and collected workers by moving from village to village. With the guidance of Malati Devi, Naba Babu, and Gauranga Charan Das, the Harijans of Bhagalpur launched a movement against the high-caste Hindus. This movement effaced the difference between the Harijans and the costliest Hindus. From this movement began the political career of Malati Devi.

Malati Devi and Salt Satyagraha :
Malati Devi took active in the Salt Satyagraha at Inchudi of Balasore district. She had worked there with Rama Devi, Kiranbala Sen, and others. Through her influence, many women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement at Inchudi and prepared salt. She also encouraged the women at Srijang to participate in the movement.

She also encouraged the women at Kujanga who joined the movement with their Queen Bhaggabati Pattamahadei. Her fiery speech dragged the women from the four walls of the house who actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha.

Malati Devi and Monkey Brigade :
Malati Devi played a vital role in the boycott of foreign goods and prohibition. During picketing before shoes sold foreign goods by the women, the children of 14 or 15 years replaced them. The police cared about their palms. Malati Devi with other women dressed the children and fed them with love and care while picketing before Victoria High School on 20 September 1930.

Malati Devi was arrested by the police and at first, kept at Cuttack jail and then transferred to Bhagalpur jail with her daughter. While in jail she encouraged the prisoners to sing the song of Swaraj.

Malati Devi, Karachi session of the Congress and other works :
Malati Devi attended the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress where it was decided that the next session will be held at Puri. To make the Puri session successful, the Hindustani Seva Dal was formed and as its worker, Malati Devi was the first from Odisha to receive training. Returning to Cuttack she enrolled many women and members of this Seva Dal. In 1940 when Gandhiji decided to continue individual Satyagraha, he selected the name of Malati Devi.

Formation Congress Socialist Party :
In the meanwhile, the same Congress workers wanted to form a new party being separated from the National Congress. In Odisha at Anakhia Ashram, Nabakrushna Choudhury and Malati Devi with other workers formed the ‘Utkal Congress Socialist Party’. It was not antithetical to the National Congress, rather it was formed to do much good to the peasants.

Malati Devi and Gandhian Constructive Programme :
Malati Devi played an important role to popularise the Gandhian constructive program inside Odisha. On 30 April 1930, she delivered a fiery speech inspiring the people to boycott foreign clothes. Inspired by her, the cloth merchants of Cuttack did not sell foreign goods.

She moved a resolution in the Congress worker’s meeting at Sambalpur in 1946 regarding the steps to be undertaken for the upliftment of Harijans which was unanimously passed. In 1927, she had taken step with her husband for the improvement of agriculture. She constructed the ‘Baji Rout Hostel’ at Angul and taught its inmate’s Gandhian constructive works.

Malati Devi, Quit India Movement and Other Works :
While returning after attending the Bombay session of the National Congress where the ‘Quit India Resolution’ was passed. Malati Choudhury was arrested at the Cuttack Railway Station. She was sent to jail. She was released in 1945. In 1946, she traveled with Mahatma Gandhi in the Noakhali area of West Bengal to pacify the communal riot. Which had taken place among the Hindus and Muslims. In the same year, she was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 13.
Evaluate the role of Malati Devi in various movements.
Answer:
Malati Devi wanted the round progress of peasants. In 1933 she in association with her husband formed the ‘Utkal Congress Socialist Workers Union’ and donated all her ornaments to this Union. On behalf of this union, a magazine titled ‘Sarathi’ was published and Malati Devi was regularly writing in this magazine reflecting the problems of the workers.

She herself also edited one magazine named ‘Kousaka’. At different places in Odisha, she had addressed the farmer’s gatherings. She tried her level best for the all-around development of the peasants. She also formed the ‘Utkal Congress Socialist Workers Association’ and tried her best for its development.

Malati Devi and Prajamandal (Garjat) Movement:
The Gaijin Movement at Dhenkanal, Talcher, Nilgiri, and other places was galvanized by Malati Devi. She with her husband and a great communist leader, Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi organized many secret meetings in different Garjat areas and encouraged them to become free from the clutches of their rulers. She published a pamphlet titled ‘Ranaveri’.

Sarangdhar Dal also joined with her to organize the Prajamandal Movement at Dhenkanal and Baji Rout, a boy of twelve years breathed his last in the police bullet. The then Superintendent of Police (CID) informed the Govt, that Malati Devi was running a camp of the rebellious people at Budhapank but she could not be arrested because there was no sufficient proof against her. In memory of Baji Rout, he constructed Baji Rout Hostel at Angul.

Malati Devi and Bhoodan Movement:
Malati Devi was inspired by Vinoba Babe and actively participated in the Bhoodan Movement in Odisha. She established ‘Navajeevan Mandal’ at Angul where the meeting of ‘All India Sarvodaya Seva Sangha’ was held. She preached about Bhoodan Movement at Koraput in 1952. She also participated in Vinoba’s padayatra in Odisha in 1955. She composed poems in Odia which were sung by the women during the padayatra.

Malati Devi and Other Works :
In 1975 emergency was declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Malati Devi organized a meeting at Cuttack and vehemently opposed it. She printed pamphlets against it and while distributing those pamphlets, she was booked under the ‘National Security Act’. From 1977 to 1983, Malati Devi devoted herself to the upliftment of the tribal people. She persuaded them to retrain from taking liquor, opium, and other intoxicants.

She worked selflessly for the eradication of leprosy. She refused to accept the award from Jamunalal Bajaj Foundation for social service. The life of Malati Devi was dedicated to the cause of society. Although she had come from Bengal she love Odisha and worked for its people. Her dedication will be even remembered by the people of this land.

Question 14.
Describe the steps taken for the preparation of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The preparation of the Indian constitution was a lengthy process. Before Independence, the Morley-Minto Reforms. Montagu Chelmsford Reforms the Govt, of India Act. 1935, the Indian Independence Act, and 1947 were some of the milestones on the Path of the Indian constitution. The constitution of India was prepared under the able guidance of Baba Saheb Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar. It is the largest written constitution in the World. That is why it is termed as ‘Lawyers Paradise.’

Making of the Constituent Assembly :
As per the provision of the cabinet mission, it has been decided the Constituent Assembly would be formed by the election. As per the proposal, there should be 389 members. That election took place in July 1946, Out of 296 seats the Congress got 212, Muslim League 73, independent and others got 11, Manabendra Roy had first thought doast the Constituent Assembly.

A meeting of the Constituent Assembly was convened on 9 December 1946 in Delhi. It was presided over by Sri Sachidatianda Sinha of Bihar. On 11 December 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its permanent chairman. Almost all the leading members of the time were members of the Constituent Assembly.

Some of the prominent them included Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, K.M. Munshi, and others. However, Mahatma Gandhi who struggled, to achieve independence kept himself away from it.

Different Committees :
The Constituent Assembly began to work in a democratic way. Several committees were framed to give expert opinions for the forming of the constitution. Those were:

• Rules of Procedure Committee
• Finance and Staff Committee
• Credential Committee
• Steering Committee
• Hindi Translation Committee
• Orders of Business Committee
• House Committee
• Union Powers Committee
• Union Constitution Committee
• Committee on Financial Rights between the Union and States etc.

All these committees guided the Constitution Assembly in framing the constitution.
Drafting Committee:
For preparing a draft constitution the Drafting Committee was framed. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar presided over it. Besides him, N. Gopalswami Ayanagar, A. K. Ayar, Saiyyad Mohammad Saadulla, T. T. Krishnamachari, D. P. Khaitan, and many others were its members. Dr. B. N. Ray acted as the Chief. Constituent Advisor to this committee. This committee submitted its report (draft) to the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.

Session of the Constituent Assembly :
The Constituent Assembly worked from 9 December 1946 to 16 November 1949. It worked for 2 years 11 months and 17 days. There was a total of 11 sessions and its meeting lasted for 165 days. On the Draft Constitution, the discussion was held for 114 days. Out of the laid down 7,635 proposals, 2,473 were discussed and necessary corrections were made. In the draft constitution, there were 395 Articles 8 schedules. This constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949. It was accepted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 January 1950.

Vision (Objectives) of the Constitution :
The objectives or vision of the constitution were:

1. In order to make India independent. Sovereign Republic, a constitution will be framed.
2. Taking together the Indian provinces, the territories liking to remain with India and the British dominion, a sovereign union of states will be created,
3. All the powers to rule India will originate from the Indians.
4. The Indians will be given freedom in the field of social, economic, and political justice, equal opportunity and equality before the law, profession, faith, service association and religion,
5. protection to minorities, downtrodden, neglected and tribals,
6. The water land and air of India will be protected.
7. This old state will get its proper place in the world and will endeavor for the welfare of men and will try to preserve world peace.

Evaluation :
Those proposals were novel for Indians. The basic objectives of the constitution have been reflected in it. Nobody can dispute our territory. The objectives since their adoption, have been given much more importance by the Indians. This is the reflection of the nationalism of the Indians.

Preamble:
The preamble is regarded as the preface ofthe constitution. It reads ‘We The People Of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign. Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure its citizens. Justice, social, economic, and political Liberty of thought, expression faith, and worship. Equality of status and opportunity and to promote among them all.

Fraternity, assuring the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation:
In Our Constituent Assembly, this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do hereby Adopt, Enact And Give To Ourselves This constitution. The 42 Amendment Act, 1976 has added the words ‘Socialist, Secular and Unity and Integrity of the Nation have been added to the preamble.

Question 15.
Throw light on the salient features of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The salient features of this constitution are :
The Longest Written Constitution :
Ivor Jenning, the constitutional expert of Great Britain had expressed the view that the Indian Constitution is the longest-written constitution in the world. It consists of 395 articles, 12 schedules, and 122 amendments. Of course, many articles are being added to it from time to time but the number of articles remains at 395. Due to its vastness, it has been termed the ‘Lawyers Paradise’.

Parliamentary form of Government:
The Indian constitution provides a particular form of government. It provides two heads- a nominal and a real. The president of India is the nominal head of India and the Prime Minister is the real head. This has given a real balance between the power of the nominal head and the real head. The parliamentary form of Government had been adopted by following the India Acts of 1919 and 1955.

The balance between rigidity and flexibility :
Indian constitution strikes a balance between rigidity and flexibility. A flexible constitution can be amended easily. In the case of a rigid constitution, it is very difficult to amend it. Certain provisions of the Indian Constitution can be amended by a simple majority in both the Houses of Parliament.

However, certain provisions of the Indian Constitution require a rigid procedure like the presence of a majority of the total majority and a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting in each House of Parliament. This is a peculiar provision of the Indian Constitution.

Fundamental Rights :
Part III of the Indian Constitution contains certain Fundamental Rights for the people of India. Originally they were seven in number but ‘The right to Property’ has been abolished by the 44 Amendment Act of 1978. Pandit Nehru called the Fundamental Rights the conscience of the constitution.

Those Fundamental Rights are :

• Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
• Educational and Cultural Rights (Articles 29 & 30)
•  Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article – 32).

The Supreme Court preserved the fundamental rights of the citizens by the Habeas Corpus Mandamus, Qiiowarranto, Prohibition, and Certiorari.

Single Citizenship :
Indian Constitution provides for single citizenship. Here, any individual who resides in India is an Indian. The constitution never recommends Double citizenship like an American citizen of the country and a citizen of the concerned state, Here, in India, no state can give citizenship to any Indian. By birth, he is a citizen of India.

Directive Principles of State Policy :
Part IV of the Indian Constitution contains some social and economic rights for the people of India. They can not be enforced by a court of law. From the beginning, the Fundamental Rights were superior to the Directive principles, but now the reverse is true. It is because fundamental rights are the rights of the individual while Directive Principles of state policy are the Right of the Society. These state policies cannot be challenged in a court of law, unlike fundamental rights.

Fundamental Duties :
The Fundamental Duties are a unique poet of the Indian constitution. Those are:

1. To abide by the constitution and respect the national flag and national anthem,
2. To cherish the noble ideals which inspired our struggle for freedom,
3. To uphold fi sovereignty, unity, and integrity of the country,
4. To defend the country and render national service when called on to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and have compassion for living creatures,
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence,
10. To strive to achieve excellence in all spheres of individual and collective life so that the nation makes progress.

Single integrated Judiciary :
The Indian constitution provides a single integrated Judiciary. The courts, roughout India, either in the center or state follow the procedure of law for all. This is unique m India. This shows that the framers of the constitution had put emphasis n c duality of law and equal procedure of law.

Secularism :
Our constitution makes India a secular state. The state is neutral in the matter of religion. The citizens of India have the right to profess, practice, and propagate any religion they like no religious institution can be imparted in any educational institution.

Democratic Constitution :
Indian constitution is a democratic constitution. Article 326 confers Universal Adult Franchise on the citizens. A person who has attended the age of 18 has the right to vote. A person can elect his representatives who rule on behalf of the people. These representatives remain responsible to the people. The people can also reject him in elections if he does not care for the welfare of the people. Starting from Gram Panchayat all are governed in a democratic way through the election.

Federalism :
A basic salient feature of the Indian constitution is federalism. A federal state exhibits four features – a written constitution, dual polity, distribution of power, and an independent and impartial judiciary. The Indian constitution has provided all these features. Thus federalism has been preserved with all its splendors by the Indian constitution.

The preparation of the Indian constitution was a glorious chapter in the history of India. The Indian constitution is the greatest democratic constitution in the World. This constitution preserves democratic values. For centuries to come, it will inspire and guide the people of India on a democratic and secular path.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Bhakti Movement In Odisha And Its Impact On Society Question 1.
Estimate the life of Al-Biruni and his contribution in the sphere of Mathematics and Astronomy?
Answer:
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. He studies almost all fields of science and was compensated for his research and strenceons work.

Royalty and powerful members of society sought out Al-Biruni to conduct research and study to cover certain findings. He lived during the Islamic Golden Age. In which scholarly thought went hand in hand with the thinking and methodology of the Islamic religion.

In addition to this type of influence, Al-Biruni was also influenced by other nations, such as the Greek who her took inspiration from when he fumed to studies of philosophy.

He was conversant in Khwarezmia, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and also knew Greek. He brew and Syriac. He Spent a large part of his life in ghazani in modem day Afganisthan, Capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty, which was based in what is now central eastern Afghanistan.

In 1017 he traveled to the south Asia and authored Tarikh-al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindusm practiced in India.

He was given the title “founder of Indology”. He was in impartial writer on customs and creeds of various nations and was given the title at us-tadh (“The master”) for his remarkable description of early 11th century India.

Life: He was born in the outer district of Kath, the capital ofthe Afrighid dynasty ofKhwarezm (now a part of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) (or Chorasmia) The word Bintni means“from the outer- oustricf’ in Persian, and so this became his nisba “albiruni- “The
Birunian.

Al-Biruni’s relatives also took interest in the studies of science as well. So he grow up in an environment encouraging to his interests. He even had ties to royalty as there are links in his family to the families of prestigious elties.

To conduct research, Al-Biruni used different methods to tackle the various fields he studies.

Many consider Al-Biruni one of the greatest scientists in history, and specially of Islam because of his discoveries and methodology. He lived during the Islamic Golden Age, which promoted astronomy and encouraged all scholars to work on their research.

Al-biruni spent the first twenty five years of his life in Khwarezm where he studies Islamic jurisprudence, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, vedics, philosophy and also dabbled in the field of physics and most other sciences as well.

