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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 1 Fundamental of Education Long Answer Questions Part-1.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education 1 Fundamental of Education Long Answer Questions Part-1

Long Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of education with its definitions.
Answer:
Education is life and life is education. Education is an integral part of human life and it is the basic condition for the development of the whole man. It is a human activity which helps in the prosperity of human beings. Education brings a difference between man and animal, literate and illiterate. Without education, man would be like an animal.

Education is a process, an activity which continues throughout life. From a sociological point of view, education is a lifelong process which starts at the birth of the individual and ends with his death. Education has different meanings interpreted differently by different persons, and professions of life. For example, a parent may consider education as a positive force to enable the child to prepare for life or to earn a name and fame in society.

A teacher considers education for the Newman, a new society and a new nation. To a student education is nothing but the acquisition of knowledge skills and attitudes and passing in the examination to achieve degrees or diplomas. To an Artist, education as a way to love and enjoy the beauty and an Artisan considers education as a means to master a skill.

To a statesman, education is a means to train ideal citizens. So in society, parents, teachers, administrators, engineers, doctors, policemen and other professionals consider education differently. So education has no definite unitary meaning. The learning of socially approved behaviour is the most widely accepted definition of education.

Derivative Meaning of Education:
Education is explained as the art of leading out in which “E” means: out of” and “Duco” means. “I lead”. So education is to draw out: It helps in the intellectual, moral, physical and innate powers and development of man and the child. Education is derived from three Latin terms “Educare”, “Educere” and “Educatum”, The term “Educere” means “to bring up”, “To raise” and “To levate”.

To term “Educare” means “to lead out”, “to draw out”, “to nourish”, and “to flourish” and the third term “Educatum” means “to educate” or train”. So education helps in the social, intellectual, physical, moral, emotional and spiritual development of man. It is the process of innate powers, and development. Both Eastern and Western thinkers have given their opinions differently on the term education with its functions.

Education to Eastern philosophers:

Education to Western Thinkers:

Narrow Meaning of Education:
In a narrow sense, education is linked with schooling and ends when the child leaves the educational centre. It emphasizes classroom teaching, linked within the four walls of the classroom and bookish knowledge. No external influence is there and no experience is there. There is no importance on external experience or knowledge, It is limited to four walls of the classroom only. It is a systematic pre-planned process.

Wider Meaning of Education:
In a broader sense, education helps with growing and development of the child. A child’s life is filled with external experiences. The child gets a chance to mix with the outside world. Along with curricular activities, co-curricular social activities, attitudes, and social qualities develop. The character is modified, and the behaviour is changing. Constant interaction with the environment results in the modification of human behaviour. In a wider sense, education is life and life is education.

Question 2.
Discuss Education as a process a social process.
Answer:
Education is a process which continues throughout life from birth to death. Brown considers that education is a consciously controlled process whereby changes in behaviour are produced in the person and through the process within the group. Here, a consciously controlled process is meant for external control.

This means that through the educational process the changes in the behaviour of the person are brought about not only by the internal forces but by the external forces which are latent in the environment like getting when a child learns any activity on his dress, eating food with his own hands etc. The environment and the child’s close relations are the key figures in the learning process.

The educational process is a social process from a specific point of view. The innate powers of the child get motivated due to the social environment and the child begins to learn a change in his behaviour. This, in fact, is education. There are many aspects of social interaction that make for more effective participation in the total process of social interaction whether in terms of social, economic, health or any other socially desirable value in education.

In this way, education is a process which occurs by itself, due to social interaction and social motivation. The process is helpful in the progress of society and encourages social institutions. From an educational sociology point of view in the study of social relations. In the past, the process of education was bipolar. There was a direct interaction between the teacher and the teacher and textual knowledge is gained.

But with the interaction of teacher, taught and environment social interaction is possible and greater experienced learning takes place. In tri-polar process of education is experience gained by social process from the environment: So education is a social process. This is also a social interaction process. In all social changes and social cohesion, social mobility is the result of social interaction. There are a large number of social factors which bring social change such as technological factors. So education is a social process and the child educates himself within the social environment.

Question 3.
Discuss the social aims of education.
(or)
How far it is applicable to the social development of man? Explain.
Answer:
The aims of education are social and individual. Individual aims of education are aimed at individual development. The educational aims tend to lay stress on the growth of social values, and social attitudes of men, and individuals.

Society Education :
Education is an integral part of society which takes place in the interaction of individuals with groups and entire cultures. It brings a change in the behaviour of man. Education through its social process or instructions tries to modify society and the behaviour of the individual and society. Education and society are interrelated. The chief aim of education is to socialize men.

Education as a Social Process:
Man is a social being who dwells in society, and grows in society. The growing and thinking for a vast complex of interaction and relations. Right education helps the child to adjust himself to the social environment. Through education the child is able to develop reasoning in social relations and cultivates social awareness, social virtues and social sensitiveness, The social reconstruction takes place in the adjustment, Through education society can formulate its own purpose and organise its means and resources.

School as a Society in Miniature:
The school can be considered a society in miniature. Varied experiences are to be provided for the child so that in his own way he is prepared to live. Activities leading to his child’s emotional, aesthetic, intellectual and physical development must find an equal emphasis with the school.

Continuous Reconstruction of Experiences:
To John Dewey, education is the continuous reconstruction of experiences, It is the development of all those capacities in the individuals which will enable them to control their environment and pupils has possibilities. It helps in the transmission of experiences. The experience of an individual involves a situational context, that is not spatial and temporal but continual. So continuous reconstructions of experience give a more socialized value. Every generation inherits experiences from the last generation’s participation in changing situations. So activities also undergo changes accordingly.

Merits of Social Aims:
Society or state is essentially needed for the individual without a state peace, security tranquillity, and justice can not be maintained Thus, individuals should be prepared to maintain society’s state even at cost of their life. When an individual child comes from his/ her mother’s word he/she comes with certain raw instincts.

But it is through the magic of the social environment that he develops into a normal social human being. That’s why the social aim of education should be emphasized. Raymont says, “An isolated individual is a figment of imagination. Hence, individuals make society stable and well-organised. Culture and civilization are intimately related to each other.

They are bom and developed in society. It is the responsibility of every citizen to serve society to develop both. The extreme social aim of education neglects the individual’s freedom and it develops narrow nationalism, The extreme social aims of education neglect the individual’s freedom and the individual are neglected.

Question 4.
Explain the individual aims of education. Too many individual aims of education are not desirable Why? Explain.
Answer:
In a narrow sense the individual aim is known as self-expression and in a broader sense education should develop in the individuality of a child, by individual aims of education we mean, not the individual development only but both the individual and society. Individual aims of education directly benefit the individual. The importance is given to an individual’s capacity to earn his livelihood, fulfilling his own and his family’s needs.

The second objective is the development of the individual. The individual can fulfil the complexities of life. Individual aims of education have their own merits and limitations. Firstly, the individual instincts and inherent tendencies. Every child differs from every other in respect of Colour, a form of interest, mental abilities, intelligence, thinking etc. The aim of education is to develop each child in conformity with his special abilities.

