CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions.

Question 1.
Perception is a ________.
(a) Mental process
(b) Physical process
(c) Motor skill
(d) Psychophysiological process.
Answer:
(a) Mental process

Question 2.
Illusions are _________.
(a) False perception
(b) Wrong perception
(c) wrong belief
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) Wrong perception

Question 3.
Hallucination mostly occurs in people suffering from:
(a) Hysteria
(b) Paranoia
(c) Schizophrenia
(d) Myopia
Answer:
(d) Myopia

Question 4.
One of the processes involved in the formation of a concept is:
(a) Classification
(b) Association
(c) Environment
(d) Generalisation
Answer:
(d) Generalisation

Question 5.
One’s ability to distinguish five details is called:
(a) Attention
(b) Sensation
(c) Visual Activity
(d) Apperception
Answer:
(c) Visual Activity

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 6.
Perception of figure and ground is a function of:
(a) Past experience
(b) Structure of the nervous system
(c) Sensation pattern
(d) Insightful learning
Answer:
(b) Structure of the nervous system

Question 7.
The monocular cue to distance in the perspective diagram is:
(a)Terial perspective
(b) Linear Perspective
(c) Gradient of texture
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a)Terial perspective

Question 8.
Pilots usually rely mere on their instruments than on their perception on because of:
(a) Lack of any motion perception
(b) His movement perception
(c) The illusion of induced movements of objects
(d) Rules of the flight manual
Answer:
(a) Lack of any motion perception

Question 9.
Illusion is a perception:
(a) Wrong
(b) False
(c) Correct
(d) Apperception
Answer:
(a) Wrong

Question 10.
Hallucination is more often found in:
(a) Normals
(b) Neurotics
(c) Schizophrenics
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Schizophrenics

Question 11.
Hallucination is a_____ perception.
(a) False
(b) Correct
(c) Wrong
(d) Movement
Answer:
(a) False

Question 12.
Perception is more determined by:
(a) emotion
(b) past experience
(c) thinking
(d) intelligence
Answer:
(b) past experience

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 13.
The basic movement perception used in films is:
(a) visual illusion
(b) motion
(c) perceptual constancy
(d) stroboscopic motion
Answer:
(b) motion

Question 14.
Perceiving a rope as a snake is:
(a) perception
(b) illusion
(c) hallucination
(d) sensation
Answer:
(b) illusion

Question 15.
Perceiving a rope as a rope is:
(a) hallucination
(b) imaginary
(c) perception
(d) illusion
Answer:
(c) perception

Question 16.
When a rope is confused to be a nake, it is called:
(a) illusion
(b) image
(c) hallucination
(d) delusion
Answer:
(a) illusion

Question 17.
Perception involves _____ process.
(a) receptor
(b) symbolic
(c) affective
(d) all These
Answer:
(d) all These

Question 18.
The tendency to see the immobility of objects is called:
(a) color constancy
(b) size constancy
(c) location constancy
(d) brightness constancy
Answer:
(c) location constancy

Question 19.
If a person gets a certain sensation that is not physically present in his environment it is due to the:
(a) illusion
(b) delusion
(c) hypnotism
(d) hallucination
Answer:
(d) hallucination

Question 20.
If an object is perceived without any stimulus value it is called:
(a) delusion
(b) hypnotism
(c) illusion
(d) hallucination
Answer:
(d) hallucination

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 21.
An object in dim illumination can be perceived if is:
(a) familiar
(b)unlluniliar
(c) huge size
(d) colored
Answer:
(a) familiar

Question 22.
A triangle is perceived as a triangle ¡n whatever position related to:
(a) brightness constancy
(b) size constancy
(c) color constancy
(d) shape constancy
Answer:
(d) shape constancy

Question 23.
The principle of proximity in perception suggests that an object is more likely to be perceived if:
(a) it is huge
(b) it is nearer to the perceiver
(c) it is close to the perceiver
(d) the stimuli are close together they, tend to be grouped together.
Answer:
(c) it is close to the perceiver

Question 24.
Apperception refers to the process of:
(a) not allowing new
(b) associating new ideas with old one
(c) substituting new ideas in lace of old ones
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) substituting new ideas in lace of old ones

Question 25.
When two stimuli are presented and one perceives one thing in relation to the other it is called:
(a) Simultaneous perception
(b) Figure-ground perception
(c) Consecutive perception
(d) Successive perception
Answer:
(b) Figure-ground perception

Question 26.
Muller Lyer illusion occurs because of:
(a) Visual defect
(b) errors in perception
(c) abnormality
Answer:
(b) errors in perception