The Iranian khwarezmian language, which was the language of Biruni survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of the region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient khwazem, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Biruni a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vaccum.

He was sympathetic to the Affighids, who were overthrown by the river dynasty of manunids in 995. He left his homeland for Bukhara, then under the Samanid ruler Mansur II the Son of Nuh. There are corresponded with Avicenna and there are extent exchanges of views between the two scholars.

In 998, he went to the court of the Ziyarid amir of Tabaristan, shams-at -moali Aboshasan Ghaboos Ibn Washmgir. There he wrote his first important work, at Athar al- Baggija can al-Qorun al-khaliya cuterally.

“The remaining traces of past centuries” and translated as “chronology of ancient nations” or vestiges of the past”) on historical and scientific chronology, probably around 1000 A.D., though he later madesome amendments to the book.

He also visited the court of the Bavandid ruler Al-marzuban. Accepting the definite demise of the Affighids at the hands of the mamunids, he made peace with the latter who then ruled khwarezm. There court at Gorganj (also in khwarezm) was gaining fame for its gathering of brailliant scientists.

In 1017, (Mahmud of Ghazni took Rey most Scholars, including al-Biruni, were taken to Ghaznis the capital of the Ghazinavid dynasty. Biruni was made court astrologer and accompanied Mahmud on his invasions into India living there for a few years.

He was forty four years old when he went on the Journeys with Mahamud of Ghazin. Biruni became acquainted with all things related to India. He may even have learned some Sankrit.

During this time he wrote the Kitabtarikh al-Hind, finishing it around 1030. Along with his writing, Al-Biruni also made sure to extend his study to science while on the expenditions.

He sought to find a method to measure the height of the sun and created an early version of an astrolabe for that purpose. A1 Biruni was able to make much progress in his study over the frequent travels that he went on throughout the lands of India.

Mathematics and astronomy: Ninety five of 146 books known to have been written by Biruni were devoted to astronomy, mathematics and related subjects like mathematical geography His religion contributed to his research of astronomy as in Islam, Muslim customs require knowing the directions of certain sacred locations, which can actually be found through this type of scientific study.

Biruni’s major work on astrology is primarily an astronomical and mathematical text, only the last chapter concerns astrological prognostication. His endorsement of astrology is limited in so far as he condemns honorary astrology as ‘sorcery’.

In discussing speculation by other Muslim writers on the possible motion of the earth, Biruni acknowledge that he could neither prove nor disprove it, but commented favourably on the idea that the Earth rotates.

He wrote an extensive commentary on Indian astronomy in the Kitab ta rich al-Hind in which he claims to have resolved the matter of Earth’s rotation in a work on astronomy that is no longer extant, his Miftah-ilm-alhai a (key to Astronomy):

The rotation of the earth does in no way impair the value of astronomy, as all appearances of an astronomic character can quite as well be explained according to this theory as to the other. There are, however, other reasons which make it impossible.

This questions is most difficult to solve. The most prominent of both modem and ancient astronomers have deeply studied the questions of the moving of the earth and tried to refuge it.

We, too have composed a book on the subject called Muftan-ilm-alhi’a (key to Astronomy), in which we think we have surpassed our predecessors, if not in the words, at all events in the matter. In his description of Sijzi’s astrolabe he hints at contemporary debates over the movement of the earth.

He carried on a lengthy correspondence and sometimes heated debate with Ibnsina, in which Biruni repeatedly attacks Aristottle’s celestial physics he argues by simple experiment that vacuum must exist, he is amazed “ by the weakness of Aristotle’s argument against elliptical orbits on the basic that they would create vacuum, he attacks the immutability of the celestial sphers, and so on.

In his major extant astronomical work, the Mas’ud Canon, Biruni utilizes his observational data to disprove ptolemy’s immobile solar apogee. Not only did he perform research on theories, but he also wrote an in-depth analysis and explanation of an astrolab and how it should work.

He drew many different depictios of various instruments that are considered to be the precursors of more modem objects such as clocks and the coming years.

More recently Biruni’s eclipse date wras used by dunthome in 1749 to help determine the acceleration of the moon and his observational data has entered the larger astronomical historical records and is still used today in geophysics and astronomy.

Bhakti Movement In Odisha And Its Impact On The Society Of Odisha Question 2.
Estimate Ibn Battuta as a pilgrimage and his coming to India?
Answer:
All that is known about Ibn Battuta’s life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels, which records that he was of Barber descent, born into a family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty.

He claimed descent from a Berber tribe known as the Lawata. As a young man he would have studied at a Sunni Maliki madhab (Islamic jurisprudence school) the dominant form of education in North Africa at that time.

Maliki Muslims requested Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge as he was from an area where it was practiced.

In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one. Ibn Battuta set off from his home town on a hail or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would ordinarily take sixteen months. He would not see Morocco again for twenty-four years.

I set out alone, having neither fellow traveller in whose companionship. 1 might find cheer, nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an over mastering impulse within me and a desire long cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.

So I braced my resolution to quite my dear ones female and male, and forsook my home as birds for sake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighted sorely upon me to part of them and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow at this separation.

He travelled to Mecca overland, following the North African coast across the sultanates of Abdul Wadid and hauled. The route took him through them, bejalla and then Tunis, where he stayed for two months.

For safety Ibn Battuta usually joined a caravan to reduce the risk of being robbed. He took a bride in the town of fax, the first in a series of marriages that would feature in his travels.

In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over 3,500 km. (2,200 mi) Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of Alexandria, at the time part of the Bahrimamluk empire.

He met two ascetic pious men in Alexandria. One was sheikh Burhanuddin who is supposed to have foretold the destiny of Ibn Battuta as a world traveller saying, “it seems to me that you are fond of foreign travel.

You will visit my brother Fariduddin in India. Rukonuddin in Sind and Burhanuddin in China. Convey my greetings to their”.

Another pious man sheikh Murshidi interpreted the meaning of a dream of Ibn Battuta that the was meant to be a world traveller. He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area.

And then headed inland to Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate and an important city. After spending about a month in Cairo, he embarked on the first of many detours within the relative safety of Mamluk territory of the three usual routes to Mecca.

Ibn Battuta chose the least-travelled, which involved a journey up the Nile valley, then east to the Red sea port of Avadhab, upon approaching the town, however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back. Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled Damascus.

During his first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only reach Mecca by traveling through Syria.

The diversion held an added advantage because of the holy places that lay along the way including Hebron, Jerusalem, and Bethleham the Mamluk authorities spared no efforts in keeping the routes safe for pilgrims, without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered.

After spending the Muslim month of Ramadan in Damascus, he joined a caravan travelling the l,300Km (810 mi) south to Medina, site of the tomb of the. Islamic prophet Muhammad.

After four days in the town he journeyed on to Mecca, where completing his pilgrimage he took the honorific status of El-Hajji Rather than returning home, Ibn Battuta instead decided to continue on. choosing as his next destination the Likhanate, a Mongol Khanate, to the northeast.

After his third pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Muslim Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughlug. In the autumn of 1330 (or 1332), the set off for the selling controlled territory of Anatolia with the intention of taking on overland route to India.

He crossed the Red sea and the Eastern Desert to reach the Nile valley and then headed north to Cairo, From there be crossed the Sinai Peninsula to Palestine and then travelled north again through some of the towns that he had visited in 1325.

From the Syrian port of Latakia, a Genoese ship took him (and his companions) to Alanya one the southern coast of modern-day Turkey.

He then journeyed westwards along the coast to the port of Antalya, to the town he met members of one of the semi-religious fityan associations.

These were a feature of most Anatolian towns in the 13th and 14th centuries. The members were young artisAnswerand had at their head a leader with the title of Akhis. The associations specialized in welcoming travellers.

Ibn Battuta was very impressed with the hospitality that the received and would later stay in their hospices in more than 25 towns in Anatolia. From Antalya Ibn Battuta headed in land to Egindir which was the capited of the Hamid dynasty. He spent Ramadan (Tune 1331 on mary 1333) in the city.

From this point the itinerary across Anatolia in the Rihla is confused Ibn. Battuta described travelling westwards from Egiradier to milas and then skipping 420km. (260mi) eastward past Egidir to Kenya.

He then continuous travelling in a eastery direction, reaching Erzurum from where he skips 160 km (720 mi) back to Birgi which lies north of milas. HistoriAnswerbelieve that Ibn Battuta visited a number of towns in central Anatulia, but not in the order that he describes.

After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, Ibn Battuta began his journey back to morocco. In Kozhikode, he once again considered throwing himself at the mercy of mahammad bin Tughluq in Delhi, but thought better of if and decided to carry on to Mecca.

On his way to Basra he passed through the strait of Hormuz, where he learned that Abu said last ruler of the “Khanate dynasty had died in Persia.

Abu Said’s territories had subsequently collapsed due to a fierce civil war between the pensions and mongous. In 1348, Ibn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of refracting the route of his first hajj.

He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier and death became the dominant thene for the next year or so. The Black Death had struck and he was on hand as it spread through Syria,Paustine and Arabia.

After reaching Merra he decided to return to morocco Nearly a quarter of a century after leaving home. On the way he made one last detour to Sardinia, then in 1349, returned to Tangier by way of Fez, only to discover that his mother had also died a few months before.

Bhakti Movement In Odisha Question 3.
Analyse the role of Francois Berrien as a physician as well as a traveller?
Answer:
Franco is Bernier (25 September 1620-22 September 1688) was a French physician and traveller. He was born at Jpue-Etiau in Anjou.

He was briefly personal physician to Mughal prince Darashikoh (28 October 1615 – 30 August 1659) the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and after Dara Shikons demise, was attached to the court of the Mughal emperor Aurongzeb (14 October 1618-20 February 1707), for around 12 years during his slay in India.

His 1684 publication Nouvelle division delaterre par us different espece ouraces quiphabitent (A new division of the Earth) is considered the first published post classical classification of humans, into district races.

He also wrote Travels in the M dial Empire, which is mainly about the reigns, of Dora Shiloh and Aurangzeb. It is base, on his own extensive journeys and observations and on information from eminent Mughal courtiers who had witnessed the events at first hand.

Bernier abridge and translated the philosophical writings of his friend Pier Gassendi from Latin into French. Initial editions of Bemar’s Average dela philosophic de Gassendi were published in Paris in 1674 by the family langloies and m 1675 by Estienne Michalet.

A complete edition in eight volumes was published byAnisan and,Posual at Lyon in 1678. Anisson and Posual joined with Rigaud to publish a second edition in seven volumes in 1684.

Berrier objectively and faithfully rendered. Remained uncomfortable with some of Gassendi’s notions in 1682, Estiene Michaflet was again his publisher, putting forth his Doutes de Mr. Bernier sur quelquesuns des principaux chapitres de son Abrege de la philosophie de Gassendi.

A son of a fanner, Francois Bernier, was orphaned very young and was cared for by his uncle the care dechan zeaux.

At the age of 15 he moved to Paris to study at the college declarment (the furure lyces lucis legrand) where he was invited to stay at the home of his younger friend chapelle the nature son of luilliar who was a councilor at the parlement in metz.

There Bernier most probably met Cyrano de Bergerac and Moliere, and certainly the philosopher piece Gassendi (1592-1655) whose aide and secretary, he became.

He developed a ‘taste for travel (1647) in the company of monsieur d Arpojan, the French ambassador to Poland and Germany.

In 1652 during a prolonged stay with Gassendi in the south of France he managed to became a medical doctor on the strength of a speed course at the famous Faculte de Montpellier an intensive three month course gave the medical degree providing one did not practice on French national territory.

Liberated from his ties to France by the death of Gassandi in 1655, he sent but his twelve year journey to the East, at 36 years of age, Palestine Egypt, one year in Cairo, Arabia and an attempt to enter Ethiopia which was frustrated by civil war in the interior.

In 1658 he debarked at Surat in India, in Gujarat state. Attached at first and for a short while to the retinue of Darashikoh the history of whose downfall he was to record he was installed as a medical doctor at the court of Aurangzab, the last of the great Mughal emperors.

A tour of inspection by Aurongzeb (1664-65) gave Bernier the opportunity to describe Kashmir, the first and for a long time the only European to do so.

In “Voyagres la description .des Etets du Grand Mogal, de Plndoustan, du royaume de kachemire” (David-paul mare ted. Amsteralry 1699). He subsequently visited the other extreme of the empire in Bengal.

European medical training was highly esteemed amongst the Mughal and gave him access to all ranks of the Court, even on medically required occasions to the Emperor’s haren.

After his return from Kashmir, he travelled around on his own, meeting with jean- baptiste Tavernier in Bengal and white preparing for a journey to Persia at Surat with jean chardin, that other great traveller in the Orient (1666).

He returned once more to Surat (1668) to write a memoir on Indian commerce for the use of jean. Baptiste Colbert (who recently had founded la Compagnie des Indes oriental in 1669 Bernier left India for Paris, to stay.

In 1671 the almost was jaiced for writing in defense of the ideas of Rena Descartes, against whom a-judicial arrest had been issued an exploit he followed with an (Aberge dela philosophile de Gassendi” also not a subject to arouse official approval (1674).

Meanwhile he was a favoured guest at some of die great literary salons,” for example that of marguerite de la sabliere who introduced him to jean de la Fontaine, or at that of Ninon de Lericlos His much debated text on “races” – A new division of the Earth” of which second half is dedicated to feminine-beauty may be read against his background.’

In 1685 Bernier visited Ldftdon where he met with some famous exices from France, Hortense mancine, duchessd de Mazafin, niece of the redoubtable cardinal Saihf-E remind, others.

He returned to Paris via the Netherlands where he probably visited the philosophical correspondent Pierre Bayle.

Bernier died in 1688, the year that saw the publication of his “Lettre des India” (see note : Talk: Idries shah # the way of the scholar) Formost among his correspondents whife he was in India had been Jean Chapelin, Who shipped him crates of books. Melchisedech Thevenot, and Francois de la mothe le vayer.

From chapelain’s correspondence we know of a link with the elder petis de la croix. Whose sojn franco is petis de la croix was sent on a language course to Persia two years after berriier’s return from India.

Bhakti Movement In Odisha Pdf Question 4.
State the Chief characteristics of the state of Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The period from 1206-1526 is known as the age of the Delhi sultanate. Many dynasties ruled from Delhi during this period. The following are chief characteristics of nature of the state.

• The state was expected to be a theocratic state.
• The government of the Delhi sultanate worked with the Islamic principals of sovereignty.
• The govt, followed the Islamic law in all administrative matters.
• The sultan of India took pride to call himself the Deputy of the Caliph.
• The Sultan usually thried to believe in the light of divine right of kings.
• The Sultanate state was a military state to a considerable extent.
• The sultanate state was a Feudal state.
• The sultanate was greathly influenced by the Ulemas in general.
• The state revenue was levied in accordance with Islamic law.
• The nobles tried to exercise their influence over the appointment of the Sultan as well as his survival.
• There was no clear-cut law of succession to the throne.

The Delhi sultAnswerand the caliphate: According to the Islamic theory the Caliph was the spiritual and temporal head of the entire Muslim world.

A ruler of any Muslim state wherever it might be located he must consider himself as deputy of calpiph. The SultAnswerof Delhi paid ceremonial homage to the Caliph.

The critic state and the Ulemas: The Muslim divines, cailed the Ulemas were the authoritative interpreters of Islamic law. They were a highly influential body.