The success of life depends upon the development of this kind. It is believed that education must seek to develop individual abilities and education becomes child-centred. Progressivists supported the individual aims of education. According to T.P. Nunn, the progress of the world is rooted in the development and progress of the individual personality. The individuals have contributed to their special abilities.

Nothing good enters into the human world except in and through the free activities of individual men and women and so the aim of education is to develop individual men and women. To Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel and T.P. Nunn, individuality is the ideal of life. Democrats supported the importance of individual aims of education. Democracy gives stresses the freedom of the individual.

Democracy aims at providing the greatest freedom and equality to all individuals and the state should make special arrangements for the education of the backward, orphans and physically handicapped. Individual aims of education are not free from criticism. Individual aims provide sufficient freedom to individuals as a result society is neglected.

Unrestricted freedom leads to indiscipline, conflict, and tension which promotes social disintegration. Individual aims of education neglect the moral values of children. It emphasizes the individual differences of the children. It is difficult to develop love, sympathy, sacrifice, service, cooperation, brotherhood and moral values among children. Due to much emphasis on individual aims society is neglected.

Question 5.
Discuss the vocational aims of education and its merits.
Answer:
The basic need of a man is food, clothing and shelter. If education does not enable us to provide these basic needs, the education of Oil industrialisation and mechanisation and emphasis is given to vocational education. Different commissions put stress on vocational education at secondary and higher secondary stages of education. Emphasis is given to vocational education which is known as the bread-and-butter aim of education.

It aimed at fulfilment of his basic needs. Hence, educationists emphasized, the vocational aim of education so that he would be able to solve economic problems without any difficulty. It is the economic self-sufficiency of a person. which makes him a worthy and contributing person. So education should prepare the child for future vocations. Now the vocational aim of education has become very essential.

Merits of Vocational Aims:-
The merits of vocational aims of education are as follows:
A person who is trained in vocation develops confidence, and self-assurance, He knows that he will not be a drag on society, and he feels that he is not a parasite or dependent on others. Vocational education not only benefits the individual but also leads society towards greater prosperity, and industrial advancement. Vocational education is very necessary for school-going children.

Such children lose, interest when made to perform academic tasks which are beyond their understanding, but they indicate a keen interest in making things and in acquiring manual and physical skills. Vocational schools and poly technique schools for such students have proved immense value in the educational systems all over the world. Vocational aim results in the creation of more doctors, engineers and technicians of high calibre who lead their country towards prosperity.

Question 6.
Discuss the democratic aims of education.
Answer:
The political system in a country is reflected in the educational system. It means democracy can never be successful without education. Whenever democracy becomes unsuccessful has been because of education. In a democracy, the government is composed of the elected representation of the people and if the people are uneducated they can never elect the right leaders we cannot hope for a good democracy to prevail.

Democratic government demands educated people. Education can generate and instil the qualities that democracy demands. The aim state is to achieve the highest moral level and this can be reached through education alone. Democracy aims at the round development of personality. The success of a democratic society also depends upon mature men and women.

A mature personality has gone through physical, mental, social, ethical and spiritual development. Hence education should aim at the development of all aspects of personality through various kinds of training. Education in a democracy must create a democratic personality. It discovers individual potentialities and enables them to realize and utilize the facilities provided to the individuals.

It must equip the individual with the power of judgement and scientific thinking. The Secondary Education Commission has remarked that democracy aims at developing some vocational skills in education. No nation can progress in the absence of economic development. The first and foremost duty of the state is to provide a system and means of education which imparts some vocational skills to education so that they can earn their livelihood as well as they can contribute to the nation’s economic prosperity.

The success of democracy depends largely upon the people’s awareness of their rights and duties and the extent to which people fulfil their responsibilities. Education aims at developing this ability in people. Democracy aims at inculcating the individual spirit of tolerance. The individual’s personality and emotional balance are needed. The important aim of education is to develop leadership.

The success of democracy depends on the capabilities of the leadership. In a decentralised government, there is a need for skilled leadership at different levels of administration. Democratic government run by the elected representatives of the people needs expert leadership for the development and progress in every sphere political, economic, social, scientific and cultural. Education should aim at evoking such leadership because without doing this, education cannot make any contribution to democracy.

Question 7.
Bring a synthesis between individual vs. Social aims of education.
Answer:
For better development of individuality and improvement of society, there is a need for a synthesis between the two ‘aims The individual aim if stressed greatly, will produce against, while the extreme emphasis on social aim will create suppressed personalities. Therefore the extreme form of either of them should be avoided.

If we examine both aims dispassionately, we shall find that neither the individual nor the society can exist without each other. Both individual and society are the two parts of a coin. Society is formed with the aggregate of individuals and individuals cannot exist without society. The individual is the product of society, while society finds its advancement in the development of the individual member.

It must be admitted that, the individual cannot develop in a vacuum. He is a social animal. In all walks of life, he is influenced by all who surround him. He can not escape the cultural influences of society. These influences shape the personality makeup of man. His potentialities are stimulated by environmental forces. Therefore, individuality cannot and should not be emphasized by neglecting general human ideals.

In the words of Sir- John Adams.”Individuality requires a social medium to grow, without Social contract we are not human.” Thus, both schools, of thought have made valuable contributions to the art and science of education. The school should try to develop the individuality of children through social contacts and social control, with maximum possible freedom for individuals.

Individuality is not a private possession but is the means through which real good can enter the world. The good of all is the good of each! So the real aim of education may be defined as the highest development of the individual as a member of society. Therefore, we may conclude by saying that the individual and the society may both be regarded as equally important neither of the two being absolutely independent of the other.

Instead of being regarded as isolated entities the individual and the society should be considered as functionally related to each other, the individual acting on the society and the society, re-acting on the individual. The personality of the individual has to be developed, but this cannot be done in. isolation. The individual personality is essentially a product of the interaction between the individual and society.

The claims of the individual as well as the society are equally important. The individual has the right to live on his own, according to one’s needs and desires fie, and must have the freedom to develop himself according to his potentialities and capacity. But his freedom must have its limits. Freedom cannot be allowed to degenerate in science because the right of freedom of everybody has to be protected.

It is here that society and the state should see that the freedom of every individual is safeguarded. But the state should not go beyond this. The state or the society should not curb the freedom of the individual to such an extent that his very growth and development is thwarted. On the other hand, the state should do everything possible to promote the happiness and welfare of each and every member of society.

Individuals should think it is their sacred duty to Work for the welfare and progress of the whole of society. Both the individual and society should work for a common objective. Both have their own sphere of action and work and they should not try to cross the boundaries of their own jurisdiction. In this way, their rate will be complementary to each other and the individual, as well as the society, will grow and develop simultaneously.

Question 8.
Discuss the scope of education.
Answer:
Scope refers to the extent, broad range, comprehensive and variety of learning experiences. So scope means, the extent of the study, range of view, outlook, application, effectiveness and operation. From this education should concern with the whole man. Education is life itself. Its scope is very wide as the whole world, as long as the history of mankind. The following subject matters included the scope of education.

Philosophy of Education:
The philosophy of education is one of the oldest disciplines. Plato devoted his attention to the- nature and content of education. Philosophy and education are related to flowers and fragrances. Philosophy determines all the aspects of education-nature of education, curriculum, method of teaching, nature of textbooks, nature of discipline, evaluations, role of the teacher, school/organisation etc. and education makes them practical. So philosophy and education are interrelated.