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 27.
Muller Lyer illusion is ________ illusion.
(a) arithmetical
(b) geometrical
(c) geographical
Answer:
(b) geometrical

Question 28.
The number of items a person can perceive at a single glance is called:
(a) Span of immediate memory
(b) Span of attention
(c) Span of perception
(d) Immediate perception
Answer:
(d) Immediate perception

Question 29.
The theory of organization in perception has been advocated by:
(a) Behaviourist
(b)Associationists
(c) Gestalts
(d) Functionalists.
Answer:
(c) Gestalts

Question 30.
Perception is the interpretation of sensation in the light of:
(a) Present experience
(b) Immediate experience
(c) Past experience
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Past experience

Question 31.
The mechanism through which the ‘O’ converts a sense impression to perception is called the __________.
(a) Process of sensation
(b) Process of attention
(c) Process of perception
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Process of attention

Question 32.
Perception involves the _________ process.
(a) receptor
(b) symbolic
(c) effect or
(d) all of the above.
Answer:
(d) all of the above.

Question 33.
Perceptual organization is best explained through the:
(a) Phi phenomenon
(b) Closure
(c) Movement
(d) Figure and ground phenomenon.
Answer:
(d) Figure and ground phenomenon.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 34.
A pattern will have the advantage of being perceived as a ___________ if it can be formulated by combining all the elements, present in the field:
(a) Part
(b) Whole
(c) Both whole and part.
Answer:
(b) Whole

Question 35.
The organization helps in ___________ perception.
(a) quick
(b) delayed
(c) wrong
(d) false
Answer:
(a) quick

Question 36.
The functional factors of perception lie _________ the individual:
(a) Within
(b) Outside
(c) In the environment of the individual
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Within

Question 37.
Experiments on value and need as organizing factors in perception have been conducted by:
(a) Bruner and Goodman
(b) Kofika
(c) Pinter and Anderson
(d) Muller and Lyer
Answer:
(a) Bruner and Goodman

Question 38.
The tendency of a percept to remain the same from movement to movement and from time to time refers to __________ of perception :
(a) Closure
(b) Movement
(c) Constancy
(d) Good figure
Answer:
(c) Constancy

Question 39.
The perception of movement in a stationary spot is called:
(a) Geometrical illusion
(b) Delusion
(c) Phi phenomenon
(d) Auto kinetic phenomenon.
Answer:
(c) Phi phenomenon

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 40.
Division of attention
(a) Does not affect the efficiency
(b) Affects efficiency
(c) Divisions of attention is impossible
Answer:
(b) Affects efficiency

Question 41.
Attention is a __________.
(a) Preperceptive attitude
( b) Learning skill
(c) Mechanical process
Answer:
(a) Preperceptive attitude

Question 42.
Habit is a _________ determinant of attention.
(a) Objective
(b) Subjective
(c) Quantitative
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Subjective

Question 43.
Which of the following psychologist can be associated with a span of attention?
(a) Marrow
(b) Watson
(c) Miller
(d) Mc Gaoch
Answer:
(c) Miller

Question 44.
__________conducted a test on shifting of attention.
(a) Linton
(b) Kholer
(c) Hersey
(d) Urban & Schitch
Answer:
(d) Urban & Schitch

Question 45.
Those factors which lie in the stimulus is of great importance in determining the __________ attention.
(a) Nature
(b) Quality
(c) Directions
Answer:
(a) Nature

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 46.
An auditory nerve as connected to__________.
(a) acceipital lobe
(b) parietal lobe
(c) temporal lobe
(d) frontal lobe
Answer:
(c) temporal lobe

Question 47.
Receptors are the structure that is _________ to physical energy.
(a) affective
(b) assertive
(c) reactive
(d) cooperative
Answer:
(c) reactive

Question 48.
___________ conducted several experiments on cerebral localization.
(a) Lashley
(b) Maslow
(c) Proca
(d) Sherrington
Answer:
(a) Lashley

Question 49.
Complex learning does not depend upon a definite structure of specified areas of the body. Who among the following said the above?
(a) Lashley
(b) Sherington
(c)Franz
(d) Cock
Answer:
(a) Lashley

Question 50.
Currently, neuropsychology is being studied in relation to:
(a) Psychology
(b)Anthropology
(c) Sociology
(d) Neurosurgery
Answer:
(d) Neurosurgery

Question 51.
The receptive organ is that organ of the human body which:
(a) Receive stimulation
(b) Sends the response
(c) Receives the response
Answer:
(a) Receive stimulation

Question 52.
A neuron is a basic unit of:
(a) Gland
(b) Nervous system
(c) Brain
(d) Spinal Cord
(e)All these
Answer:
(b) Nervous system

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 53.
A neuron is also called a:
(a) Sweat Gland
(b) Duct Gland
(c) A ductless gland
(d) Nerve cell
(e) None of these
Answer:
(d) Nerve cell

Question 54.
Posterior pituitary:
(a) Raise blood pressure
(b) Regulates metabolism
(c) Shows down the heartbeat
(d) Increases contraction of smooth muscles in the intestine and uterus.
(e)All the above.
Answer:
(e)All the above.