The sultans consulted them not only on points of Muslim law but also on matters of state policy. The Ulemas had a great influence over the sultans.

The sultan as the superme sovereign: According to the Muslim theology sovereignty was vested in the Muslim law.

Subject to general conformity with the law the sultan was the head of the state and he enjoyed unlimited powers. All legislative, executive and judicial powers were concentrated in him.

His order was the Law in the state. The sultan was the highest commander of the army. He appointed all ministers nobles and other officers of the state.

What could curb the despotism of the rulers was that they could not defy the Muslim Jaw. But in fact not in theory many rulers were the supreme interpreters of the law. Everything depended on the personality of the ruler.

Impact Of Bhakti Movement Question 5.
Why is the age of Shaha Jahan called Golden Age?
Answer:
Mughal architecture reached perfection during, the reign of Shah Jahan, the great patron of architecture. He is often called the Engineer king as he built a large number of buildings.

He was a perfectionist and looked into the minutest details of his building projects. The buildings constructed by him have the finest features of Indian Persian and central Asian architecture.

Shah Jahan’s patronage to architecture stemmed from his love for monuments. He also wanted to establish his identity as a ruler and also set an example for the coming generations. The monuments constructed by him are majestic and graceful in appearance.

Features of the monuments: Under Shah Jahan there was a change in the building style as well as material. The emphasis was now on uniformity and symmetry. Red sandstone, popular with Akbar and Jahangir was replaced by white marble.

The walls began to be decorated with precious and semi-precious stones. This method of decoration is called pietra-dura. Domes and Minarets also began to form an important part of the buildings.

Monuments constructed: Shah Jahan constructed many mosques. The Moti Masjid in Agra was completed is 1653.

It was built entirely of white marble and has three domes. The Jama Masjid in Delhi was completed in 1656. It is the largest mosque in India.

Taj Mahal the most famous monument is as tall as a 20 storey skyscraper. It took 22 years to build and was constructed at a cost of 32 million rupees. Over 20,000 labourers worked on it day and night Ustad Isa khan and Ustad Ahmad Lahori were its chief architect. The Taj is a mix of several architectural styles.

It is placed in the middle of a garden. It is built of white marble which was obtained from Makrana in Rajasthan. Shah Jahan used the pietradune ornamentation of white marble on a large scale in his favourity Taj. The Taj Mahal reflects the glory of Mughal architecture.

Red Fort in 1639, Shah jahan laid the foundation of a new city. Shajahanabad. He bult the Red Fort here. It was numerous beautiful structures as :
• Diwan -I – Aam built in red sandstone, this was the place where the king head his court.
• Diwan – I- Khas – Shah Jahan’s peacock throne was kept here.
• Khwabgah: It was the private chambers of the king.
• Rang mahal: it was a piece for the women of the royal household.

With Shah Jahan’s death the Mughal art in all in manifestations began to decline. His son Aurangeb cared. Little for architecture and loss for painting and music lack of royal patronage led to the decline of Mughal architecture.

To Sumup, Shah Jahan was the most prolific and magnificent builder among the Mughal Emperons. In the time the art of building in India reached its zenith of perfection. Shah Jahan’s buildings are upparalled and unequalled.

They may be regarded as ‘Jewels Caskets magnified into architecture? Therefore, his reign is regarded as ‘Golden Age’ in the history of Mughal’s art and architecture.

Question 6.
Write a notes on Din-I-Ilhahi.
Answer:
The Din-I-IIhai was a unique conception introduced by Akbar in 1582. It was a gift of Akbar so far as his religious policy is concerned. After interacting with people of different religious. Akbar concluded that all religious preach a common message of love for humanity.

He felt that it the best points of all religious could be combined, the people of his empire would greatly path called the “Din-I-ffliahi” or divine monotheism-religion of one God. It was on the main ideals given in all religions.

The basic principles of Din-I-IIahi were very simple. It encouraged belief in one God. Akbar declared himself as the spiritual guide of his people. He discouraged the killing of animals people.

He discouraged the killing of animals giving cruel punishments to criminals, the custom of sati, eating flesh, onion, Garlic, etc.

The practice of worshipping the sun, fire and other sources of light was an important part of it. Akbar also popularized the principle of sulh- i-kul or peace with all.

This was primarily aimed at achieving eace, tolerance and unify in a county of diverse religion. According to some historian Akbar’s din-i9llahi was very similar to asoka’s Dhamma.

Din-i-llahi was not a new religion. It did not have any sacred books, rituals, priests or places of worship. It was only a code of moral conduct.

To most people, it appeared to be very heavy on philosophy. Hence, few people accepted it. Raja Birbal has one of the few who accepted it. Akbar respected the views of everyone and never forced anyone to follow it.

Din- i-llahi feded out after Akbar. Indeed, to preserve the unity of India and to maintain religious harmony between Hindus and Muslim Akbar promulgated the Din-i-ilahi.

Question 7.
Write a notes on Mughal Painting.
Answer:
The art of painting was shall mark of Islamic culture. The Mughal emperors were patronized the beautiful painting of the day. The period of Jahangir was called ‘Garden Age’ in the field of Mughal painting. The mosques, tombs & palace testified to the artistic acumen of the masons.

Special the floral designs, adorning the walls of mausoleums and mosques were copied from the embroidery and textile work of the Indians.

There were well known styles of painting such as the Gujarati, Rajasthani and Kashmiri before the Mughals, established their rule. The Mughals added new styles of painting.

The Mughal emperors encouraged the Indian artists to draw pictures on Subjects its of stories written in India and foreign languages. They inspired them to pain pictures of historical events and famous persons.

By that time the most interesting stories of the Indian ‘Panchatantra’ were translated to different Mulsim languages. Akbar advised his artists to decorate the Panchatantra stories with paintings.

The pages of the manuscripts of the Panchatantra were covered with life like small paintings of various creatures in different colours. Those paintings made the stories very attractive and very popular.

The time of Emperor Jahangir had been described as the golden age of the Mughal painting. Jahangir paid greeter attention to painting than to architecture.

The artists of his time were experts in painting of nature scenes of landscape of birds & beats and human beings. The pictures were small in size, but looked realistic.

The emperor patronized the painters and honoured them in the royal court. The memories of Jahangir known as Tazuki Jahangir contained many pictures of real scenes, such as the scene of coronation picture of the emperor, of the court and hunting of animals etc. The most celebrated printers of Jahangir’s time were abul Hasson, Muhammad nadir Bishan Das & Son.

The Miniature paintings were persevered inside picture albums. Such albums were may in number. The paintings contained the names of the painters.

They used such fine brushes than even the hairs of the beards of the saints or on the father of birds could be counted. After the decline of the Mughals, foreign merchants took away many of the picture albums to western countries.

Such albums are now available in the muslum of Tehran, London, Berlin. The western artists were greatly influenced by the Indian miniature painting and painted the stories of the Bible in that pattern.

Question 8.
Analyse the impact of Bhakti movement.
Answer:
The Bhakti movement brought about harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims. It gave birth to a new sect. i.e. Sikhism. Akbar’s broad out look was no other its impact.

Social impact: The most important social impct of the Bhakti movement was that the followers of the Bhakti movement rejected the caste distination. They began to mix together on the basis of equality.

They took their meals together from the common kitchen. The movement tried to bosen the bond of caste. A spirit of harmony among different sections of society and religion received impectus.

The evil practice of sati received some set back. The status of women received more importance.

Religious impact: The movement aroused awakening among the Hindus and Muslims Regarding the futility of ritualism and superstitions. The feeling of appreciation of the two religions emerged. The movement encouraged religious toleration.

Guru Granth Saheb the holiest book of the Sikhs which was complied later on included the messages of saints belonging to different sects. This was on account of the spirit of toleration preached by the Bhakti saints.

Promotion of regional languages of the common people: In place of Sankrit, Arabic and Persian, the Bhakti saints preached through the medium of local languages which could be understood very easily.

For instance the language of Kabir was a mixture of several languages of everyday use. Sudar used ‘Brig’ dialect. Goswami Tulasi Das composed his works in ‘Awadhi’

Political influence: Some of the rulers adopted liberal religious policies due to the impact of the Bhakti movement. For example Akbar the great.

Moral influence: The movement attempted to infuse a spirit of piety in the daily life of the people. It emphasized earning of wealth through hard work and honest means. It encouraged the value of social service to the poor and the needy.

It developed a humanitarian attitude. It pointed out the virtues of contentment anger greed and vanity. To sum up the Bhakti movement succeded to some extent to reform Hindu religions and society during medieval period of India.

Question 9.
Discuss the life and teachings of Kabir :
Answer:
Kabir was a great reformer of the Bhakti movement in India during mediaval age. His parentage and childhood are shrouded in mistery. It is however, believed that he was bom in 1440 A.D. He was nourished by a Muslim weaver named Niru. A muslim couple. Nima and Niru took proper care of Kabir.

As the couple were poor, they could not provide him any education. But Kabir developed-a-love for religion. Ramananda was his spiritual preceptor.

Mean while he married a girl named-Lohi and became the father of two children. Gradually he started preaching his faith, in the Hindi language. In 1510 Ad he died at Moghar in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

Teachings: The teachings of Kabir was very simple. He emphasized the unity of God. He used to say Ram and Rahim Were the two different names of the same God. Further he used to say that all the Hindus and muslims are-the children of the same God. To him the Hindus and the Muslims are brothers.

He advocated that there was no distinction between man and man between caste and caste high and low rich and poor. Kabir strongly denounced idol worship, going on pilgrimages, bathing in holy rivers, performance of rituals etc.

To him devotion to God and love for man are the best one should have purify of heart.

This can be had ‘ not by reading the Vedas or the karan not by performing rites and rituals, but by chanting the glories of God. Through love and devotion one could achieve salvation.

He acknowledged no caste distinctions. He condemned the orthodox practices of the Brahmins and maulvis. For the worship of God. The teachings of Kabir were of great appeal to both the Hindus and the Muslims.

His followers were known as Kabir Panthis. Since he was not very educated, he wrote nothing. His teaching was oral. He expressed it through little poems which are popular as do has or couplets.

It was after his death that all his do has were collected in a book named Bijak (the sed book), it is regarded as the principal religious text of the Kabirpanthis.

Question 10.
Discuss the life and teachings of Nanak.
Answer:
Nanak (1469-1538 A./D.) was the founder of Sikhism, Nanak was an exponent of the Bhakti Movement. He was born in 1469 A.D. at Talwandi in Lahore district now in Pakistan. His father’s name was Kalu. His mother’s name was Tripath. Nanak had no interest in his studies during his childhood.

He engaged himself in religious discussion with saints and sages. Due to this unusual development in Nanak, his tather got him married off to a girl named Loi got two sons.

There after his brother in-law (sister’s husband) jairam took him to Sultanpur and arranged a job for his under Stultan. Daulat khan Lodi. But he gave up his job and home and led the life of an ascetic.

He was then thirty years old. He travelled extensively in and beyond India to acquire knowledge different religions. He breathed his last in 1538 A.D. at Kartafpur in the Punjab on the eve of his death Nanak nominated one of his disciples, Angada be his successor.

Teaching: Firstly, Nanak heralded the brother hood of man. He said that there is no distinction between the Hindus and the Muslims, between high caste and low between religions and religion, Secondly he taught that God is one and he is formless.

Thirdly, he taught that through love and devotion (Bhakti) one can get the grace of God.

Fourthly, Nanak believed in the existence of the soul and his views on the soul were simple. He stated that man is bonded to the cycle of birth and death.

Fifthly, Nanak opposed all evil rituals and practices which were creating hurdle in the name of religion. He stated that merely by going on pilgrimage or bathing in pure water did not help man reach God. Purity of mind truthfulness and good work helped one in attaining Godhood.

Sixthly, for the attainment of Godhood Nanak used to say only a pure heart helps one in realizing God, One’s heart can be made pure by praeticihg-morality and good qualities such as truth, honesty, humanity, mercy and moral character.

Seventhly, Nanak did not attach any importance to the supremacy and influence of the Brahmin priests of Maulavis, Nanak laid stress on the rede of the Gurus for the spiritual development of a person.

Nanak spread his teaching all over India with his disciple Mardana. Punjab, written in Gurumukhi, was the language of his teachings. He used to teach by reciting Bhajanas.

Nanak laid the foundation of a new religion named as Sikhism. The word Sikh is derived from the Sanskrit term sishya meaning disciple. The teachings of Nanak have been in coporated in the book Adigrantha.

It is popularly known as Granth Saheb. It is the sacred text of the Sikhs. The fourth Guru Ramdas constructed the famous Golden temple at Amritsar which is now the chief centre of Sikhism. Inspired by Nanak’s teaching many people embraced Sikhism.

Question 11.
Discuss the life & teachings of Sri Chaitanya.
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya (1486-1533 A.D.) was an exponent of Bhakti Movement. He was born at Nawadip (Naida) situated on the banks of the Bhagirathi in West Bengal.

His father was Jagannath Mishra and mother Sachi Devi. His early name was Biswambhar. He was popularly known as Nimai. His parents used to call him Gama as he was white (Gaura) in complexion. Nimai studied in Sanskrit school and became a great pundit in Sanskrit, literature, grammar and logic.

After formal education he was married to Lakhsmi. But he has no desire to lead a worldly life. At the age of twenty two Chaitanya went to Gaya to offer Pinda to his deceased father.

There he met a saint named Ishwarapuri who initiated him with the Krishna Mantra. Thereafter he went on reciting the name of Lord Krishna. In 1510 he left home and became a sanyasi.

Then he came to Puri. From Puri, Sri Chaitanya went to South India, Varindaban, Mathura kasha, Prayag, Somnath, Dwaraka and a few other places or religious importance. He travelled all over India for six years. Chaitanya returned to Puri in 1515 and stayed there till his death in 1533 A.D.

Teachings: The fundamental teachings of Sri Chaitanya was love and love for Krishna. He put emphasis the name of Krishna and Radha. By uttering the name of Krishna and by having deep faith on one’s Gum or preceptor, one could attain salvation one of his principal disciples was a Muslim named Yavan Hari Das.

Sri Chaitanya was opposed to rites and rituals. He was against the priestly system. Speaking of the means to come nearer to God he said, “See everybody equally, treat man as your brother give up ego and anger, show kindness to animals and recite the name of God.

Then only you can attain god. While praying Sri chaitanya used to say O Krishna. I do not want education, power or followers. Give me a little which will enhance my devotion to you.

Sri Chaitanya laid greater emphasis on Kirtans. In his opinion true worship of God depended on love devotion, music (song) and dance. He said that it was through Singing Kritans, one could attain godhood.

The kirtAnswertransformed the surroundings into a divine atmosphere. Hence he suggested reaching God through the medium of Kirtans.

He accepted Brahmins, Sudras, Chandalas and Muslims as his discriples and created a bond of fraternity among them. His other great message to mankind was to love all living beings.

Chaitanya accepted some fundamental principles of the Sankhya philosophy. According to this there was no difference between the name of God and his incarnation.

His personality and preaching of love won the heart of the people in all parts of India. Bengal, Orissa & Vrindabaft became main centre of Vaisnavism. After his death, he is being worshipped as Gouranga Mahaprabhu.