Educational Sociology:
To Prof Ottaway, Education can be studied from many different points of view. What is called the sociology of education? Education is an activity which goes on the society. Hence, its aims and methods depend on the nature of the society in which it functions. The sociology of education is the study of the relationship between education and society. It is a social study. Since the method is scientific, it is accepted as a branch of social science. This branch of education deals with the aims of education, methods of teaching, administration and supervision, and cultural and religious forces of the society in which they take place.

Educational Psychology:
The child is the central point of education. Education is organised according to the potentialities, developmental level, interests and aptitudes. Educational psychology helps in understanding the child, his nature, interests, abilities, attitudes, power of memory, thinking, imagination, learning habits and personality, learning process and conditions which influence the learning situation.

History of education:
The history of education also comes under the scope of education. By the help of this we understand the gradual development of education, during different periods of history. It also helps us to find a suitable system of education, for the changing needs of our society. It recalls of the past and consciousness for the present and future.

Comparative education:
Comparative education helps us to modify, reform, reorient and improve an educational system. It is the study of a cross-cultural comparison of the structure, operation methods and aims of achievement of various educational systems and practices of the different countries of the world.

Problems and issues of education:
Educational problems and issues are found in the methods of solving these problems. Some of the important problems like vocationalisation of education, problems of population education, non-formal education, y adult education development of a national system of education, religious and moral education, national integration, medium of instruction, improvement of examination system etc. Education cannot achieve progress unless k. studies the problems and finds out their solutions.

Educational Administration and Organisation:
In educational administration and organisation, we study topics like the role of central and state govt, in education, how to build and equip schools, how to organise co-curricular activities how to maintain discipline, how to classify evaluation and promote educational and vocational guidance, how to keep records, how to organise the library, how to frame time table are under the scope of education.

The technique of teaching:
The technique of teaching is also included in the scope of education. The most useful methods are employed in teaching-learning. In order to make education effective we are to study and use various techniques of teaching and learning.

Question 9.
Discuss the Nature of Education.
Answer:
The Nature of Education is as follows:

Education is growth:
Growth is the characteristic of life which- begins from birth and continues till the end of life. It is the result of the constant interaction of the organism with the environment. Experiences result from the natural interaction between the organism and its environment and learning take place in the organism. The entire process of growth and development resulting from learning is called education.

Education is the direction:
Education directs the capacities, attitudes, interests and urges, needs, instincts, tendencies etc. of the individual into the most desirable and socially accepted channels.

Education is an Art of Training:
Education is a conscious purpose to train children to fulfil the responsibilities of adult life. True education is the training of the individual to discriminate between good and evil. It is the training of the intellect, body and mind, training of cooperation, love and sympathy.

Education is influence:
Education is the influence of the environment upon the individual in order to bring about healthy change in his habits of the behaviour of thought and attitude. Through such influences, he develops those capacities which enable him to control influence and to adjust to his environment realise the possibilities and fulfil them in a socially desirable manner.

Education is the modification of behaviour:
Education changes instinctive behaviour into human behaviour. It gives a new shape to the child. Education helps this child to know the world. It enables him what he is and what he is not.

Education is a continuous reconstruction of experience:
Education has been defined as growth which is a process of transformation from the order to the new order of life. It reorganises experiences to make the child relevant to the need of life and in the process, the individual and the society grow. New ideas, new values, new attitudes and new interests develop from new experiences and the dynamism of life.

Question 10.
Discuss the process of education.
Answer:
The process of education is as follows:

Education is a lifelong process:
Education is a lifelong process and there is no end to education. It starts right from the cradle and ends in the graveyard. Education is not confined to a definite place or environment. The task of imparting education can not be limited to some definite persons like teachers or instructors. At every moment of one’s life, there are situations that provide a learning experience. Thus education is life and life is education.

Education-A.Bipolar process:
Adams in his book “Evolution of Educational. Theory” has advocated education as a bipolar process and that bipolar education has two poles. In his words – “There must always be a teacher or educator pole and a pupil or educand pole and pupil or educand pole”. We should not think of education with one pole. Thus, in the process of education, Moliere is the interaction between the teacher and the child.

The teacher tries to mould and modify the behaviour of the child so that he later” develops his personality to the full. In this way, with the active cooperation of the teacher and the child the processor’s education goes on smoothly and effectively.

Education-A tri-polar process:
Sir, A.E. Adamson proposed this tri-polar process, the theory of education. This is the modem concept of education, It is maintained that all education is taking place in the society or social environment. The total environment of the child becomes the basic source of education. John Dewey, says that education is not a bi-polar process but it is a tripolar process.

John Dewey recognises the importance of the psychological side, which includes the study of the child’s needs, interests, capacities, and talents. He has also laid great stress on the sociological side. He believes that society plays a vital role in this process of education. When the child participates in the social situation and there is an interaction between him and the social environment. So the third pole is the social environment or social fillies. Thus, the Tripolar process involves three things:

• the teacher
• the taught
• the social environment.

Education-A dynamic process:
Education is not confined to certain fixed rules and regulations. It is a dynamic process. It includes all the aspects of this fast-changing world, It is this dynamic aspect of education, which enables the individual to face future problems of life.

Education-A deliberate process:
The process of education is not only conscious but also deliberate. The educator is fully aware of the fact that his aim is to develop the personality of the child along definite lines through the modification of his behaviour.

Education-A psychological and sociological process:
According to the psychological aspect of the process, the educator. must understand the nature, interests, capacities and limitations of the child. A sociological aspect implies that the educator must also interpret the endowments of the child in a social setting.

Question 11.
Discuss the aims of Secondary Education.
Answer:
Since the inception of the modern education system in the country, the aim of education has undergone great changes. However, the aims of secondary education can be discussed in the following manner.

Development of democratic citizenship:
India is a democratic country which needs efficient citizens for smooth functioning. Education should shoulder the responsibility of providing training to children in democratic citizenship. Democratic citizenship involves many intellectual, social and moral qualities. It should develop the capacity for clear thinking and receptivity to new ideas.

It should bring about the development of all the innate capacities of the child. It should cultivate in the children an openness of mind and heart so that they become capable of entertaining of the diversities in various fields. It should include a true spirit of world citizenship in the children.

Improvement of vocational efficiency:
Our present national situation demands that the productive or mechanical and vocational efficiency of our students should be increased. This involves an appreciation of the dignity of work as well as the realization of that self-fulfillment and national prosperity is only possible through work. There is also a need to promote technical skill and proficiency so as to provide trained and efficient personnel to work out a scheme of industrial and technological advancement. This is possible through a diversified curriculum at the secondary stage.

Development of personality:
The students should be trained to appreciate their cultural heritage and to contribute in later life, to the development of the heritage. The pupil’s whole personality, emotional life, social impulses, constructive talents, his artistic talents etc. are to be looked after by education. It is therefore recommended that the curriculum should include subjects like art, craft, music, dancing and the development of hobbies which will be in the development of the whole personality of the students.