Question 55.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into _________ parts.
(a) Two parts
(b) Three parts
(c) Four parts
(d) Striated muscles.
Answer:
(a) Two parts

Question 56.
The brain fundamentally acts as a whole. This view is supported by:
(a) Principles ofequipotentiality
(b) Principle of Mass action
(c) Both the above
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Principle of Mass action

Question 57.
To study the localization of brain functions the following method is used.
(a) Anatomical method
(b) Method of expiration
(c) Action potential method
(d) Method of stimulation
(e) All the above.
Answer:
(e) All the above.

Question 58.
Electrical stimulation of which of the following organs can awaken a sleeping animal?
(a) Thalamus
(b) Hypothalamus
(c) Reticular formation
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Reticular formation

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 59.
Reflex actions are :
(a) Voluntary
(b) Involuntary
(c) Independent of the person’s will
(d) Controlled by the person
(e) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Involuntary

Question 60.
The size of the reticular activating system is just like ___________.
(a) Small finger of man
(b) Middle fmger of man
(c)Forefinger of man
(d)Thumbofman
Answer:
(a) Small finger of a man

Question 61.
Which of the following is an aid to be the central switchboard of the brain:
(a) Thalamus
(b) Hypothalamus
(c) Cerebrum
(d) Midbrain
(e) None of these
Answer:
(b) Hypothalamus

Question 62.
The occipetal lobe is a part of the:
(a) The central nervous system
(b) The autonomic nervous system
(c) The endocrine system
(d) The cardiac vascular system.
Answer:
(a) The central nervous system

Question 63.
Reflex actions are controlled by __________.
(a) brain
(b) C.N.S.
(c) A.N.S.
(d) Spinal Cord
Answer:
(d) Spinal Cord

Question 64.
The interior part of the mid-brain consisting of grey masters and interconnected with groups of actions is called ___________.
(a) Cerebral cortex
(b) Medulla
(c) Reticular formation
(d) Medulla oblongata
(e) None of these
Answer:
(c) Reticular formation

Question 65.
Which region of the nerve cell is particularly sensitive to stimulation from a receptor of another nerve cell?
(a) Dendrite zone
(b) Axon
(c) Myclin shealth
(d) Nucleus
Answer:
(b) Axon

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 66.
In the cortex, a concentration of __________ is found.
(a) Axon
(b) Cell bodies
(c) Nerve cells
(d) Dendrites
Answer:
(a) Axon

Question 67.
The reticular formation of the midbrain helps in the control of ___________.
(a) Eating behavior
(b) Eliminating behavior
(c) Well-coordinated movements
(d) Amusai level
Answer:
(d) Amusai level

Question 68.
Most of the vital functions of life are governed by the___________.
(a) Sympathetic system
(b) Para sympathetic system
(c) Spinal cord
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Para sympathetic system

Question 69.
Certain parts of the lymbic system arc intimately connected with ___________.
(a) Emotional behavior
(b) Reflex action
(c) Learning
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Emotional behavior

Question 70.
Destruction of the septal region of the hypothalamus leads to ____________.
(a) Excessive fear
(b) Excessive anger
(c) Combination of hear and anger
Answer:
(c) Combination of hear and anger

Question 71.
The sympathetic nervous system of man consists of ___________.
(a) 22 sympathetic ganglia
(b) 33 sympathetic ganglia
(c) 51 sympathetic ganglia
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 22 sympathetic ganglia

Question 72.
The neurons are the ___________ units of the whole nervous system.
(a) Smallest
(b) Biggest
(c) Medium
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Smallest

Question 73.
Which of the following areas of the cortex is concerned with the coordination of activity?
(a) Occipetal lobe
(b) Parietal lobe
(c) Temporal lobe
(d) Frontal lobe
(e) None of these
Answer:
(d) Frontal lobe