Question 12.
Stress the origin of the Sufi movement and its impact in India.
Answer:
There is no unanimity of opinion among the scholars regarding the origin of Sufism in India. Whereas Yusuf Hussain held the view that Sufism was born out of Islam and foreign ideas and practices A.L.S.

Srivastava believed that Sufism was profoundly influenced by Hindu thoughts, beliefs and practices. Prof. K. A. Nizami opines of the development of their order in India.

Such practices include bowing before the Shaikh, presenting water to visitors, circulating a bowl and shaving the head of new entrants of the Sufi order etc. Diversity of views persists regarding the origin of the word “Sufi”. Some scholars hold the view that die word “Sufi” is derived from the word “Safa” meaning pure.

Hence the Sufi saints are associated with a life of purity and renunciation of the world some other believe that the word Sufi originates from the word “Sooph” meaning wool.

Therefore the Sufi saints put on woolen clothes after the death of Prophet Muhammad. The third view is that the word “Sufi” is derived from the Greek world “Sophia” meaning knowledge.

The fourth view is that Sufis took shelter outside the Mosques constructed by Prophet Muhammed at Madina and got devoted to God. The Sufi saints in India succeeded in converting a large number of Hindus to Islam. The message of equality of Islam encouraged the lower castes to get converted into Islam.

The sufi saints adopted some of the practices of the Hindu Sadhus and their behavioural pattern in order to dispel any doubt from the minds of the Hindus. Even they did not hesitate to make use of the authority to compel the Hindu to embrace Islam.

Rabia of Basra was one of the earliest sufis who said “Love of god hat so absorbed me that neither Love nor hate of many other thing remains in my heart” A real metaphysical basis to Sufism was provided by Abu Himid-al-Ghazale.

Abdual Karim-al-Jili believed that man attains spiritual perfection by passing through four stages. He was very much influenced by Hindu Vedanta. A large number of sufi saints appeared in India, particularty after the Ghazanavid conquest of Punjab.

Prominent among them were Shaikh Islam of Lahore Date Ganj Baksh and Sayyid Ahmed Sultan Sakhir Sarwar During the period from 1200 to 2500 A.D. a large number of new Sects and movement formed a mid way between Hinduism and Islam.

According to Abul Fazl, the sufis were divided into fourteen orders in India, the important being the Chisti, the Suhrawardi, the Naqshbandi, the Quadiri the Qulandaria and the Shuttari orders.

The Chisti order was founded by Khwaja Abdul Chisti in Heart. Khwaju Muin-Din- Chisti bought it to India. He was the founder of the Chisti order in India and as such he is considered the greatest among the Sufi saints in India. He preached that the greatest form of devotion of God consisted in service to humanity.

Therefore he spent his life in the service of the lower caste and the downtrodden people. Saikh Hamid-ud-din and Shaikh Qutb-ud-din Bakhtyar Kaki were the best disciples of Khwaja Mainud-din Chisti. Jhaikh Farid-ud-din Masud Ganj-i-shakar was a disciple of Kaki.

He was one of the most respected sufis in India who believed that one should keep away from kings and nobles because the ultimate result of such friendship is grief.

Also Shaikh Nizam- ud-din Aaliya considered it below his dignity to pay a visit to a sultan. His principles were based in love nad humanity.

He wrote O Muslims I swear by God that he holds dear those who love him for the sake of God. This is the only way to love and adore God. Another great sufi saint was Saikh Nazir-ud-din Mahmud who avoided kings and their courts.

The Chisti sufi saints lived simple and pure lives. They considered that possession of property is a big hindrance in the development of their personality.

They cultivated fasting in order to weaken and control their basic desires. They asked their followers to lead a life of asceticism amidst poverty. The disciples of the Chisti-Sufi saints depended on the charity of ordinary people.

They practiced 40 days of hard ascetic exercise in a cell or some lonely place and 40 days of ascetic exercise performed with the head on the ground and the legs tied to the roof or a brunch of a tree and the control of meditation.

Shaikh Shibad-ud-din Suhrawardi founded the Sutrawarder order. Shaikh Baha-ud-din Zakariya Suharwardi founded the Suhardwardi order in India. He led a comfortable life and did not believe in political affairs.

He did not prefer to come in contact with ordinary people and accepted gifts from the nobles and kings.

Therefore, a large number of people belonging to the upper stratum became his followers. The Suhrawardis were keen to convert Hindus to Islam and they were taking the help of the rich persons and administration in this regard. The Firdausia order was founded by Shaikh- harf-ud-din.

Yahya who believed that he union with God is not like the union of a body or of a substance with a substance, or of an accident with an accident.

He laid emphasis on the service of humanity and wanted his followers to serve the needy. His view was that the nearest way God was to help the needy and offer a helping hand to the downtrodden.

The nakshabandi order was founded in India by the followers of Khwaja Pir Mahmmad. It reached its climax under the leadership of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi. He opposed the pantheistic philosophy of the Sufis and advanced his own theory of the unity of phenomena Sikhindi said.

The monarch is to the words as the heart is to the body. If the heart reains pure, so does the body and vice-versa. The purity and impurity of the state depends upon the ruler. He believed that Islam and Hinduism were the anti-theses of each other.

The sufis put emphasis on the unity of God and gave priority to the means of devotion over rituals and ceremonial pilgrimages and fasts. The Sufis also maintained a high standard of morality and discipline by voicing against all vices like drinking. Gambling slavery etc. They also preached the gospel of brotherhood of man.

Due to such reasons the Sufis could be able to attract the lower classes of the Hindus who were prevented from reading the scriptures or entering the temples thus the Sufis were instrumental in maintaining the social equilibrium of the medieval society.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 5 Colonial Cities Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 5 Colonial Cities Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the name of a few cities and towns of the Mughal period.
Answer:
The pre-colonial cities and towns of the 16th and 17th centuries developed during the Mughal period. During that time Delhi, Agra, Lahore, and other cities grew which were the life centers of the Mughal administration.

Question 2.
Mention the people who lived in the colonial towns.
Answer:
The Jagirdars, Mansabadars, Qazi, Kotwal, and other aristocratic people associated with the Mughal administration lived in the colonial towns. Besides the people like weavers, artists, traders, soldiers, and others also stayed there.

Question 3.
Write the name of the pre-colonial cities or towns of South India.
Answer:
The pre-colonial cities and towns of South India were Madurai and Kanchipuram. There were also some temple cities in South India which were the centers of education and culture.

Question 4.
Why do the people from the village come to towns?
Answer:
The people from villages came to towns in order to sell their products. Rural areas help for the comfortable and luxurious life of the people living in towns.

Question 5.
Write about the settlement of Europeans at different places in India.
Answer:
The coming of Europeans to India is regarded as a great event during the Mughal period. The Portuguese settled in Panaji (Goa), the Dutch at Mauslipatnam, the British in Madras, and the French in Pondichery.

Question 6.
Write about the cities and towns of India in the 19th century.
Answer:
In the 19th century, the cities and towns bore the imprint of changes. During British rule, special care was taken for the improvement of the cities like Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Other important towns were Waltair, Bareilly, Kanpur, Jamshedpur, etc.

Question 7.
Write the name of the forts of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.
Answer:
Fort was regarded as a great protector of a city or town. Fort William was built at Calcutta, Fort George was built at Bombay, and at Madars, the British built Fort St. George.

Question 8.
What was the difference between ‘White Town’ and ‘Black Town’?
Answer:
The European settlement which grew around the port and its nearby area was known as ‘White Town’. In other parts of the town Indian merchants and traders, artisans, workers, and others stayed which was regarded as a ‘Black Town’.

Question 9.
What is the ‘Civil line’ and what is its importance?
Answer:
‘Civil Line’ was a protected area for the Europeans, particularly the British people. This place looked beautiful due to the presence of gardens, playgrounds, churches, buildings, roads, etc.

Question 10.
Mention the first hill station of India.
Answer:
The hill stations were established keeping in view the military and political needs of the British. During the Gurkha, war ofl815-16the need for the establishment. of the hill station at Shimla was felt, thus Shimla became the first hill station.

Question 11.
Write about the life of women in towns and cities.
Answer:
Women enjoyed a special position in city life and a new atmosphere was created for them in society. The educated women published their writings in different, magazines and attended meetings held in different towns and cities.

Question 12.
Mention the transport system in towns during colonial rule.
Answer:
The social life of the cities and towns was different from the villages and transport facilities like horse-drawn carriages, rickshaws, trams, and buses were available in the cities and towns, The people took delight to use these transport facilities for going to their offices and traveling inside the cities.

Question 13.
Throw light on the entertainment facilities for the people in towns.
Answer:
Entertainment facilities grew up in towns and cities. The parks, cinema halls, theatres, and town halls were built in the cities and towns Which provided entertainment to the people.

Question 14.
Mention the name of the colonial architecture of Calcutta.
Answer:
During the British period, many colonial architectures grew up in Calcutta. Among them are the ‘Great Eastern Hotel’, ‘Howrah Bridge’, ‘General Post Office’, ‘Esplanade Mansion’ and ‘Metropolitan Buildings’ of this period.

Question 15.
Discuss in brief the colonial architecture of Mumbai.
Answer:
Bombay (Mumbai) contains colonial architecture. The City hall, Esplanade circle, Municipal Corporation, Building, Ballard estate. St. Thomas Cathedral Elphinstone College, Food market, Oval field. St. Anne High schools are some of the important architecture of Bombay which bears testimony to the colonial period.

Question 16.
Write about the colonial architecture of Madras.
Answer:
Madars is in possession contains many colonial architectures. Famous among them are Madras University, Victoria Public hall, General Post Office, Madras Museum, Freemansan’s hall, Senate House, Chepak palace, etc.

Question 17.
When did the Na’anka famine take place? After that who took steps for the spread of education in Odisha?
Answer:
The Nanaka famine took place in 1866 and from that period Renaissance of Odisha began. After that celebrities like Fakir Mohan Senapati, Madhusudan Das, and Baikuntha Nath Dey. Gangadhar Meher. Nilamani Bidyaratna, Linganaj Panigrahi, Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, and many others spread education in Odisha.

Question 18.
When did the British occupy Odisha? After that whom did they engage for the smooth administration in Odisha?
Answer:
British occupied Odisha in 1803. After that, they engaged Bengalees for smooth administration.

Question 19.
Who was Kantichandra Bhattacharya? What did he speak?
Answer:
Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya was a Sanskrit Pundit of Balasore Zilla school. He ‘ opined that ‘Odia is not an independent language’.

Question 20.
Name of the two persons who established the printing press at Balasore.
Answer:
The establishment of the printing press in some parts of Odisha played an important role in the language movement in Odisha. Through the effort of Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthanath Dey, two printing presses were established at Balasore.

Question 21.
Who established open-air schools? What was its objective?
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das established an open-air school at Satyabadi which imparted teaching to the students in the Odia language. Its objective was the development of the Odia language.

Question 22.
In the language agitation of Sambalpur, name the two persons who played a vital role.
Answer:
A special influence of language agitation was felt in Sambalpur. The two persons who played a vital role in the agitation were Nilamani Bidyaratna and Gangadhar Meher.

Question 23.
In which year Odisha became a separate province and who was its first Governor?
Answer:
Odisha became a separate province on 1st April 1936. Sir John Austin Hubback became the First Governor of Odisha.

Question 24.
Name two committees that were associated with the formation of Odisha is a separate province.
Answer:
The joint Parliamentary Committee and the Odisha Administrative Committee or Hubback Committee were associated with the formation of Odisha as a separate province.

Question 25.
Name two men of letters who first attempted the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.
Answer:
Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthanath Dey were two men of letters who first attempted the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.

Question 26.
Rishley Circular was published in which year? What was its aim?
Answer:
Rishley circular was published on 3rd December 1903. Its aim was to restore Odia as the official language in Sambalpur and adjacent feudatory states.

Question 27.
When and by whom Utkal Union Conference was formed?
Answer:
On 1903 and by Madhusudan Das Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) was formed. Its primary aim was for a Unified Odia-speaking area.

Question 28.
Mention the name of two leaders who wanted the formation of Odisha as a separate province.
Answer:
Madhusudan Das and Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati were two veteran leaders of Odisha who wanted the formation of Odisha as a separate province.

Question 29.
Which two places of Ganjam were to be included in Odisha as per Philip Duff Committee’s recommendation?
Answer:
Mandasa and Paralakhemundi of Ganjam were to be included in Odisha as per Philip Duff Committee’s recommendation.

Question 30.
Name two literary persons who opposed Frezan’s proposal to introduce Hindi in Sambalpur.
Answer:
Nilamani Bidyaratna and Gangadhar Meher vehemently opposed Frezan’s proposal to introduce Hindi in Sambalpur.

Question 31.
Write the name of two factories established by Madhu Babu for the economic progress of Odisha.
Answer:
‘Orissa Art Wares’ and ‘Utkal Tanner)7’ of Cuttack are two factories established by Madhu Babu for the economic progress of Odisha.

Question 32.
Who and when had founded the Utkal Union Conference and what was its ambition?
Answer:
Madhusudan Das founded Utkal Union Conference on 30th December 1903. Its ambition was to take a vital role in the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts.

Question 33.
Who and when had given the proposal to the British Government for the formation of Bihar-Odisha Province?
Answer:
Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India gave proposal for the creation of the new Bihar Odisha Province and it was formed in 1912.

Question 34.
Give two examples of Madhu Babu’s political life.
Answer:
Madhu Babu was elected as a representative to ‘Orissa-Chhotnagpur Municipality’ in 1896. In 1902 as a member of ‘The Bengal Legislative Council’, Madhu Babu put pressure on the Govt, to provide more grants to Ravenshaw College.

Question 35.
Form an idea on the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee.
Answer:
Gopabandhu played a significant role in popularising the activities of the Indian National Congress in Odisha. The Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee was formed in 1921 and Gopabandhu was its first President.

Question 36.
Name the Ashramas constructed by the influence of Gopabandhu Das.
Answer:
Gopabandhu was instrumental in popularising the congress ideology in different parts of Odisha through several Ashramas. Among them, very famous were the ‘Swaraj Ashram’ at Cuttack, ‘Alakashram’ at Jagatsinghpur, and ‘Swaraj Mandir’ at Cuttack.

Question 37.
Write the name of the books written by Gopabandhu Das.
Answer:
Gopabandhu Das took various steps for the improvement of the Odia language and literature. He himself was also the author of many books like ‘Bandira Atmakatha’ (self-expression of a Prisoner), ‘Dharmapada’, ‘Abakasa Chinta’s (thought of leisure), Go Mahatmya (Appraisal on a cow), etc.

Question 38.
What was the role of Krushna Chandra Gajapati in the First Round Table Conference?
Answer:
Krushna Chandra Gajapati went to London in 1930 to present the demand of Odisha province before the British government. During his stay in London, he was able to influence Sir Samuel, Hoare (the secretary of state), and other parliamentarians for the creation of Odisha as a separate province.

Question 39.
What steps were undertaken by K.C.Gajapati as the Prime Minister for the progress of Odisha?
Answer:
K.C.Panighrahi became the Prime Minister of Odisha on 1st April 1937. Through his endeavor, the Odisha High Court, Sri Ramchandra Bhanja Medical College, Utkal University, Rice Research Institute, etc. were established in Odisha.

Question 40
Mention the works of Rama Devi at Alakashram.
Answer:
Alakashram played a vital role in the freedom struggle of India. As an insider, Rama Devi cooked tiffins and meals for the inmates of the Ashram and taught spinning and preparation of clothes to the people who came for training to Alakashram.