Education for leadership :
For a democracy to function successfully requires that all its people should be trained to discharge their duties and responsibilities efficiently. This involves training in discipline as well as leadership. Primary education will inculcate the capacity for discipline work in the pupils whereas university education will train leadership at the highest level in different walks of life. The special function of Secondary education is to train personnel Who Will be able to assume the responsibility or leadership in the social, political, industrial and cultural fields, in their small own group or community of locality.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 1 Fundamental of Education Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education 1 Fundamental of Education Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the nature of education.
Answer:
The nature of education is:

1. Education is growth,
2. Education is training,
3. Education is the continuous reconstruction of experience,
4. Education is life,
5. Education is a lifelong process,
6. Education is direction.

Question 2.
Explain the narrow meaning of education.
Answer:
Education is narrow in the sense it is limited by the four walls of the classroom. It has no external experience in it. The child learns from textbooks and has no outside experience.

Question 3.
Give the elements of formal agency.
Ans.
The elements of formal agencies are:

• it aims,
• curriculum,
• teaching methods,
• the teacher, and
• interaction of teacher and taught.

Question 4.
Give the elements of informal agency of education.
Answer:
The elements of informal agencies of education are-

• aims,
• curriculum,
• methods of teaching,
• teacher,
• communication of opinions etc.

Question 5.
Give the developmental work of education:
Answer:
The developmental works of education are-It aim at novelty. It aims at the development of man, society and state, its existence, progress, reformation and prosperity. It eradicates ignorance and blind beliefs.

Question 6.
Educational functional radio?
Answer:
The educational functions of radio are:

• improvement of language,
• development of culture and civilization,
• leisure time entertainment,
• spiritual and religious consciousness,

Question 7.
Three educational functions of school?
Answer:
The educational functions of the school are:

• character building,
• development of leadership,
• development of social efficiency,
• social reconstruction etc.

Question 8.
Give the educational role of the community.
Answer:
The educational role of the community is as follows:
It controls the learning centres. It finances the learning centres. Appointment of qualified teachers and supply of aids.

Question 9.
Give three aims and objectives of pre-primary education.
Answer:
To provide a healthy environment to the children. To promote a healthy, happy and regular life. To develop good health habits and habits like toilet habits, dressing, washing cleaning etc.

Question 10.
Give three aims of elementary education.
Answer:
To understand and practise desirable social relationships. To appreciate worthwhile activities. To develop a sound body and moral mental attitudes.

Question 11.
Education is the continuous reconstruction of experience.
Answer:
To John Dewey, the experience of all individuals involves the situation. So continuous reconstruction of experience gives a more socialized value. Through the process activities undergo changes.

Question 12.
Explain the democratic aim of education.
Answer:
Democratic government demands educated people. Education can generate and instil the qualities that democracy demands, The aim of the state is to achieve the highest moral value through education. Democratic aim aimed all-round development of personality.

Question 13.
Civic function.
Answer:
The child learns the first lesson of citizenship between the mother’s kiss and the father’s care. The child learns various civic virtues in the family. It develops the quality, of discipline, cooperation and tolerance.

Question 14.
Give three aims of Higher Secondary Education.
Answer:
Providing job training is an important function of vocational education. To develop an awareness of social problems. To lead them to participate in productive work. To inculcate a positive attitude of teamwork, the dignity of labour, cooperation etc.

Question 15.
Education and training.
Answer:
Education is meant for training the individual to discharge certain responsibilities. Primary education is meant for the acquisition of knowledge and skills. In preparation for teachers, there is a definite curriculum. So modem concept of education is training only.

Question 16.
Give three objectives of secondary education.
Answer:
To promote social virtues, intellectual development and practical skills of students. To develop literacy, artistic and cultural interests for expression. To inculcate the qualities necessary for living efficiently with one’s fellowmen.

Question 17.
Three characteristics of nonformal education.
Answer:

• It is deliberately organised and systematically complemented.
• It provides part-time instruction for non-enrolled children.
• It aimed to wipe out and eradicate illiteracy.
• It is organised outside the formal system of education
• It is diversified, flexible and open-ended.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by child-centred education?
Answer:
In child-centred education, more stress is given to students or children rather than to teachers. In this education, Children are considered the focal point of Education. In this education, a teacher should have better knowledge about children rather than other aspects. By this education, the innate potentialities of children can be expressed. This is known as child-centred education.

Question 2.
Explain the aim of child-centred education.
Answer:
Education should help the educand for complete living leading to balanced, harmonious, useful and natural life. The supreme aim of child-centred education is a generous and liberal cultivation of the innate endowment of the child. What is artificial is evil and what is natural is good.

Hence, the natural child should not receive education in the artificial society. His education should be negative on non-social by nature. It is a part of preventive education which protects the child from social evils. Education is not a preparation for life, but rather a preparation against the social condition in which the child lives.

Question 3.
What type of correlation should be adopted- in child-centred education? Explain.
Answer:
In child-centred education, the curriculum should be based on the needs, interests, abilities, aptitudes, developmental level and circumstances of the child. It should provide rich experiences to children for proper development. The child is to be prepared for life. The curriculum for handicapped children cannot be the same as for average students. In other words, it should revolve around the child because the child is the central factor in the curriculum.

Question 4.
Explain the methods which have suited to child-centred education.
Answer:
In child-centred education methods of education are child-centred. Some of the methods which are used in child-centred education are the kindergarten method, play-way method, Montessori method, project method, Dalton plan, learning by doing or experiential learning. by living. Method of individual instruction.

Various teaching devices like exposition and explanation, narration and description, stories and illustrations like maps, models, charts, pictures, diagrams, graphs and various other audio-visual aids ate used. Maxims of teaching like proceeding from known, to unknown simple to complex, concrete to abstract, empirical to rational and psychological to logical are followed.

Question 5.
Explain the role of the teacher in child-centred education.
Answer:
In the child-centred education process, the children are the keyboard and the teachers are with them very consciously. The curriculum in different stages like primary, higher primary and secondary are prepared to take into the age, intelligence, interest, attitude, Knowledge and need of the child.

The teacher does not impose any matter rather he inspires the child in which the child is more interested. The teacher presents the problem before the child and guides how the activities are done to achieve the goal. The teacher adopts the play way method and other suitable methods for imparting knowledge and evaluation.

Question 6.
Define character building aim of education.
Answer:
The one essential aim of education is character building. Education consists of the cultivation of certain human values and the development of attitudes and habits which constitute the character of a person. Gandhi gave top priority to character education. This meant that the purpose of education is to develop courage, strength and vitality. Education for the character is the need of the hour in India. Today various commissions of Indian education have laid down that building character is one of the most important aims of Indian education.

Question 7.
What are the aims of vocationalisation of education?
Answer:
Vocationalisation of education makes education economically self¬sufficient. It helps the child in his post-school adjustability and stimulates his observation and arouses his thoughts and feelings. Vocational education is the only hope for children with lower intelligence. It bridges the gulf between the elite class and the general masses. These are the main aims of the vocationalisation of education.

Question 8.
What do you mean by the social aim of education?
Answer:
The supporters of the social aim of education behave the society or the state alone as real and the individual is only a means and therefore, must always work for the. welfare and progress of the society on the state. They, therefore hold that an individual should be educated for the good of society. The interests of society are supreme and the position of the individual is always subordinate to that of the state.