Question 74.
The reticular activating system is damaged or injured when a man suffers from:
(a) Paralysis
(b) Diabetes
(c) Heart disease
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Paralysis

Question 75.
The parietal lobe lies in the ___________.
(a) Front of the brain
(b) Back of the brain
(c) Centre of the brain
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Back of the brain

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questionss

Question 76.
Damage of the temporal lobe leads to:
(a) Blindness
(b) Deafness
(c) Dumbness
(d) Forgetfulness
(e) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Deafness

Question 77.
The parietal lobe is also known as:
(a) Body sensitivity area
(b) Anatomical area
(c) Association area
(d) Premotor area
Answer:
(a) Body sensitivity area

Question 78.
The area for recognition of music is located in the ___________.
(a) Occipetal lobe
(b) Temporal lobe
(c) Parietal lobe
(d) Frontal lobe
Answer:
(b) Temporal lobe

Question 79.
The shape of the occipetal lobe is __________.
(a) Circular
(b) Rectangular
(c) Parallelogram
(d) Triangular
(e) None of these
Answer:
(d) Triangular

Question 80.
The cerebrum contains the major area of ___________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Cognitive process
(c) Sensational process
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Question 81.
A portion of the parietal lobe located just behind the fissure of Roland is called _____________.
(a) Somasthic area
(b) Body feeling area
(c) All these
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Somasthic area

True or False Type Questions

Question 1.
Two membranes over the spinal cord. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The spinal cord controls reflexes and simple acts. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The hypothalamus is the master control center of all the endocrine glands. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Most of the activities of the neonate are reflections. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are largely thought to completely act in opposite directions. (True / False))
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 6.
The brain and the spinal cord together control all bodily activity through the peripheral nervous system. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 7.
An axon is a thin cylinder of cytoplasm which expands like a branch. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 8.
The junction of two neurons is called the synapse. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Primitive forms of animal life do not have a spinal cord. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 10.
The flow of tears is an example of a glandular reflex. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 11.
All reflex actions arc voluntarily. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 12.
The cerebellum is the largest part of the hindbrain. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 13.
The medulla connects each side of the cerebellum with the opposite side of the cerebrum. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 14.
The size of the Reticular activating system is just like the small finger of a man. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 15.
The R.A.S. and cerebrum are connected and contacted by receptors and effectors. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 16.
The thalamus is said to be the central switchboard of the brain. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 17.
Electrical stimulation of the somesthetic area of the brain leads to pressure sensation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 18.
The temporal lobe contains the visual area. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 19.
The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into two halves. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 20.
The effectors are the nerves. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 21.
The parietal area of the brain is connected with coordination activities. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 22.
The cerebellum is connected with balance. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 23.
Lashley is made prominent studies on brain localization. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 24.
The nucleus of each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (True / False)
Answer: True

Question 25.
Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus produces compulsive drinking. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 26.
Gonads are otherwise known as sex glands. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 27.
The cerebrum is also called the new brain. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 28.
The midbrain has important communicative and integrative functions. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 29.
The nerve center in the hypothalamus controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities of the atomic nervous system. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 30.
When the cortex is removed or damaged automatic reactions are very often exaggerated. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 31.
If a region in the posterior hypothalamus is damaged in a person he sleeps and sleeps or remains in a coma stage.(True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 32.
The right hemisphere is connected with the right side of the body and the left hemisphere with the left side of the body. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 33.
The parietal lobe lies near the central fissure in the back half of the brain. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 34.
If the parietal lobe is damaged a person cannot discriminate between a piece of silk cloth and sandpaper. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 35.
That branch of psychology that studies the physiology of human beings is called physiological psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 36.
The parietal lobe is the seat of the association area. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 37.
The peripheral nervous system includes all the cell bodies and the nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 38.
The sympathetic system helps the organism to meet the emergency situation more effectively. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 39.
The overall function of the parasympathetic system is to conserve bodily resources and help build-up up the body. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 40.
The nerve centers in the hypothalamus control the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities of the Autonomie nervous system. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 41.
Perception is limited to our experience. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 42.
Figure and ground perception is reversible. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 43.
Precepts and concepts are the same. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 44.
A percept is a specific instance of a concept. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 45.
There cannot be any perception without a sensation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 46.
There cannot be perception without a sensation. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 47.
There can be a sensation without some perception. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 48.
Double images have a confusing effect on distance perception. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 49.
Hallucination is the wrong perception while illusion is a false perception. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 50.
Illusion is the wrong perception while hallucination is a false perception. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 51.
We perceive things as they are and not as we are. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 52.
We perceive them as things that exist. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 53.
Hallucination is a universal phenomenon. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 54.
Illusions are universally found in everybody. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 55.
The law of good figures states that there is a tendency to organize things to make a balanced or symmetrical figure that includes all the parts. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 56.
Perception is defined as a preperceptive attitude. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Perception contributes meaning and awareness to a particular sensation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 58.
Perception is basically selective. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 59.
Perception is an interpretation of the sensory world. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 60.
Attention is the first step in the process of perception. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 61.
Attention is a complex process while perception is a simple process. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 62.
The process of perception consists of receptively symbolic and affective processes. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 63.
Perception consists of sensations and images. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 64.
The perception of adults is more subject to errors than the perception of children. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 65.
The study of Bruner and Mc Gianes indicates the importance of social values on perception. (True / False)
Answer:
False