Question 41
Write the works undertaken by Rama Devi at Sevaghar.
Answer:
After Alakashram was raised to the ground, Rama Devi her husband went to Bari and stayed at Bari Ashram popularly known as ‘Sevaghar’. In that Ashram, Rama Devi devoted herself in Khadi work, the uplift of Harijans, the spread of Hindi, the uplift of women, adult education, the clearing of villages, and the like.

Question 42
Discuss the role of Sarala Devi in the Civil Disobedience movement.
Answer:
Sarala Devi played an important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement in Odisha. She went to Inchudi and helped the women there with the preparation of salt.

Question 43.
Describe the role of Sarala Devi in the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
Gandhiji selected Sarala Devi as the women leader to start the Quit India movement in Odisha. She was arrested and inside the jail chalked out the program with other prisoners on how to quit English from India.

Question 44.
What were the contributions of Malati Devi to the Peasant Movement?
Answer:
Malati Devi wanted the all-around progress of the peasants. In 193 3 she in association with her husband formed the ‘Utkal Congress Socialist Workers Union’ and donated all her ornaments to this Union.

Question 45.
Discuss the role of Malati Devi in the Bhoodan Movement.
Answer:
Malati Devi was inspired by Vinoba Babe and actively participated in the Bhoodan movement in Odisha. She established various organizations and composed poems in Odia which were sung by the women during the padayatra.

Question 46.
Who were the chairman and members of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
As per the provision of the Cabinet Mission, it was decided the Constituent Assembly would be framed by the election: On 11 December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its permanent chairman and almost all the leading members of the time were the members of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 47.
Who were the members of the Draft Constitution Committee (Drafting Committee)?
Answer:
For preparing a draft constitution the Drafting Committee was framed and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presided over it. Besides him, N.Gopalswami Aiyengar, A.K.Ayengar, Sayyad Mohammad, T.T.Krishnamachari, and many others were its members.

Question 48.
Why is the Indian Constitution termed the longest-written constitution of the world?
Answer:
Ivor Jenning, the constitutional expert of Great Britain had expressed the view that the Indian Constitution is the longest constitution of the world, it consists of 395 articles, 12 schedules, and 122 amendments.

Question 49.
Write about the single citizenship of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Indian constitution provides for a single citizenship i.e. any individual who resides in India is an Indian. The constitution never recommends Double citizenship like in America.

Question 50.
Throw light on the flexibility of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Indian constitution strikes a balance between rigidity and flexibility and a flexible constitution can be amended easily. Certain provisions of the Indian constitution can be amended by a simple majority in both the Houses of parliament.

Question 51.
By which style does the Indian parliamentary system function?
Answer:
The parliamentary form of Government had been adopted following the Indian acts of 1919 and 1965. Its style is The President of India is the nominal head and the Prime Minister is the real head.

Question 52.
Focus on regarding Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution and What was the view of Jawaharlal Nehru regarding this.
Answer:
Indian constitution contains certain Fundamental Rights for the upliftment of people. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru viewed Fundamental Rights as the conscience of the constitution.

Question 53.
Is the Indian, constitution-making India a secular state, and what was its objective?
Answer:
Our constitution makes India a secular state. The citizens of India have the right to Profess, Practise and Propagate any religion they like.

Question 54.
Is Indian Constitution democratic? Which article confers Adult Franchise to citizens?
Answer:
Indian constitution is a democratic constitution. Article 326 confers Universal Adult Franchise to citizens.

Question 55.
What are the four features of federalism in the Indian constitution?
Answer:
A basic silent feature of the Indian constitution is federalism. A federal state exhibits four features a written constitution, dual polity, distribution of power, and an independent and impartial judiciary.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Fort William.
Answer:
Among the colonial architecture in Calcutta, Fort William occupies a unique position. There are actually two Fort Williams – The old and the new. The original was built in 1696 by the British East India Company and Sirajudaullah occupied it in 1757 and renamed it as Alinagar. In 1766 the old fort was repaired and used as a customs house. The new fort William was built on the eastern bank of river Hoogly Robert Clive started the building of this fort in 1758 and it was completed in 1781. This fort was named after King William 111 of England.

Question 2.
Victoria Memorial.
Answer:
Built-in marble, the Victoria Memorial is another great architecture of the British period. The beginning of this architecture took place in 1906 and it was completed in 1921. This was built in memory of Queen Victoria of England. The work of this memoria began when Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India. The architect of this building was William Emerson. The architecture was a mixture of Mughal, British, Egyptian, Deccani, and Islamic elements.

Question 3
Townhall of Bombay.
Answer:
The Town Hall of Bombay was built during British rule and was constructed in 1833. The architect of this building was a military engineer named Colonel Thomas Cowper. This building was a mixture of Greek and Roman styles of architecture. The Town Hall is named the ‘Asiatic Society of Bombay’ which is a public library in the City. Apart from the ancient manuscripts in Persian, Prakrit, Urdu, and Sanskrit, there are also a collection of 1000 ancient coins including gold Mohur of Akbar.

Question 4.
Rajabai Tower.
Answer:
The Rajabai Tower in South Mumbai is located in the confines of the fort campus of the University of Mumbai. It was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect. The clock placed at the top of the tower is built in the model of Big Ben, the clock tower of the house of parliament in London. Its building work started on March 1869 and was completed in November 1878. For a long period sound of this bell indicated the time to the people of Bombay.

Question 5.
The Gateway of India.
Answer:
The Gateway of India is one of the major monuments in the city located in the Apollo border area in Mumbai. It was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Bombay in 1911. Its foundation stone was laid on 31st March 1911 by Sir George Sydenham Clarke and designed by George Witter. The building got the name ‘The Gateway of India’ because in the colonial era, European entered India from this location and it was the first thing they saw while entering the country.

Question 6.
Victoria Terminus.
Answer:
The Victoria Terminus is a classic example of the colonial architecture of Bombay. Its present name is Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. Built-in 1888, this Railway Station bears the memory of the Victorian age. The plan for this railway station was designed by an English Engineer EW. Stevens. This station is very nearer to the seashore of Mumbai. At the entrance of the station are found one lion and a tiger, representing England and India respectively.

Question 7.
Bombay High Court.
Answer:
Situated on the Apollo Street. The Bombay High Court started functioning in 1862. There are two life-size statues on the Western side of the High Court. One among them is the stone ‘Statue of the Goddess of Justice’ holding the sword of Justice in one hand and the scales in the other. The second is the ‘Statue of Goddess Mercy’ with hand folded. The decision of two litigious cats and a monkey judge on the first floor of the court is very interesting. Bombay High Court beams the memory of Colonial architecture.

Question 8.
Fort St. George.
Answer:
1644 was a glorious year for the British East India Company. In that year Fort S. George was built on the seashore of Madras. Historically famous as the White Town, the fort has taken its name from St, George who is believed to have had significant influence in the region during that era. Fort St.George is divided into two sections – St. Mary’s Church and the Fort Museum. In 1795, the Madras Bank started functioning inside it. The statue of Lord Cornwallis in front of the museum is a masterpiece of art.

Question 9.
Ripon Building.
Answer:
The Ripon Building of Madras is a fine example of the neoclassical style of colonial architecture. This white building is located near the Chennai Central Railway Station. This was built in memory of Lord Ripon, the Viceroy of India. Lord Minto had laid down the foundation stone of this building. In 1913 the Madras Municipal Corporation started functioning inside it. In the same year, Oakes and company put a Westminister Quarter Chiming clock inside it which, is another great attraction.

Question 10.
Establishment of Printing Press at Odisha.
Answer:
The establishment of the Printing Press at Cuttack in 1866 by Bichitrananda Das played a vital role in the language movement in Odisha. From that place was published ‘Utkal Dipika’ under the editorship of Gouri Shankar Roy. Through the effort of Fakir Mohan Senapati and Baikunthanath Dey, two Printing presses were established at Balasore.

Due to that, two newspapers named ‘Sambad Bahika’ and ‘Utkal Darpan’ were published in Balasore. Through these Magazines, efforts were made to preserve the Odia language and expedite the movement.

Question 11.
Language Movement in Ganjam.
Answer:
Language Movement also took place at Ganjam. Telugu dominated there and the Telugu language was prevalent in the Govt, offices in the undivided Ganjam district. This gave a feeling of inferiority to the people of Ganjam. They were United to Preserve the odia language in that area. By 1870, a new awakening took place at Ganjam which galvanized the odia language. Under the presidency of William Mohanty ‘Utkal Hitabadini Sabha’ submitted a memorandum to the Madras government to retain the odia language in Ganjam.

Question 12.
Language agitation in Sambalpur.
Answer:
A special influence of language agitation was felt in Sambalpur. During that period Sambalpur was included in the central province. On 15 January 1895, the Chief Commissioner of the central province Sir Andrew Frezon ordered to the withdrawal of the odia language from the office and court, and Hindi was introduced in its place. The people of the undivided Sambalpur district became very angry.

‘Sambalpur Hitaisini edited by Nilamani Bidyaratna, views were expressed against this step of the British Government and this step was welcomed by poet Gangadhar Mehera. After Memorandum to Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India a step was taken by him and he wrote to Andrew Frezon to consider the memorandum of the people of Sambalpur.

Question 13.
The Sinha Resolution.
Answer:
Satchidananda Sinha, a staunch supporter to the odia movement, moved a resolution in 1920 recommending the Government of India ‘to formulate a scheme for the 4 amalgamations of Oriya speaking tracts’. This was famous as the ‘Sinha Resolution’. By this, the central province gave consent to transfer Khariar Zamindari and Bihar and it was a favorable reply.

When Madras Government was pressurized to handover Ganjam, Sashibhusan Rath, the editor of ‘Asha’ mobilized the people of Ganjam and by the pressure of the Government of India, Madras Government appointed Philip Duff Committee in 1924 to look into the matter.

Question 14.
O’Donnell Boundary Commission.
Answer:
In the First Round Table Conference Maharaja K.C.Gajapati Narayan Deo of Paralakhemundi made an impressive speech for the formation of Odisha as a separate province. After due consideration, a Boundary Commission was formed in 1931. It was headed by S.P.O’Donell, the Chairman, and other two members H.M. Mehta of Bombay and T.R.Phukkoon of Assam.

The associate members were K.C.Panigrahi of Odisha, Sachidananda Sinha of Bihar and C.V.S. Narasimha Raju represented the Telugus. Following the 1931 census and receiving evidence from 400 witnesses, the commission recommended the creation of a separate Oriya province.

Question 15.
Hubback Committee.
Answer:
The Odisha Administrative Committee or Hubback Committee was formed which examined the issue and submitted its final report on 20 Dec 1933. It made Cuttack as the capital of Odisha and Puri. It’s a summer resort. It recommended a High Court and University for Odisha. The post of Director of Education, Inspector General of Police, and Revenue Commissioner were also recommended by this committee.

Question 16.
Birth of Odisha Province.
Answer:
The Government of India Act was promulgated in 1975 and its clause 289 recognized Odisha as a separate province. On 3rd March 1936, Odisha was ratified by the British Parliament and received the signature of the Emperor. On 1st April 1936, Odisha has created as a separate province. It consists of six districts with 32,695 square miles and an 8,043,681 population. Sir John Austin Hubback became the first Governor of Odisha. Thus, the struggle of Odias ended with victory and the long cherished dream of Oriya leaders was materialized.

Question 17.
Madhusudan Das and the Utkal Union Conference.
Answer:
The formation of the Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani) was a bold step taken by Madhu Babu which play a vital role in the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts. The first session of this conference was organized on 30 December 1903. At the invitation of Madhu Babu, 30 kings, zamindars and many representatives attended this conference. Sri Rama Chandra Bhanja Deo the king of Mayurbhanja presided over the session. The important proposals were the amalgamation of Odia-speaking tracts and the social reformation of Odisha.

Question 18.
Madhu Babu and Politics.
Answer:
Madhu Babu has left an indelible imprint in the field of politics. He was elected as a representative to Orissa. Chhotnagpur Municipality in 1896. He was again elected for the same post in 1900 and dedicated himself to the progress of Odisha. In 1902 as a member of the Bengal Legislative Council Madhu Babu put pressure on the Government to provide more grants for the improvements of Ravenshaw College. To the Legislative Council of Bihar and Orissa Madhu Babu was elected.

Through his effort, the ‘Orissa Tenancy Bill’ was recommended and accepted by the House in 1913. In 1921, Madhu Babu became a Minister of that council and discharged his duty without remuneration and cited an example of self-less service for his people. By his effort on 25 November 1921, a proposal was laid down before the House for the creation of Orissa as a separate province.

Question 19.
Efforts of Madhu Babu for economic independence of the Odias.
Answer:
Madhu Babu had tried for the economic independence of the Odias. He took steps for the development of cottage industries in Odisha. The traditional filigree works of Cuttack were encouraged by him. Till today this has retained its position. Madhu Babu had opened ‘Orissa Art Wares’ at Cuttack.

For the progress of the leather industry, he established a factory named ‘Utkal Tannery’’ at Cuttack. He also taught the weavers the new art of weaving. He was also instrumental in establishing a palm-sugar factory. In fact, Madhu Babu played an important role in the economic progress of Odisha.

Question 20.
Madhu Babu and the spread of Education at Odisha.
Answer:
Madhu Babu took much pain for the spread of education in Odisha. As Vice Chairman of Cuttack Zilla Parishad and member of the Legislative Council, Madhu Babu had taken steps for opening many schools in Odisha. He had advised giving physical training to juveniles in the jail. He also encourages women’s education.

In 1907 when the only Girl’s school was going to be closed, his adopted daughter Sailabala became its Headmistress and it survived. Later on, it became the famous Sailabala Women’s College and encourage women’s education in Odisha. Madhu Babu advocated in favor of voting right for women which materialized in the future.

Question 21.
Madhu Babu and Puri Jagannath Temples.
Answer:
Although Madhu Babu had accepted Christianity by choice, he had argued in the Court as an advocate to preserve the dignity of Gajapati. In 1902, the British Governor appointed one Deputy Magistrate for the management of Puri Jagannath Temple. Madhu Babu opposed it in the Calcutta High Court and projected that as per the tradition, the Gajapati is the sole custodian of the deities of Puri Jagannath Temple.

The Honourable High Court listened to Madhu Babu and passed an order that the Gajapati should be the custodian of the deities and would carry temple management as per his desire. This episode mode Madhu Babu famous in the nook and comer of Odisha as ‘Madhu Barrister’.

Question 22.
Gopabandhu Das and Establishment of National School.
Answer:
By the advice of Madhusudan Rao, Gaopabandhu established ‘Open Air Middle English School’ in 1909 as Satyabadi of Puri district. On the backside of the Sakhigopal temple, in the natural setting, he started this school. At his request, Acharya Harihar Das, Pandit Nilakantha Dash, Pandit Godabarish Mishra, and Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra joined in the school. These five celebrities are known as the five friends of modem Odisha. The natural setting of the school and the dedication of the teachers attracted the people.

Question 23.
Gopabandhu and Indian National Congress.
Answer:
Gopabandhu played a significant role in popularising the activities of the Indian National Congress in Odisha. Returning from Calcutta after attending a special session of the Indian National Congress in 1920, he was surcharged with the ideology of the Congress. He was determined to spread Gandhian activities in Odisha.