The supporters of social aim cannot think of an individual living and developing in solution from society. As Raymont says, the isolated individual is a figment of the imagination. As long as human beings are civic in society, there will be some subordination of individuality to the public or social needs of society.

Question 9.
What do you mean by the Individual aim of education?
Answer:
The concept of individual development aim is based on the socio-political philosophy that social institutions such as the family, the church, the school and the state exist only four bettering and improving the lives of the individual. The individual is the end and social institutions are the means. Therefore, they justify their existence only if they are conducive to the promotion of individual welfare.

Society, the state and in fact all the social and political institutions exist and work for the welfare of the individual. Therefore, the aim of education should be the fullest possible development of the individual. The school as one of the social institutions for the educand offers an environment conducive to development. Education should aim at training the individual.

Question 10.
Write a synthesis, between the individual and social aims of education.
Answer:
Society and man are integrally connected. Just like the two sides of the same coin individual and society, the individual and social aims of education interact between society and the individual. The individual is an integral part of the vast society, thus for the round development of the individual all-around development of the whole human society and the world is badly needed. Society is formed by the individuals by the development and welfare of the individual and the welfare of the human society is possible.

Question 11.
What is Informal education?
Answer:
Informal education is that education which occurs automatically in the process of living. It continues as the child grows up. Informal education is just the opposite of formal education. The child in the individual learns -from out-of-school or college influences. He leams from his home and the community, where he spends most of his time. Informal education consists of activities Other than formal instruction. It is not planned at all. Good informal education plays a vital role. It prepares the child for formal education.

Question 12.
What do you mean by formal education?
Answer:
Nowadays the teaching-learning process is made functional through formal agencies of education. These agencies have their own rules and regulations, curriculum, aims, teachers, and periods which are previously fixed. According to those rules, the formal agencies of education are functioning. Besides this magic hall, libraries are included in the formal agency has great importance in modem social environments and situations.

Question 13.
What do you mean by ‘Non-formal education’?
Answer:
Non-formal education is formal education but is not given formally in set institutions like schools during fixed hours. There is a tremendous need for non-formal education in developing countries in India. On the one hand, it is needed to make illiterates literate and on the other, it is needed for those whose desire for education is insatiable but cannot afford it in formal institutions. The correspondence course is one example of non-formal education.

Question 14.
Distinguish between active and passive agencies of education.
Answer:
The active agencies of education are active and play a prominent role in imparting education. These agencies play their role through the interaction of persons involved in the educational process. The school is an active agent of education since the teachers and the pupils interact with each other. The family is an active agent of education as the parents and the children interact with each other.

Besides the school and the family, other active agencies are the church, state, the youth club etc. The passive agencies of education are those agencies which influence learners but are not themselves influenced in return. In their case, education is a one-way process. The educational radio, educational press, and the library are some of the important passive agencies of education.

Question 15.
What is the function of the school as a formal agency?
Answer:
School is the most important formal agency of education set up by the society or state. It is a well-established, organised and systematic organisation which imparts useful experience to the youngsters conservation and promotion of culture and civilization is one of the functions of the school. Besides, it builds the character of the learner and prepares the child to face the challenge of life. It evolves the leadership attitude of the child and gives gratification to his latent powers. The school acts as quite active agent in social control and social change.

Question 16.
Explain the functions of the family.
Answer:
The functions of the family are as follows:
The family helps in maintaining the physical health of the child. The character of the child is built in the family. It plays role in the intellectual development of the child. The child is acquainted with the family vocations to earn living.  It helps in the free expression of die child. The family plays an indispensable role in the development of the interests of the child.

Question 17.
Explain the objectives of non-formal education.
Answer:
Non-formal education has the following objectives:
Understanding the environment and conditions and arousing awareness of the need to make changes in it. Generating faith in science and technology knowledge and encouraging the individual to adopt their skills. Creating the capacity to learn by working and to increase one’s skills. Utilising acquired experiences in new situations. Performing the role of an agency for bringing the desired changes in history.

Question 18.
Discuss the role of radio as an agency of education.
Answer:
Radio is one of the passive agencies of education. Through this students can be able to read from great teachers and education. The students whose eyes are not capable to look are to get knowledge from this, we can get a lot of materials from the radio which is not present in our textbooks. Through radio, students can get knowledge about all over the world. Through radio, students can get an education at home without going to school.

Question 19.
Discuss the role of television as an agency of education.
Answer:
Television has brought a revolutionary change in the field of education. A student can get an education from great teachers and educators without going to school and taking anybody’s help. Through television, an educand can see the educators like him and also hears the answers given by them. If television teaching-learning processes are shown separately then students can not feel the necessity of school.

Question 20.
The role of cinema as an agency of education.
Answer:
Cinema is more important than drama. The role of cinema is as follows: It imparts education through attractive methods. The vast expanse of land, time, things incidents of inventions is produced with a few records. Education is imparted along with recreation.

Direct presentation of the smallest part of the body like blood circulation, blood bacteria etc is possible.  It imparts cheap education. It maintains us and adult education is imparted through it. The knowledge of the world, plant and animal kingdom is known from geographical situations.

Question 21.
Give the educational function of this state.
Answer:
The educational function of the state is as follows:

• Appointment of qualified teachers.
• Establishment of educational institutions.
• Training of ideal citizenship.
• To control educational institutions.
• Encourage research work.
• To bring reformation in education and set up commissions and committees.

Question 22.
Explain the educational functions of the home.
Answer:
The educational functions of the home include:

• Development of knowledge and
• cultural transmission and conservation.

Educational development is the role of the family. Literate parents affect the children and they become educated. Home helps in the mental development of the child. Secondly, cultural transmission is possible through interaction. The child learns about cultures from home and tries to conserve them. This is done generation-wise. One generation inherits culture from another generation.

Question 23.
Liberal aims of education.
Answer:
Plato condemned vocational education: Liberal education consists of studies that were fine and worthy of free man for liberal means free liberal education in Greece was meant for the self-suffering life of leisure to thinking for its own sake. Liberal education consisted of tools in the study of seven liberal arts, grammar, history and geography, rhetoric and astronomy. It is the study of classical literature.

Question 24.
Character building aim of education.
Answer:
The highest love for man is called morality. So man is considered as a moral being and has education consists in the cultivation of socially approved behaviour The man-making aspect of education reveals the idea of character formation. Every human being possesses this tendency, the higher intelligence known as morality, The Gurucul system of education emphasizes the character-building aim of education. Moral qualities like justice, sincerity, honesty, tolerance, self-control etc. make an individual socially efficient.

Question 25.
Complete living aims of education.
Answer:
The complete living aim of education includes- It should teach one. how to earn a living. It should prepare the pupils fOr social and socially political duties. Education should teach the art of self-preservation. It should ensure survival by imparting knowledge about bearing and hearing children. It should equip one for the enjoyment of the retirement of culture art literature and the like.

Question 26.
Citizenship Aim of education.
Answer:
Education is to prepare the individual for the different roles he has to perform in life. In a democratic society, the political role is to be played as important. As a citizen an individual has certain rights, education for citizenship should train him to discharge his duties and make him conscious of his rights. Education for citizenship results only in training to work out the political machinery and democracy such as the election of responsible executives to worry about public business legislation through discussions and debates.