He also attended the Bombay session of the Indian National Congress with others. The representatives from Odisha were deeply moved by this and returning to Odisha, they wanted to implement the ideology of Congress under the leadership of Gopabandhu.

Question 24.
Gopabandhu and the improvement of Odia language & literature.
Answer:
Gopabandhu took steps for the improvement of Odia language and literature. He started a magazine titled ‘Satyabadi’ from Sakhigopal in 1915. In 1919 he published ‘Samaj’ from the same place which was a weekly newspaper. Through this newspaper, he was able to put forth the grievances and demands of the people before the British Government. He himself was also the author of many books like ‘Bandira Atmaksha’ (self-expression of a prisoner), Dhammapada, Go Mahatmya, ‘Abakasa Chinta’ (thought of leisure), etc. which enriched Odia literature.

Question 25.
Gopabandhu and People’s welfare.
Answer:
Gopabandhu was a living example of a messiah for the poor and destitute of Odisha. In 1904 after Gopabandhu had passed B.A. he came to know that some areas of Puri have been submerged in water. During that time all of a sudden, his son became ill. Gopabandhu did not listen to anybody who had advised him to stay at home for his son and went for relief work in that area. His son died but he did not bother about it. He was the first Odia member servant of the People Society. He also took steps for the eradication of untouchability from Odishan society.

Question 26.
Krushna Chandra Gajapati and Simon Commission.
Answer:
The Simon Commission which landed on Indian soil, boycotted the slogan ‘Simon go back’ . However, by the effort of K.C. Gajapati and other members of the Utkal Sammilani, that committee received Simon Commission with the slogan ‘Welcome Simon’ at Patna Railway station. The Committee became very happy and intimately talked with the members of the Utkal Sammilani paying heed to their problems.

On 27 May 1930, the report of the Simon Commission was published which recommended for the formation of a sub-committee for examining the cause of the creation of Odisha as a separate province. It elated Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo.

Question 27.
K. C. Gajapati and the First Round Table Conference.
Answer:
Although the First Round Table Conference was boycotted by the Indian National Congress. K. C. Gajapati went to London in 1930 to present the demand of Odisha Province before the British Government. By that time the agenda of the meeting had already been prepared. By the persuasion of K.C. Gajapati, a discussion on it was included with the province of Sind.

Due to his influential speech, this Odisha matter was placed in the II, VI & VII charter of the Sub-Committee. During his stay in London, K.C. Gajapati was able to influence Sir Samuel Hoare, the Secretary of State, and other Parliamentarians. This made the path of the creation of Odisha as a separate province very easy.

Question 28.
Prime Minister Krushna Chandra and the progress of Odisha.
Answer:
The first Governor of Odisha was Sir Austin Hubback. By his invitation, K.C. Panigrahi became the Prime Minister of Odisha on 1 st April 1937. Again he adorned the same position from 1941 to 1944. During that period, he devoted his heart and soul to the progress of Odisha. The Odisha High Court, Sri Ramachandra Bhanja Medical College of Cuttack, Utkal University, Rice Research Institute of Bidyadharpur, etc.

were established. That is why Utkal University and Berhampur University conferred on him an honorary Doctorate degree. The Berhampur Medical College and Gajapati district have been named after him to preserve his memory.

Question 29.
Rama Devi and participation in the freedom struggle.
Answer:
Rama Devi had heard the coming of Gandhiji to Odisha on 23 March 1921. On the same night, Mahatma Gandhi addressed a meeting organized by the ladies at Binod Bihari at Cuttack. Rama Devi attended this meeting and presented Mahatma Gandhi with her hand spoon thread and contributed all her ornaments to the Tilak Swaraj Fund. She also took a vow not to wear ornaments and to wear Khaddar Saree throughout her life. She was determined to forgo all the luxuries of her life and to devote her body, mind, and soul to the freedom struggle.

Question 30.
Alakashram and Rama Devi.
Answer:
Alakashram played a vital role in the freedom struggle in India. The National School started there. As an insider. Rama Devi cooked tiffins and meals for the inmates of the Ashram. In 1923-24, cholera spread in Jagatsinghpur. Rama Devi with other workers moved from village to village and advised the people to take preventive injections and to take boiled water.

For eradication of Malaria in that area. She advised to use quinine, she also advised people not to use intoxicants. She also taught spinning and preparation of clothes to the people who came for training to Alakashram.

Question 31.
Rama Devi and Social work.
Answer:
Rama Devi was an ideal social worker. In 1968, she rendered relief work at the undivided Balasore, Koraput, Dhenkanal, Puri, Ganjam, Phulbani, and Mayurbhanj districts which were affected by droughts. She also worked in the flood,- affected areas. During the Indo-Pak war of 1971. She worked for the refugees who came from East Pakistan to Odisha.

She also worked for the lepers and Harijans. She pacified the student strike at Ravenshaw College in 1964. She took a leading role in the celebration of Gandhiji’s centenary in Odisha in 1969. In 1977 in the centenary year of acharya Harihar, a cancer institute was established at S.C.B. Medical College.

Question 32.
Sarala Devi and Uplitment of Harij.
Answer:
Sarala Devi popularised Gandhian constructive works like women’s education, upliftment of women, eradication of untouchability, adoption of Swadesi, etc. in Odisha. She devoted herself to the upliftment of Harijans. She had given a proposal to the Odisha Govt, to provide education to Harijanas and give them jobs.

She had advised the Government to open agricultural banks and land mortgage banks for protecting the Harijanas from the clutches of money lenders. Through her effort, the Odisha Government built a hostel at Cuttack for the stay of the Harijans.

Question 33.
Provincial Legislative Assembly and Sarala Devi.
Answer:
Sarala Devi was a member of the Provincial Assembly from 1937 to 1944. She was imprisoned during that time and had worked with the Govt, regarding the misbehavior of the jail staff towards the political prisoners. On 28 February 1979, she argued in -favor of co-education and demanded to grant more money for the development of women’s education.

She also introduced the ‘Dowry eradication Bill’ in the Assembly in 1939 which was passed and accepted by the Govt. In the same year, she also introduced ‘The Property Rights of Hindu Women Bill’ which was also passed. She also pressures on women’s franchises.

Question 34.
Literary Activities and Sarala Devi.
Answer:
Sarala Devi was a prolific writer. She translated the book ‘History of Indian National Congress’ of Pattabhi Sitaramayya into Odia and popularised the activities of the congress into the nook and comer of Odisha. Largely her writings were Women Centric. Especially, the problem and rights of Women’s work discussed in her writings.

She played an important role in dragging the women from the four walls of the house and mingling them in the mainstream. In fact, Sarala Devi was an important ideal woman. She played an important role in popularising the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi in Odisha.

Question 35.
Malati Devi and Salt Satyagraha.
Answer:
Malati Devi took an active part in the Salt Satyagraha at Inchudi of Balasore district. She had worked with Rama Devi, Kiranbala Sen, and others. Through her influence, many women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement at Inchudi and prepared salt. She also encouraged the women at Srijang to participate in the movement.

She also encouraged the women at Kujanga who joined the movement with their Queen Bhagyabati Pata Mahadev. Her fiery7 speech dragged the women from the four walls of the house who actively participated in the salt satyagraha.

Question 36.
Malati Devi and Gandhian Constructive Programme.
Answer:
Malati Devi played an important role to popularise Gandhian constructive
the program inside Odisha. On 30th April 1930. She delivered a fairy speech inspiring the people to boycott foreign clothes. Inspired by her, the cloth merchants of Cuttack did not sell foreign goods.

She had moved a resolution in the congress worker’s meeting at Sambalpur in 1946 regarding the steps to be undertaken for the upliftment of Harijans which was unanimously passed. In 1927, she had taken steps with her husband for the improvement of agriculture, she constructed the ‘Baji ’ Rout Hostel’ at Angul and taught the inmates Gandhian constructive works.

Question 37.
Malati Devi and Prajamandal (Garjat) Movement.
Answer:
The Garjat Movement at Dhenkanal. Talc her, Nilgiri and other places were galvanized by Malati Devi. She with her husband and a great communist leader, Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi organized many secret meetings in different Garjat areas and encouraged them to become free from the clutches of their rulers.

She published a pamphlet titled ‘Ranaveri’. Sarangdhar Das also joined with her to organize in ajamandal movement at Dhenkanal and Baji Rout, a boy of twelve years breathed his last in the Police bullet. Malati Devi wanted the all-round progress of Odisha.

Question 38.
Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
As per the Provision of the cabinet Mission, it was decided the Constituent Assembly would be framed by the election. As per the proposal, there should be 389 members. That election took place in July 1946. Out of 296 seats, the Congress got 212, Muslim League 73, the independent, and others got it.

Manabendra Roy had first thought about the Constituent Assembly. A meeting of the Constituent Assembly was convened on 9 December 1946 in Delhi. It was presided over by Sri Sachidananda Sinha of Bihar. On 11 December 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its permanent Chairman. Almost all the leading members . of the time were members of the Constituent Assembly

Question 39.
Drafting Committee.
Answer:
For preparing a draft constitution, the Drafting Committee was framed. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presided over it. Besides him, N.Gopalswamy Aiyengar, A.K. Ayan, Saiyyad Mohammad Saadulla, T.T. Krishnanmachari, D.P. Khaitan, and many others were its members. Dr. B.N. Ray acted as the Chief Constituent Advisor to this Committee. This Committee submitted its report (draft) to the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.

Question 40.
Fundamental Duties.
Answer:
The Fundamental Duties are a unique part of the Indian Constitution. Those are:

• To abide by the Constitution and respect the national flag and national anthem.
• To cherish the noble ideals which inspired our freedom stragglers.
• To uphold the sovereignty unit and integrity of the country.
• To defend the country and render national service when called on to do so.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among the people of India.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
• To protect and improve the national environment include lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To safeguard public property and abjure violence.
• To strive to achieve excellence in all spheres of individual and collective life so that the nation makes progress.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Solutions Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries) Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The traveler Al-Beruni was of which reign and in which of his book the social condition of India is seen?
Answer:
The traveler Al-Beruni belongs to the region of Arab. In his written book of Tahiq-EHind, we came to see the social condition of India.

Question 2.
When and the time of which Muslim sultan Al-Beruni had come to India and how many books he had written about India?
Answer:
Al-Beruni had come to India in 1017 A.D. and at the time of Mahmud of Ghazni’s Indian invasion. Regarding India, he has written 20 books.

Question 3.
According to the description of Al-Beruni which prevailing system was prominent in Indian society and which community was in the highest position in society?
Answer:
According to the description of Al-Bruni, the prevailing system of caste system was prominent in Indian society. Brahmins reserved the highest position in society.

Question 4.
According to the description of Al-Beruni in the sphere of Brahmins which religious Ashram prevailed and how many Ashrams?
Answer:
According to the description of Al-Beruni in the sphere of Brahmins, the religious “Chaturashram” has prevailed in society. The number of Ashrama was four.

Question 5.
According to the description of the traveler Al-Beruni which marriage system was prohibited in Hindu society? In the sphere of women were the many husband-accepting systems prevailed?
Answer:
According to the description of the traveler Al-Beruni, the “same clan” marriage system was prohibited in Hindu society. In the sphere of women, the system of many husbands in the acceptance prevailed in the hill areas.

Question 6.
The traveler Ibn-Battuta belongs to which region and he had come to India at the time of which sultan?
Answer:
The traveler Ibn-Battuta belongs to the African region. He had come to India at the time of the Sultan Muhammad-Bin-TughlaQuestion

Question 7.
In which written book of Ibn-Battuta the social picture has been given and in this book written in which language?
Answer:
In the written book of “Rihla” by Ibn-Battuta, the social picture has been given. This book is written in the Arabian language.

Question 8.
According to the description of Ibn-Battuta, the Hindus of India celebrated which festivals?
Answer:
According to the description of Ibn-Battuta, the Hindus of India celebrated the festivals like “Holi”, “Diwali”, “Dushahera” etc.

Question 9.
Who were Francois Berrier and belongs to which nation and in India, he was appointed as the personal physician of whom?
Answer:
Francois Berrier wets a French physician and traveler. He was appointed as the personal physician of prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Saha Jahan.

Question 10.
In which book Francois Berrier has described the social picture in the reign of the Mughals and which personalities were in the highest position?
Answer:
In the book “Travels in the Mughal Empire,” Francois Berrier described the social picture in the Mughal reign. According to him the personalities in the highest position were the king himself his courtiers, the king’s family kith and kin, etc.

Question 11.
According to Francois Berrier, the social condition of Hindus is based upon which principle and to which system he has condemned as a social evil?
Answer:
According to Francois Berrier, the social condition of Hindus is based upon the principle of the caste system. He has condemned the caste system as a social evil.

Question 12.
At first, the Muslims of which country invaded India, and before the invasion the Muslims were engaged in trade on which coast?
Answer:
At first, the Muslims of Arab countries invaded India. Before the invasion, the Muslims were engaged in trade on the Malabar coast.

Question 13.
Who was the administration of Iraq under Khalifà at the time of the beginning of the eighth century and at that time who was the Hindu king of Sindh?
Answer:
Hejaz was the administrator of Iraq under Khalifa at the time of the beginning of the eighth century. At that time Dahir was the Hindu king of Sindh.

Question 14.
On which A.D. Muhammad-bin-Kasim with his army invaded and entered Sindh and on which A.D. did they conquer some places of Sindh and Punjab?
Answer:
On 712A.D. Muhammad-bin-Kasim with his army invaded and entered Sindh. In 713 AD. they conquered some places of Sindh and Punjab.

Question 15.
After Sabuktagin who was the king of Gazni and by assuming which title he strengthened his position?
Answer:
After Sabuktagin his son Mamud was the king of Gazni. He assumed the title “Sultan” and strengthened his position.

Question 16.
Sultan Mahmud had invaded India from which AD. to which A.D. and for how many times he invaded India?
Answer:
Sultan Mahmud invaded India from 1000 A.D to 1027 AD. He invaded India seventeen times.

Question 17.
On 1175A.D. Muhammad Ghori waged an invasion against India and captured which region. At that time who ruled over Delhi and Ajmer?
Answer:
In 1175 A.D. Muhammad Ghori waged an invasion against India and captured Multan. At that time the Chauhan dynasty ruler Prithviraj ruled over Delhi and Ajmer.

Question 18.
The first battle of Tarain was fought in which between whom?
Answer:
The first battle of Tarain was fought in 1191 A.D. It was fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chouhan.

Question 19.
What was the result of the second battle of Tarain and which newness was created for it?
Answer:
In the second battle of Tarain Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated by Muhammad Ghori. The newness in this battle was that Muslim reign was established in Delhi and North India.

Question 20.
When Maham made Chon dead and after him who took the administration charge of Delhi?
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori died on 1206 Ai). After him, his faithful commander Kuttabuddin Aibak took charge of the Delhi administration independently.

Question 21.
After Kuttabuddin who took charge of the Delhi administration?
Answer:
After Kuttabuddin in 1211 A.D., Ilnitmish became the emperor of Delhi.

Question 22.
When Allauddin Khfflji by staining who became the sultan of Delhi?
Answer:
Allauddin Khiji staining to his father-in-law Jalaluddin became the sultan of Delhi.

Question 23.
For which administrative policy the reign of Allauddin KhIljI is memorable?
Answer:
For the administrative policy of the “Market regulating system,” the reign of Allauddin Khilji is memorable.

Question 24.
After the death of their father prince, Juna Khan was styled in which name took in charge of the throne and he ruled from which A.D. to which A.D.
Answer:
After the death of their father prince, Juna Khan styled himself Muhammad bin-Tughlaq took charge of Delhi’s throne. He ruled from 1325 A.D. to 1351 A.D.

Question 25.
When the first battle of Panipat was fought and what was the result of this battle?
Answer:
The first battle of Panipat was fought in 1526A.D. between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi. The result of this battle was that the reign of the Sultans came to an end.

Question 26.
In the sultan’s administration to whom importance was given and in his name what was read?
Answer:
In sultan, administration importance was given to “Khalifa”. In the name of Khalifa “Khutba” was read.

Question 27.
In sultan administration which religious law had given importance and with this law which law and condition widely prevailed?
Answer:
In the sultan administration, the I slam law “Sariyat” had given utmost importance. The law and condition of the state have widely prevailed.

Question 28.
The administration of sultan reign prevailed by which law and by which clan they were dealt with?
Answer:
The administration of the sultan’s reign prevailed by “Quoran” law. They were dealt with by the religious clan “Ulema”.

Question 29.
Who was the chief of the sultan’s administration and at the same time he was the supreme of which system?
Answer:
The Sultan was the chief of administration. At the same time, he was an administrator, chief executive, and chief lawgiver.

Question 30.
What was the name of the ministry at the central level and which people were getting a chance in this administrative sphere?
Ans:
The name of the ministry at the central level was “Mazlis-E-Khalwat”. In this administrative sphere, the people of learned and experienced got a chance.

Question 31.
At the central level, how many eminent members were the help of important works to the sultan and advised him and they were called what?
Answer:
At the central level, four numbers eminent members were the help of important works to the sultan and advised him. They were called as “Raizan-E-Daroga”.

Question 32.
In the absence of the sultan who was the administrative head of the state and in which field he took in charge of the administrative system?
Answer:
In the absence of a sultan, the Prime Minister or wazir was the head of the state. In the minor age of sultan, Wazir can take charge of the administrative system.

Question 33.
“Diwan-E-Urge” was the minister of which department and this minister gave suggestions to the sultan in which matter?
Answer:
“Diwan-E-Urge” was the minister of the defense department. This minister gave suggestions to the sultan regarding the military system and war.

Question 34.
What was told to the minister engaged in the duty of state postal information and he was engaged on which letter corresponding?
Answer:
“Diwan-E-Insa” was told to the minister engaged in the duty of state postal information. He was engaged in royal letter correspondence.

Question 35.
The minister who was engaged in military work was called what and which was he was maintained?
Answer:
The minister was engaged in military work called “Ariz-E-Malik”. He maintained the works like appointments, communication, weapons, military commodities -etc.

Question 36.
What was the designation of the Chief Justice of the Kingdom and by administering that department he also administered to which other departments?
Answer:
Kizi-E-Mamalik was the designation of the Chief Justice of the Kingdom. By administering that department he was also in charge of Madrasa, Philanthropic and common distribution work.

Question 37.
What was the designation of the spy and corresponding head in the sultan age and what was his chief work?
Answer:
Baird-E-Mamalik was the designation of the spy and corresponding head. His Chief work was to appoint spies in different regions of the country and to communicate the actual state of affairs.

Question 38.
What was the designation of the minister of agriculture and which work he performed?
Answer:
Amir-E-Koh was the designated of agriculture minister. His chief was to deal with various methods of cultivation, cultivators, and all works regarding this aspect.

Question 39.
What was the designation of the Urban Development Minister and which work of the country was in his custody?
Answer:
Mir-E-Amrat was the designated of urban development minister. Eminent construction works were held in his custody.

Question 40.
What was called to the Chief of the royal family and the royal palace and to which important work he had to deal?
Answer:
The Chief of the royal family and royal palace was called “Vakil”. His Chiefwork was to deal with the menu of the royal kitchen, deal with important festivals, and give hospitality to the royal guests.

Question 41.
In the sultan age what was the designation of the Hindu revenue collectors?
Answer:
In the sultan age, the Hindu revenue collectors were designated as Khat. Choudury and Mukaddum.

Question 42.
Who were the Chief foreign travelers in the sultan age?
Answer:
The Chief foreign travelers were Macro polo and Ibn-Battuta.

Question 43.
In Indian History, the Muslim administration was commonly divided into how many parts?
Answer:
In Indian History, the Muslim administration was commonly divided into two parts. They were the sultan Age and Mughal Age.

Question 44.
In the sultan Age who was the caretaker of religious institutions and which chief work, he had to deal with?
Answer:
In the sultan Age, the caretaker of the religious institutions was Sadar-Us-Sadar. His Chief work was to propagate and circulate religious principles.

Question 45.
What was the designation of the minister of punishment to manage the marriage customs of the girls of poor Muslim families?
Answer:
The designation of the minister of punishment and management of marriage customs of the poor Muslim family named “siyasat”

Question 46.
Which was the capital city in the Sultan Age and which dignitary was in change of administration?
Answer:
Delhi was the capital city of the sultan’s age. “Katual” dignitary was in charge of the administration of the capital.

Question 47.
What was called to the states in the Sultan administration and who was the chief of income-expenditure and revenue?
Answer:
“Beta” was called to the state in the sultan’s administration. Diwan-E-Wizarat was the Chief of income-expenditure and revenue.

Question 48.
Each state was divided into which units and who was the head of these units?
Answer:
Each state was divided into “Sik”. In each, a sirdar or Nazim was appointed.

Question 49.
What was the specialty in sultan age tributary states and mention the name of two main tributary states?
Answer:
The specialty in sultan age tributary states was that in a special condition they circulate their own coins. The name of two important tributary states was Ranthambar and Devagiri.

Question 50.
In the sultan’s administration what were the names of the union territories and what was the name of the administrative chief of this area?
Answer:
In the sultan’s administration “Khalsa” was the name of the union territories. Its administrative chief was Amir or Sahaba who was directly appointed by the sultan.

Question 51.
Which type of costly garments were used by the sultans in the sultan Age?
Answer:
The costly garments in the sultan Age were Diba-E-Hata (seven-color princely dresses) and Bishan-E-Jamuradi (Dress with gems) and so also foreign clothes were imported.

Question 52.
What was the name of the foreign traveler at the time of Jahangir and what is known regarding the menu of Mughals from his accounts?
Answer:
Sir Thomas Roe was a foreign traveler who came at the time of Jahangir. It is known in his account that in the Mughal age at a time twenty numbers of dishes can be found on the table of Amirs.

Question 53.
What was the name of the historian of Akbar’s court and what was the name of his written book?
Answer:
The name of the historian of Akbar’s court was Abul Fazil. The name of his written book was Ain -E-Akbari.

Question 54.
In 1563 AD and 1564 AD which takes were withdrawn from Hindus by Akbar?
Answer:
In 1563 AD and 1564 AD the taxes like pilgrimage tax were withdrawn from Hindus.

Question 55.
In 1575 where Samrat Akbar built a worship hall what was the name of that worship hall?
Answer:
In 1575 Samrat Akbar built a worship hall in the new city of Fatepur Sikri. That worship was named “Ibadutt Khanna”.

Question 56.
From the discussions of various religions which new “ism” came into existence and when Akbar declared this heavenly faith?
Answer:
From the discussions of various religions the new “ism” Din-I-Illahi or Heavenly faith.

Question 57.
Who built the tomb of Humayun and who was its architect?
Answer:
By the memory of Humayun, his widow-wife Hamidabanu Begum built the “ Humayan Tomb” in Delhi. The architect of this tomb was Miraz Mirzaliyas of Persia.

Question 58.
The reign of which Mughal monarch is considered the highest time of Mughal art and sculpture and this time is considered by historians as which time?
Answer:
The reign of Mughal monarch Sahajahan is considered the highest time of Mughal art and sculpture. This time is considered the “period of marble” by historians.

Question 59.
What was the eminent sculptural episode at Agra built by Sahajahan & for whose shake it was built?
Answer:
The name of the eminent sculptural episode at Agra built by Sahajahan is “Taj Mahal”. It was built as a tomb tower for the departed wife of Saha Jahan Aiju Mandbanu popularly known as Mumtaj Mahal.

Question 60.
Samrat Sahajahan to glorify his dignity and wealth built which eminent architect and how many years are required for this episode?
Answer:
Samrat Sahajahan to glorify his dignity and wealth built the “Peacock Throne”. At that time seven years were required for this episode.

Question 61.
Which son of Sahajahan has secured small pictures of the Mughal age in his album narrow these valued pictures are seen in the library of which city?
Answer:
The elder son of “Sahajahan Dara-Shiko has secured small pictures of Mughal age in his album. Now, these valuable pictures are seen in the library of London city.

Question 62. Which eminent stories in Ancient India were renewed in the Mughal world and which Mughal Kind or mousy picturized these stories which were widely accepted?
Answer:
The ancient Indian story “Pancha Tantra” was renowned in Mughal World. Mughal king Akbar enormously picturized these stories which were widely accepted.

Question 63.
Before the Muslim age in which century which Indian saints advocated the theory of “Omnism” derived from the philosophy of IJpanishad?
Answer:
Before the Muslim age, in the century A.D., the eminent Hindu saint Sankaracharya advocated the theory of “Omnism” derived from the philosophy of the Upanishad.

Question 64.
Who was the first preacher of “Sufism” in India and he was born at where and when?
Answer:
The first preacher of “Sufism” in India was Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti. He was bom at Seisthan in 1143 A.D.

Question 65.
When Khwaja Muinuddin was living in Ajmer who was the king of that area and the king sent which chief priest of Ajmer to Khwaja to evacuate Ajmer?
Answer:
When Khwaja Muinuddin was living in Ajmer the king of that area was Prithviraj Chowhan. He sent Chief Priest of Ajmer Ram Deo to Khwaja to accurate: Ajmer.

Question 66.
Who was the young disciple of Khwaja Mainuddin Chisti and what was his specialty?
Answer:
Shaikh Hammiduddin was the young disciple of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti. His importance was that he translated the principles of Sufism into local languages and preached them.

Question 67.
Who was the eminent disciple of Baba Farid and he was born where and in which A.D.?
Answer:
Nizamuddin Aulia was the eminent disciple of Baba Farid. He was bom at Badaun in 1236 A.D.

Question 68.
Which Sultan requested many times to meet Nizamuddin Aulia and which message was sent to him by Nizamuddin?
Answer:
Sultan Alauddin Khilji requested many times to meet Nizamuddin Aulia. Nizamuddin sends a message to him that “There are two doors in my home. If sultan enters my home through one door then I shall exit through another door”.

Question 69.
By viewing the religious impact of Nizamuddin Aulia which sultan was various to him and he ordered him to left Delhi. On return what Nizamuddin has told?
Answer:
By viewing the religious impact of Nizamuddin Aulia sultan Giyasuddin Tughlaq was favorable to him. He ordered him to left Delhi and in return got an answer that “Delhi is now so far from you”.

Question 70.
Which Sufi saint has come from Badaun to Delhi and he was titled as what?
Answer:
Sufi saint Nasiruddin Aulia has come from Badaun and settled in Delhi. He was titled “Pioneer of Delhi”.

Question 71.
Which Sufi saint was an eminent writer and philosopher and in which region in India he preached Sufism and popularise this movement?
Answer:
Saint Khwaja Banda Nawaz was an eminent writer and philosopher. In the southern region of India, he preached Sufism and popularize this movement.

Question 72.
Who was the introducer of the survey Vardi clan of Sufism and for the propagation of this movement to whom he engaged in India?
Answer:
Shaikh Sihabuddin Survavardi was the introducer of the survey of the Vardi clan of Sufism. For the propagation of this movement in India, he engaged his disciple Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria.

Question 73.
The people of which country was much more interested in the principles of Sufism? Many people of which clan converted to Islam religion?
Answer:
The people of Bangladesh were much more interested in the principles of Sufism. Many people of the Hindu clan were converted to Islam religion.

Question 74.
At the beginning of the twelfth century which saint preached Vaishnavism and so also introduced the Bhakti Cult of India? He was born in which region of India?
Answer:
At the beginning of the twelfth-century saint Ramanuja preached Vaishnavism and so also introduced the Bhakti cult in India. He was born in the Andhra region of India.

Question 75.
After Ramanuja which saint in the Bhakti cult was the chief preacher and for which policy he was famous?
Answer:
After Ramanuja, the saint Nimbark in the Bhakti cult was the Chief Preacher. He was famous for his “Dividend Policy”.

Question 76.
In the thirteenth century which chief saint in the Bhakti cult was famous in south India? His Bhakti philosophy of him was narrated in which book?
Answer:
In the thirteenth century, the chief saint Madhaba was famous in south India. The Bhakti philosophy about him was narrated in the book “Sutra Bhasya”.

Question 77.
In the fourteenth century among the Vaishnav saints who was the chief preacher and he was born at where?
Answer:
In the fourteenth century among the Vaishnav saints saith Ramanand was the chief preacher. He was bom at prayag.

Question 78.
In Middle Ages among the Bhakti preachers which saint secured an eminent position? When he was born and when he was dead?
Answer:
In the Middle Ages among the Bhakti preachers, Sant Kabir secured an eminent position. He was born in 1440 A.D. and died in 1510 A.D.

Question 79.
What was told the Hindi Bhajans of Kabir and after Kabir, his disciples were named as what?
Answer:
The Hindi Bhajans of Kabir are known as “Doha”. After his disciples were known as “Kabirpanthi”.

Question 80.
The Bhakti preacher Guru Nanak of the Middle Ages was born in which village and when?
Answer:
The Bhakti preacher Gum Nanak of the Middle Ages was born in the village Talwandi near Lahore in 1469 A.D.

Question 81.
The published Bhajan text of Nanak was popular as which text and his disciples are regarded as what?
Answer:
The published Bhajan text of Nanak was popular as “Adigranth”. The disciples of Nanak are regarded as “Sikhs”.

Question 82.
When Nanak was dead and before his death to whom he chose as his successor?
Answer:
Nanak was dead in 1538 A.D. Before his death he choose Angad, one of his disciples as his successor.

Question 83.
Which Sikh Guru built the “Golden Temple” at Amritsar and which text was worshipped there?
Answer:
Fourth Sikh Gum Ram Das built the “Golden Temple” at Amritsar. The text “Adi Grantha” was worshipped there.

Question 84.
Who was the poet of the renowned “Ramcharita Manas” and in which part of India he was a famous saint?
Answer:
Saint Tulsi Das was the poet of the renowned “ Ramacharita Manas”. In North India, he was a famous saint.

Question 85.
Where Sri Chaitanya was born and what was his nickname?
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya was bom 1486 A.D. at Nahadwie of Bengal. His nickname was Biswambara.

Question 86.
Before the completion of which age Sri Chaitanya got initiation from which saint?
Answer:
Before the completion of 22 years of age, Sri Chaitanya got initiation from the saint Iswarapuri.

Question 87.
Was there a caste barrier before Sri Chaitanya? Which disciple of his was Primarily a Muslim?
Answer:
No there was no caste barrier before Sri Chaitanya. The disciple of him Yavana Haridasa was primarily a Muslim.