Question 27.
Educational characteristics of Non- formal education.
Answer:
It is organised outside the formal system of education. It is deliberately organised and systematically implemented. It is life long process. It is diversified j flexible and open-ended. It provides part-time in the situation of non-filled children. To wipe out and eradicate illiteracy.

Question 28.
Aims and objectives of pre-primary education.
Answer:
To provide a healthy environment to the children. To promote a healthy, happy and regular life. To provide continuous medical supervision. To assist in the formation of healthy and good habits. To develop desirable social attitudes and habits with children. To develop an aesthetic sense of all children.

Question 29.
Aims of elementary education.
Answer:
To Understand and practise desirable social relationships. To cultivate, habits of critical thinking. To develop round body and moral mental attitudes. To develop basic skills and independence. To develop social responsibility and cooperation to improve social institutions. To develop all the constructive talents.

Question 30.
Education is a social process.
Answer:
Education as a social process continues from birth to death. Behaviour is modified interaction from person to person, and wish group. Social interaction brings desirable social, and economic value to education. The social processes as bipolar and tri-polar processes interact with the environment and a better experience is gathered by the child.

Question 31.
What are the merits of radio as a mass media?
Answer:
Radio is one of the mass media systems of education useful in the following ways

• It gives information about the happening of the world, from any comer of the world.
• Through Vidyalaya programmes, the school subjects are taught by experts.
• It facilitates learning the outside campus.
• It arises interest in tearing.
• What cannot be understood in the classroom can be felt and understood through radio programmes.

Question 32.
Give the important role of education of TV as a mass media system.
Answer:
In modem times TV- has become an important audiovisual and the mass roles played by it are as follows- Different school subjects are taught through TV programmes. TV programmes are educative and informative, giving various information about the world like science, plays interviews, business matters, music and documentary films.

When we see experiments on TV screens through tale lessons, interest arouses, it develops an interest to study science. TV programmes arises the feeling of national integration1 and international understanding among the students.

Question 33.
What is the function of school as an agency of education?
Answer:
The school as the most important formula agency of education -$s a well-organized education centre that imparts the following functions- It provides useful, experiences for youngsters. It promotes and conserves -our culture and civilization. It builds the character of the learner. It develops the quality of leadership, tolerance, and cooperation. It helps to develop the latent powers of the pupil. It acts as the social control and social change and develops the child with social qualities.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 3 Education and Society Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Unit 3 Education and Society Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Test Questions with Answers

Question 1.
International Education Commission (1996) report includes?
(a) Learning to learn/know
(b) Learning to do/perform
(c) Learning to live together
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 2.
National quality movement commission 1985 was formed in?
(a) UK
(b) USA
(c) USSR
(d) France
Answer:
(b) USA

Question 3.
Some education movements took place in 1985 in ________?
(a) China
(b) India
(c) Germany
(d) Japan
Answer:
(b) India

Question 4.
Best Education in school white paper was published in 1985 in ___________?
(a) Australia
(b) UK
(c) USSR
(d) France
Answer:
(b) UK

Question 5.
Despite education, integration took place in 1984 in __________?
(a) USA
(b) USSR
(c) France
(d) Japan
Answer:
(b) USSR

Question 6.
The national quality movement took place in 1983 in __________?
(a) UK
(b) USA
(c) USSR
(d) Germany
Answer:
(b) USA

Question 7.
Does globalization mean as ___________?
(a) Universalization
(b Liberalization
(c) Internationalization
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 8.
The powerful instrument of social change is __________?
(a) Education
(b) Law
(c) Industrialization
(d) Universalization
Answer:
(a) Education

Question 9.
In which year education includes in the concurrent list?
(a) 1948
(b) 1956
(c) 1976
(d) 1986
Answer:
(c) 1976

Question 10.
Women’s India Association (WIA) was founded by Anniebestant in
(a) 1915
(b) 1917
(c) 1947
(d) 1948
Answer:
(b) 1917

Question 11.
The all India women’s conference (AIWC) was founded in __________?
(a) 1917
(b) 1927
(c) 1915
(d) 1925
Answer:
(b) 1927

Question 12.
Which constitutional amendment provides one-third reservation of women in panchayat and municipalities?
(a) 73rd
(b) 74rd
(c) 13rd
(d) 43rd
Answer:
(b) 74th

Question 13.
Who demanded equal political rights for women with men in 1935?
(a) Annie Besant
(b) Sarojini Naidu
(c) Nandini Satpaili
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Sarojini Naidu

Question 14.
The declaration of universal Human Rights was made in ___________?
(a) 1948
(b) 1946
(c) 1947
(d) 1964
Answer:
(a) 1948

Question 15.
Which article states equal pay for equal work for both men and women?
(a) 39(a)
(b) 39(d)
(c) 45(a)
(d) 39(c)
Answer:
(b) 39(d)

Question 16.
Which article ensures equality before the law?
(a) Article – 14
(b) Article – 15
(c) Article – 15 (3)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Article – 14

Question 17.
Which article prohibits any discriminative with men and women?
(a) Article 15
(b) Article 45
(c) Article 15 (3)
(d) Article 14
Answer:
(a) Article 15

Question 18.
In which state was the National Integration Conflict seen in 1994?
(a) Australia
(b) UK
(c) Russia
(d) France
Answer:
(e) Russia

Question 19.
Best Education in School white paper was published in 1985 at _________?
(a) Australia
(b) UK
(c) Russia
(d) France
Answer:
(b) UK

Question 20.
The rate of social change is ______?
(a) Equal
(b) Unequal
(c) Not similar
(d) Changeable
Answer:
(c) Not similar

Question 21.
Social change is transformation _________ whose definition is this?
(a) K. Device
(b) Lundburg
(c) S. Keming
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) S. Kenning

Question 22.
Which organization provides finance to women?
(a) DRDA
(b) IRDP
(c) DWCRA
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) DWCRA

Question 23.
From which word is ‘Stratification’ derived?
(a) Stratus
(b) Stratum
(c) Strata
(d) Stratesco
Answer:
(c) Strata

Question 24.
An education revolution was seen 1985?
(a) Germany
(b) China
(c) India
(d) Japan
Answer:
(c) India

Question 25.
Where National Qualitative Revolution started in 1993?
(a) UK
(b) USA
(c) USSR
(d) Germany
Answer:
(b) USA

Question 26.
What is the meaning of globalization?
(a) Universalization
(b) Liberalization
(c) Internationalism
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 27.
Social Stratification is a division of the same level of society, who’s definition is this?
(a) Lundburg
(b) T.P. Jasbat
(c) Ullimous
(d) K. Device
Answer:
(a) Lundburg

Question 28.
Which is the main organ of social change?
(a) Society
(b) Education
(c) Culture
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Education

Question 29.
Generation-wise mobility is _________?
(a) the Same stratification
(b) Intra-generation wise
(c) Social
(d) de-mobility
Answer:
(b) Intra generation wise