Question 88.
In which state did saith Jnaneswara the Chief of the Bhakti cult and in which language he wrote the Bhagavad Gita which was very popular?
Answer:
In the state of Maharastra Santh jnaneswara was the Chief of Bhakti cult. In the Marathi language, he wrote Bhagabat Gita which was very popular.

Question 89.
Which Bhakti cult saint was contemporary to Shivaji and he was born in which family?
Answer:
Bhakti cult saint Jukaram was contemporary to Shivaji. He was born near Poona in a scheduled caste family.

Question 90.
After the deterioration of which religion Bhakti movement was mostly broad and popular religious movement? For this movement which system was relaxed at the maximum point?
Answer:
After the deterioration of Buddhism, the Bhakti movement was a mostly broad and popular religious movement. For this movement caste system was relaxed to the maximum point.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Role of Al Beruni in mathematics and astronomy?
Answer:
Ninety-five of 146 books known to have been written by Beruni were devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects mathematical geography. His religion contributed to our research of astronomy, as in Islam, Muslim customs require knowing the direction of certain sacred locations, which can actually be found through this type of scientific study.

Biruni’s major work on astrology is primarily an astronomical and mathematical text, only the last chapter concerns astrological prognostication. His endorsement of astrology is limited, in so far as he condemns horary astrology as “sorcery”.

Question 2.
Al Biruni’s role in History and chronology?
Answer:
Biruni’s main essay on political history, vital at-Musa mare fi Akbar Kvarazm (book of highly conversation affairs of Karazm) is known only from quotations in Bayhaqi’s Tarikh-e mas. In addition to his various discussion of history and methodology are found in connection with the lists of kings in his al-Athar-al-vaquita and in the Qanun as well as elsewhere in the Altar in India and scattered through his other works.

Brian’s study of history was not limited to the aforementioned topics, he also touched upon the topic of the earth’s creation. He elaborated upon the fact that the earth was created from the elements and not solely through divine creation. Even though Islam did influence his study, he did knowledge the ride of the elements.

Question 3.
Al Biruni as a pioneer in religion?
Answer:
Biruni is one of the most important Muslim authorities in the history of religion. All was a pioneer in the study of comparative religion. He studied Zoroastrianism, Jainism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and other religions. He treated religions objectively, striving to understand them on their, own forms rather than trying to prove them wrong. His underlying concept was that all cultures at least district relatives of all other cultures because they are all human constructs.

What Al Biruni seems to be arguing is that there is a common human element in every culture that makes all cultures distant relatives, however foreign they might seem to one another. Al Biruni divides Hindus into an educated and uneducated class. He describes the educated as monotheistic, believing that God is one, eternal, and omnipotent and eschewing all forms of idol worship. He recognizes that uneducated Hindus worshipped a multiplicity of idols yet points out that even some Muslims have adopted anthropomorphic concepts of God.

Question 4.
Early life of Ibn Battuta?
Answer:
All that is known about Ibn Battuta’s life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels which records that he was of Berber descent, born into a family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty. He claimed descent. from a Berber tribe known as the lowest. As a young man, he would have studied at Malikimadh’had (Islamic jurisprudence School) the dominant form of education in North Africa. Maliki Muslims requested Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge as he was from or area where it was practiced.

Question 5.
Ibn Battuta’s travelling from Mecca to Aden?
Answer:
Ibn battuta remained in Mecca for some time (the Rihla suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330). Problems with chronology, however, lead common factors to suggest that he may have left after the 1328 hajj. After the hajj in either 1328 or 1330, he made his way to the port of Jeddah on the Red sea coast. From there he followed the coast in a series of boats making slow progress against the prevailing south-easterly winds.

Once in Yemen visited said and later the highland town of Taiz, where he met the Rasulid dynasty king(malik) mujahid Nur al-din Ali. Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting sans’s, but whether he actually did so is doubtful. In all likelihood, he went directly from Taizz to the important trading port of Aden, arriving around the beginning of 1329 or 1331.

Question 6.
Ibn Battuta’s back journey to Morocco?
Answer:
After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, the Battuta began his journey back to Morocco. In Kozhikode, he once again considered throwing himself at the mercy of Mohammad bin Tughlaq in Delhi but thought better of it and decided to carry on to Mecca. On his way to Basra, he passed through the Strait of Hormuz, where he learned that Abu said, the last ruler of the Dynasty had died in Persia, Abu said’s territories had subsequently lapsed due to a fierce civil war between the Persians and Mongols.

In 1348, Ibn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of retracting the route of his first hajj. He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier and death became the dominant theme for the next year or so. The black death had struck and he was on a wand as it spread through Syria, Palestine, and Arabica. After reaching Mecca he decided to return to Morocco, nearly a quarter of a century after leaving home. On the way he made one last detour to Sardinia, then in 1349, returned to Tangier by way of Fez, only to discover that his mother Had also died a few months before.

Question 7.
Francois Bernier as a physician and traveler?
Answer:
Franco Bernier (25 September 1620-22 September 1688) was a Fresh Physician and traveler. He was bom at Joul-Etilaw in Anjou. He was briefly a personal physician to Mughal prince Darashikoh (28 October 1615 – 30 August 1659). The eldest son of the Mughal emperor shakti Jahan and after Dara Shikoh’s demise was attached to the court of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (1 4 October 1618-20 February 1707) for around 12 years during his stay in India.

His 1684 publication division Delatorre parlors different species once (A new division of the Earth) is considered the first published post-classical classification of humans into distinct races. He also wrote Travels in the Mughal Empire, which is mainly about the reigns of Dara Shiloh and Aurangzeb. It is based on his own extensive Journeys and observations, and on information from eminent Mughal courtiers who had witnessed the events firsthand.

Question 8.
Position of women during the sultanate period?
Answer:
In general, the status of women deteriorated in society. The Purdah system among Muslim women was strictly observed. Sati practice in Hindu society was continued, and polygamy was widely prevalent among Muslims. The nobles and rich Muslims kept a number of wives very little attention were paid to the education of women.

Question 9.
Slave system during the sultanate period?
Answer:
Slaves were sold like any other commodity. It is understood that there were slave markets also in a few towns. The sultans and the nobles kept slaves in large numbers. The slaves were provided education and training. They were also provided opportunities to rise in their careers. Several of them like Malik rose to eminent positions in the state. Thus, the slave system was a social practice during the sultanate period.

Question 10.
Taj Mahal?
Answer:
The most famous monument constructed by Shah Jahan is the Taj Mahal. He built it in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Its chief architect was Ustad Isa Khan. It took 22 years to build and was constructed at a cost of 32 million rupees. Over 20000 laborers worked on it day and night. It stands as one of the seven wonders of the World.

Question 11.
Peacock Throne?
Answer:
It is a wonderful monument constructed by Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan made a fabulous throne for himself to exhibit his wealth. It is famous as the Peacock Throne. The Mughal treasury was full of jewels. Shah Jahan wanted to display them on a throne to cause surprise the man. So he ordered to take out precious jewels worth 86 lakhs of rupees to be used in the throne. When finished the peacock throne became 3 yards by 21 yards and 5 yards in height.

Its canopy was covered with rubies and gems. The canopy was supported by twelve pillars made of emeralds. Two peacocks were designed on each pillar with gems fixed on them. But when each pair of peacocks a tree was designed with rubies diamonds emeralds and pearls fixed on it. Later on, it was taken away from India by Nadir Shah in 1739 A.D.

Question 12.
Mughal Paintings?
Answer:
The Mughal age is famous for the development of painting. The time of the Emperor. Jahangir had been described as the golden age of Mughal painting. Jahangir paid greater attention to painting than to architecture. The artists of his time were experts in painting natural scenes, landscapes, birds and beasts, and human beings. The pictures were small in size but looked realistic.

The emperor patronized the painters and honored them in the royal court. The memo is of Jahangir known as Tuzuk-Jahangir, containing many pictures of real scenes such as the scene of coronation, pictures of the emperor of the court, and of hunting of animals. The miniature painting was preserved inside picture albums.

Question 13.
Meaning of Sufism?
Answer:
Among Muslim society, Sufism carried a reform movement in the medieval period. Sufism is derived from two Arabic words i.e. safe and safe. The word means a carpet since the Sufis meditated upon God on a carpet, Sufism took its birth i.e. pure people who meditated on a carpet. ‘suF means work. The Muslim saints who wore garments of coarse wool began to be called Sufi saints.

Question 14.
Meaning of the Bhakti movement?
Answer:
The literal meaning of Bhakti is devotion. But the Bhakti movement implied the movement which emphasized intense devotion to God. This devotion was expressed by a devotee through the repetition of the name of the Almighty. The mode of expression was usually singing and dancing in the praise of God. The saints of the Bhakti movement emphasized that there was no distinction of class, color, caste, etc. All were equal the Bhakti movement believed in leading a pure and simple life.

Question 15.
Results of the Bhakti Movement?
Answer:
The Bhakti Movement led to significant results, Firstly it was a widespread religious upheaval. Though Kabir, Nanak, and Chaitanya were its Chief exponents, there were several other preachers to play part in it. Saints like Ramananda, Vallabhacharya, and Namadev left a large following. The movement covered all parts of India. Thus it developed an all-India base. The Bhakti Movement was not a movement of the wise few, but of the wider mass. It is said that after Buddhism the Bhakti cult saw the next most popular of all sections its effect was lasting. The most ignorant could think of getting God by uttering His Name.

Question 16.
Qutab Minar?
Answer:
It is a movement of the sultanate period in Delhi. Its construction was started by Qutatud-din Aibak in 1199 and was completed by Iltutmish in 1230 A.D. It was named after the Muslim saint Qutab-din of Ush (near Bagdad). It is a circular tower and is 72.5 meters high. The diameter of its base is 4 meters while that of its summit is 3.5 meters. The Qutab Minar is built of red sandstone & marble.

Question 17.
Agra Fort?
Answer:
Akbar built the Agra Fort on the banks of the Yamuna between 1565-73 AD. In its plan, it forms an irregular semi-circle. The fort is fortified by a 2.4 km long and 21 m. high wall made of red sandstone. It has two big ornamental getaways. One each on its southern & western sides. The whole gateway is decorated with patterns in white marble. Such decorative art has representations of winged dragons, elephants, and birds. This is a fine specimen of Islamic tradition and is not found in any Islamic building in India.

Question 18.
Fatehpur Sikri?
Answer:
It is a monument of the Mughals, built by Akbar in his new capital at Fathepur Sikhi situated 43 km away from Agra. The construction of this capital began in 1569 A.D. and was completed in 1584 AD Fatehpur Sikri had a wall on three sides with nine gateways & also had an artificial lake. The best examples of Akbar’s buildings are found in Fatehpur Sikri. It was designed as a grand capital with schools, public buildings, palaces, and mosques interspersed with terraces & gardens. The architectural styles of these buildings have Persian influence.

Question 19.
Jama Masjid?
Answer:
The Jama Masjid near the Red Fort was built by Shah Jahan in the 17th Century AD. It is the biggest mosque in India. It is built on a high platform with three onion-shaped a reservoir of water in the center. This courtyard can accommodate as many as 10000 people at a time. It is built with red sandstone with inlaid white marble. Its construction began in 1644-A.D. & was completed in 1658 A.D.

Question 20.
Buland Darwaza?
Answer:
Buland Darwaza or the Gate of Magnificence was built in 1601 A.D. by Akbar to commemorate his conquest of Gujrat. Its gateway is approached by 42 steps. The Buland Darwaza is 40 m. high & 35 m. wide. It is the greatest gateway in the world. The gage way is read sandstone decorated by carving and interlaying of white marble. On the central face of the Buland Darwaza, there is an inscription in beautiful lettering that symbolizes Akbar’s religious broadmindedness. This inscription is a message from Jesus Christ advising his followers not to consider this world as their permanent home.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class History Book Solutions

Unit 1 Sources of Indian History

• Sources of Indian History Objective Questions
• Sources of Indian History Short Answer Questions
• Sources of Indian History Long Answer Questions

Unit 2 Religious Movements of Sixth Century BC

• Religious Movements of Sixth Century BC Objective Questions
• Religious Movements of Sixth Century BC Short Answer Questions
• Religious Movements of Sixth Century BC Long Answer Questions

Unit 3 Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th Centuries)

• Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers Objective Questions
• Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers Short Answer Questions
• Perceptions of Society through the Eyes of the Travellers Long Answer Questions

Unit 4 British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.)

• British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Objective Questions
• British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Short Answer Questions
• British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.) Long Answer Questions

Unit 5 Colonial Cities

• Colonial Cities Objective Questions
• Colonial Cities Short Answer Questions
• Colonial Cities Long Answer Questions

CHSE Odisha Class 12 History Syllabus

2nd Year (Paper-II)
History of India

UNIT-1

1. Sources of Indian History: Archaeological, Literary, Foreign Accounts and Archival
2. Foundation of Indian Culture:
   a) Harappan culture: Discovery, Geographical extent, Town planning, Structures, Agriculture, Domestication of Animals, Technology and Craft, Trade, Contact with distant lands, Scripts, Weights, Measurement, Religious beliefs, and Seals.
   b) Rig Vedic and Later Vedic Age – Socio-Economic life, Political organization, Religious
   Beliefs, Position of Women.
3. The Earliest states: Sixteen Mahajanapadas.

UNIT-II

1. Religious Movements of Sixth Century B.C. – Jainism and Buddhism: A critical evaluation of the Teachings, Contribution to Indian culture.
2. Kalinga War – Causes and Effects; Mauryan Administration.
3. Cultural Attainments of the Gupta Age.

UNIT-III

1. Perceptions of society through the eyes of the Travellers (10th to 17th centuries).
   (a) Al-Biruni, (b) Ibn Battuta, (c) Francois Bernier
2. Delhi Sultanate: Nature of State, Social structure, Position of Women.
3. Culture of Mughal Age: Social structure, Position of Women, Art and Architecture, Paintings, Din-i-Ilahi.
4. Sufi and Bhakti Movements: Tenets, Impact on Indian Society.

UNIT-IV

1. British Economic Policies in India (1757-1857 A.D.): Commercial Policy, Drain of Wealth, Development of means of Transport and Communication; Revenue Policy.
2. Revolts against British Colonialism – Sanyasi Rebellion, Khurda Rebellion of 1817, Santal Rebellion (1855-56), The Great Indian Revolt of 1857.
3. Mahatma Gandhi and National Struggle for Independence:
   a) Non-Cooperation Movement and its response in Odisha, b) Civil Disobedience Movement and its response in Odisha, c) Quit India Movement and its response in Odisha.

UNIT-V

1. Colonial Cities – Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture:
   a) Towns and Cities in pre-colonial times, b) Changes in 18th century, c) Trends of changes in the 19th century, d) Ports, Forts and Centres for Services, e) A new urban milieu, f) The First Hill Stations, g) Social life in new cities, h) Colonial Architecture in Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai).
2. Formation of the Province of Odisha.
   a) Movement for Linguistic Identity, b) Events leading to the formation of the province
3. Contributions of (a) Madhusudan Das, Gopabadhu Das, Krushna Chandra Gajapati, (b) Sarla Devi, Rama Devi and Malati Devi.
4. Framing the Indian Constitution:
   a) Making of the Constituent Assembly, b) Vision of the Constitution, c) Salient features

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
Bureau’s Higher Secondary (+2) History, Published by Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation & Production, Bhubaneswar.

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