Question 30.
Which commission recommended vocational education?
(a) Kothari commission
(b) Secondary education commission
(c) Hunter Commission
(d) Hartog committee
Answer:
(c) Hunter Commission

Question 31.
Learning is the treasure within – whose subject matter it is?
(a) Kothari commission
(b) NPE-1986
(c) Hunter Commission
(d) International Education Commission
Answer:
(d) International Education Commission

Question 32.
When International Education Commission submitted its report?
(a) 1993
(b) 1996
(c) 1998
(d) 1995
Answer:
(b) 1996

Question 33.
If a person leaves the work of worship, and points in Govt, or service, which mobility is this?
(a) Horizontal mobility
(b) Vertical mobility
(c) Upward mobility
(d) Vocational mobility
Answer:
(d) Vocational mobility

Question 34.
Social stratification divides the classes and they are interrelated. Whose definition is this?
(a) Lundburg
(b) T.P. Jasbat
(c) Ullius
(d) K. Device
Answer:
(b) T.P. Jasbat

Question 35.
A clerk when promoted to an officer, the lecturer is promoted to a Principal, What type of mobility is that _________?
(a) Horizontal
(b) Vertical mobility
(c) Upward
(d) Downward
Answer:
(b) Vertical mobility

Question 36.
When a person moves from one position to another position what type of mobility is this?
(a) Horizontal
(b) Vertical
(c) Vocational
(d) Intra-generational
Answer:
(b) Vertical mobility

Question 37.
In social stratification changing shelter place, service what type of mobility it is?
(a) Vocational
(b) Intra-Generational
(c) Horizontal
(d) Vertical
Answer:
(c) Horizontal

Question 38.
Transform action in thought and activity belongs to is a social change who told this?
(a) Maclver and Page
(b) S. Kenning
(c) LunelBurg
(d) M.D. Jonson
Answer:
(d) M.D. Jonson

Completion Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Modem world education tendency is ___________?
Answer:
Globalization

Question 2.
Every country, has the tendency to develop ___________ system of education?
Answer:
National

Question 3.
Open Universities are established due to the __________ development?
Answer:
Media

Question 4.
The term global is used in the sense of being _________?
Answer:
Worldwide

Question 5.
Treasure of knowledge within 1996 describes ________ for 21st Century?
Answer:
Four pillars

Question 6.
National Quality Commission, was formed in the USA in _________?
Answer:
UNESCO

True / False Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Nationalism means a national system of education (True / False).
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Globalization means an international system of education (True / False).
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Globalization means modernization (True / False).
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Globalization means internationalism (True / False).
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Britain published a white paper in 1990 for the transformation of education (True / False).
Answer:
True

Question 6.
USA formed a quality movement in 1987 (True/ False).
Answer:
True

Question 7.
The challenges of the education movement were formed in India in 1985 (True / False).
Answer:
True

Answer In single sentences as directed

Question 1.
Which factors mostly affect women’s education?
Answer:
The socio-cultural factor and economic factors mostly affect women’s education.

Question 2.
To fulfill the objectives of women’s education what are the efforts made?
Answer:
The efforts of Operation Black Board, DPEP programs, and SSA, are made to fulfill the objectives of women’s education.

Question 3.
What do you mean by social change?
Answer:
Social change refers to the movement of social progress, social interaction, or social organization.

Question 4.
What is a social change to K. Device?
Answer:
To K. Device By social change alternation that occurs in social organization, the structure and the functions of the society.

Question 5.
What is a social change in Ogburn?
Answer:
To Ogburn, Social change means a change with culture, and its chief factors are material and non-material culture.

Question 6.
Give three causes for social changes at least?
Answer:
The main causes of social changes are the impact of science and technology, the role of war, and the actions of exceptional individuals, etc.

Question 7.
What are the main roles of education in social change?
Answer:
The conservative role, the progressive role, and the neutral role is the main role of education in social change.

Question 8.
What are the agents of social change?
Answer:
Population growth wars and voluntary Acts of individuals are the agents of major social changes.

Question 9.
What are the cultural factors in social change?
Answer:
Cultural factors like material culture, dogmatic beliefs, ideologies, etc. lead to social change.

Question 10.
What are the demographic factors of social, change?
Answer:
The demographic factors that determine the population, its size, numbers composition, density, social distribution, etc. help in social change.

Question 11.
Which includes education in the concurrent list?
Answer:
The constitutional Amendment of 1976, includes education in the concurrent list.

Question 12.
What is globalization?
Answer:
Globalization describes the cross-border relations between countries. It describes the growth in international exchange and interdependence.

Question 13.
Social change belongs to which process?
Answer:
It is a continuous process.

Question 14.
On which basis social changes are seen?
Answer:
Through modification and replacement, social changes are seen.

Question 15.
What do we call them, those who cultivate the land of landlords?
Answer:
Those who cultivate the land of landlords we call slaves or serfs.

Question 16.
Give an example of horizontal mobility?
Answer:
When a student leaves a school and joins another school with the same class, and a labor leader leaves one firm and works in same another firm.

Question 17.
What is vertical mobility?
Answer:
When a changes his stratification or position that is called vertical mobility.

Question 18.
Give the parts of social stratification?
Answer:
The classification of social stratifications is the slave system, landlord system, cast system, and class system.

Question 19.
In the slave system how society is divided?
Answer:
In the slave system, society is divided into two classes, such as – master and slave.

Question 20.
Given the definitions of Lundberg’s social stratification?
Answer:
To Lundburg, a stratified society is known as an unequal society and high or low differences among the people.

Question 21.
What is according to Moris Ginsburg, social change?
Answer:
The social change, the social structure such as the social structure in the definite organization and its change with classification is a social change to Moris Ginsberg.

Question 22.
Social change refers to cultural changes – whose opinion is this?
Answer:
To Ogburn, social change refers to cultural change.

Question 23.
Which is the main agency of social change?
Answer:
Education is the main agency of social change.

Question 24.
What is social stratification?
Answer:
The division of society is known as social stratification.

Question 25.
From where stratification word is derived?
Answer:
From the Latin word, ‘strata’ stratification is derived.

Question 26.
What is social stratification to Raymond W. Murry?
Answer:
To Raymond Murray, Social stratification is the horizontal division that divides society into low and high grades.

Question 27.
What is social stratification to Willson?
Answer:
To Willsons, social stratification refers to the measurement of the equality among the superiority and inferiority in the society, i.e. low caste and high caste similarity.

Question 28.
Give one pillar of the international education commission?
Answer:
Learning to know is one pillar of the international education commission.

Question 29.
Give one definition of Globalization?
Answer:
Generally, globalization refers to productivity, communication, and development in science and technology.

Question 30.
Give the subjects of Globalisation?
Answer:
The subjects, of globalization, are supra territoriality rapid production, growth of multinational companies, and open market, etc.

Question 31.
Give examples of vertical stratification?
Answer:
Examples of vertical stratifications are individual classes, & vocations and positions promotions, etc &.the example of the promotion of a lecturer to the principal.

Question 32.
Give an example of social mobility?
Answer:
The elements of social Mobility are horizontal mobility, vertical mobility, vocational mobility, intra-generational mobility etc.

Question 33.
What is vocational mobility?
Answer:
Vocational mobility refers to mobility from one profession or vocation to another vocation.

Question 34.
Give the example of vocational mobility?
Answer:
When a man of worship leaves his profession and joins agriculture or other services as a vocation.

Question 35.
What is the other name of vocational mobility?
Answer:
The other name of vocational mobility is professional mobility.

Question 36.
What is the term globalization?
Answer:
Globalization refers to international understanding and cooperation, universal brotherhood, and modem citizenship when developed by new trends of education is called globalization.

Question 37.
What are the two main factors that affect women’s education?
Answer:
The two factors with socio-cultural factors arid economic factors affect women’s education.

Question 38.
What are the other factors that motivate women’s education?
Answer:
Other factors like the distance of the school, absence of female teachers, absence of Girls schools, insufficient number of teachers, lack of basic amenities, lack of methods, and lack of incentives affect women’s education.

Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
In 1951 world education conference was held in ________?
Answer:
Parish

Question 2.
_______ education commission emphasizes vocational education?
Answer:
N.P.E. 1986

Question 3.
By ________ National Education Day is decided?
Answer:
NPE 1986

Question 4.
According to D’Souza every school should perform two activities such as _________?
Answer:
Citizenship training and social service education.

Question 5.
evokes loyalty to country and patriotism as _________?
Answer:
Nationalism

Question 6.
National education organization is built in _________?
Answer:
1920

Question 7.
Does stratification divide the world into and ________?
Answer:
Haves and have not’s

Question 8.
Social stratification divides society into different classes by _________?
Answer:
T.P Jasbat.

Question 9.
Every society is changing but not _________?
Answer:
Static.

Question 10.
By ________ transformation of any organization is social change?
Answer:
Jones.

Question 11.
_________ and _________ is social change?
Answer:
Institutional and Stratification.

Question 12.
The social change nature and speed is influenced by ________?
Answer:
Time factor.

Question 13.
Social change is a __________ process?
Answer:
Continuous process

Question 14.
Social change is _________?
Answer:
Universal

Question 15.
One main agency of social change is __________?
Answer:
Education

Question 16.
Every caste is considered _________ a group?
Answer:
Intradwelling.

Question 17.
Does every caste have a _________?
Answer:
Family vocation.

Question 18.
The Slave system continued long days in __________?
Answer:
South Africa

Question 19.
The other name of vocational mobility is __________?
Answer:
Professional mobility

Question 20.
Changing of one position to another in changing states is known as __________?
Answer:
Vertical mobility

Question 21.
When a person moves up a ward of acquired status position is ___________?
Answer:
Upward vertical mobility.

Question 22.
When there is no change in a caste, the existence of society is ___________?
Answer:
Downward vertical mobility.

Question 23.
When mobility is seen from one location to another is ____________?
Answer:
Vocational mobilility

Question 24.
No change is social status in social change is ___________?
Answer:
Horizontal mobility

Question 25.
Change of activity / works with social status is ___________?
Answer:
Vertical mobility

Correct the errors (Correct the error of the portion underlined)

Question 1.
Society is divided into Masters and Landlords?
Answer:
Society was divided into master and slave.

Question 2.
The serfs occupied high positions in the society?
Answer:
The serfs occupied a low position in society.

Question 3.
The rate of social change is always equal?
Answer:
The rate of social change is unequal.

Question 4.
Social change is not influenced by cultural changes?
Answer:
Social change is always influenced by cultural changes.

Question 5.
Social change is not universal?
Answer:
Social change is universal.

Question 6.
The only agency of social change is culture?
Answer:
The only best agency of social change is education.

Question 7
Does social change refer to the change in society?
Answer:
Social change refers to a change in culture.

Question 8.
The real meaning of social change is the rich-poor difference?
Answer:
The real meaning of social change is a high-low difference.

Question 9.
The society was divisible into master and land owner?
Answer:
Society is divisible into master and slave.

Question 10.
Social change is worse than cultural change?
Answer:
Cultural change is wider than social change.

Question 11.
Cultural change is a part of social change?
Answer:
Social change is a part of cultural changes.

Question 12.
Does globalization discourage democratic participation?
Answer:
Globalization encourages democratic participation.

Question 13.
To Maclver any change of the organization is social change?
Answer:
To Jones, any font of the organization is social change.

Question 14.
To Jones, the change in social relationships is social change?
Answer:
To MacIver, the change in social relationships is social change.

Question 15.
Social change is the change of sum total of villages?
Answer:
Social change is the flange of sum total of the community.

Question 16.
Social changes are mainly created through transformation and globalization?
Answer:
Social changes are mainly created through transformation and displacement.

Question 17.
To Ogbuny cultural change refers to social changes?
Answer:
To Ogbuny social change refers to cultural changes.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class History Book Solutions

Unit 1 Early Societies

• Early Societies Objective & Short Answer Type Questions
• Early Societies Long Answer Questions

Unit 2 Ancient Greece

• Ancient Greece Objective & Short Answer Type Questions
• Ancient Greece Long Answer Questions

Unit 3 Changing Traditions

• Changing Traditions Objective & Short Answer Type Questions
• Changing Traditions Long Answer Questions

Unit 4

• Unit 4 Objective & Short Answer Type Questions
• Unit 4 Long Answer Questions

Unit 5

• Unit 5 Objective Questions
• Unit 5 Short Answer Questions
• Unit 5 Long Answer Questions Part-1
• Unit 5 Long Answer Questions Part-2

CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Syllabus

HISTORY
First Year (Paper-I)
History of the World

UNIT-I

1. History: Meaning and Relevance
2. History of Human Evolution:
   a) The Precursor of Modern Human Beings
   b) Modern Human Beings:
   i. Early Humans ways of obtaining food.
   ii. Habitat -Trees to caves and open air sites.
   iii. Making of tools
   iv. Modes of communications – Language and art.
   c) Epilogue – Domestication of animals, and plants; Development of farming and pastoralism as a way of life.
3. Contributions of Ancient River Valley Civilisation:
   a) Egypt, b) Mesopotamia, c) China

UNIT-II

1. Ancient Greece:
   a) Rise of city states – Athens and Sparta, b) Evolution of Direct Democracy, c) Age of Pericles.
2. Ancient Rome:
   a) Society: Composition, Gender, Literacy, Culture, Economic Expansions, Slavery, b) Roman Constitution, c) Julius Caesar: Achievements
3. Feudalism in Europe: Features, Merits, and Demerits.

UNIT-III

1. Major religions:
   a) Christianity, b) Islam
2. Science and Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe between 11th and 17th Centuries: New Ideas and New Trends in Science, Literature, and Art.
3. European Voyages of Explorations (15th to 17th Centuries).
4. Civilisations in Americas: Maya, Aztek, and Inca.

UNIT-IV

1. Innovations and Technological changes: Industrial Revolutions.
2. American War of Independence: Causes and Consequences.
3. French Revolution of 1789: Causes and Significance.

UNIT-V

1. World War-I: Causes and Consequences.
2. Russian Revolution of 1917: Causes and Significance.
3. Events leading to the World War-II.
4. United Nations: Origin, Objectives and Structure.

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
Bureau’s Higher Secondary (+2) History, Published by Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation & Production, Bhubaneswar.