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 66.
The perception was first studied from the physiological point by Wundt and Titchener. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 67.
Gestalt psychologists showed interest in the whole/part approach of perception. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 68.
The Gestalt opined that isomorphism makes one perceive things constantly as a whole with meaning. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 69.
This Wunditian school of psychology held that the process of perception is organized. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 70.
The process of perceptual organization can be best experienced by the figure-ground phenomenon. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 71.
The greater the ambiguity of the stimulus field the lower the chance for the organization. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 72.
Gestalt’s view is that each and every perception is spontaneously organized into a figure-ground relationship. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 73.
In the opinion of the structural school of psychology, the most primitive perception is only figured and ground perception. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 74.
Structural and functional factors determine perceptual organization. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 75.
A pattern will have the advantage of being perceived as a whole if it can be formulated by combing all the elements present in the field. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 76.
Past experience and learning have nothing to do with perception. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 77.
Continuous patterns tend to be grouped together compared to discontinuous patterns. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 78.
In the principle of closure, the stimulus which makes the figure unsymmetrical is perceived as a single pattern. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 79.
The principle of closure is found as an inherent tendency in every individual in the process of perception. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 80.
Phi phenomenon is an illusion of movement. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 81.
The illusion of movement is a universal phenomenon. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 82.
Phi phenomenon is Wertheimer’s brainchild. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 83.
The structural factors of perception lie within the individual. (True / False)
Answer: False

Question 84.
Perception is defined as the interpretation of sensation in the light of present experience. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 85.
“We perceive as we are and not as things are”. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 86.
Motives play a selective role in perception. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 87.
One’s perception is colored by his need, value, and past experience. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 88.
Culture and perception are integrally related. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 89.
Bruner and Goodman viewed that the perceived world shows the organized need within. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 90.
Horizontal, vertical illusions occur due to the stimulus factor. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 91.
In perceptual defense, the perceptual threshold is higher. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 92.
Perception is the wrong interpretation of sensation while illusion is the correct interpretation of sensation. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 93.
Orbison illusion is a geometrical illusion. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 94.
Zollner illusion is named after Zollner (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 95.
Hering illusion is not a geometrical illusion. (True / False)
Answer:
False

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 2 Perceptual Process Objective Questions

Question 96.
Muller Lyer illusion is an illusion of movement. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 97.
The Moon illusion is an example of a space constancy illusion. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 98.
Hallucinations are only visual. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 99.
There are as many hallucinations as sensations. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 100.
In the illusion, the sensory stimulus is present, while it is completely absent in hallucinations. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Encoding?
Answer:
According to Baron Encoding is a process through which information is converted to a form that can be entered into memory. Encoding means putting material into a form.

Question 2.
Ret rival Failure?
Answer:
One fails to recall information because of failure to retrieve information from storage due to inadequate memory loss. Retrieve information was for retrieval.

Question 3.
Chunking?
Answer:
When by using an artificial grouping technique one learns to retain information where grouping is not provided, it is called chunking. Decided his strategy by grouping refers to each trial.

Question 4.
Sensory Memory?
Answer:
It is a non-conscious memory developed by Atkinson and Shifrmn which is also called a sensory register. Sensory memory is an impression formed from the input of any of the senses.

Question 5.
Storage?
Answer:
Storage refers to a process by which the encoded information is retained in the memory. Storage retains the encoded information for some time.

Question 6.
Numerical Pegs?
Answer:
Otherwise called number and letter peg. Numerical pegs serve as a good memory aid.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Question 7.
Reminiscence?
Answer:
Ruch (1970) defines reminiscence as “a continuous increase in skill after practice ceases.” In the usual pattern of forgetting cases.

Question 8.
Forgetting?
Answer:
Forgetting has positive and negative values in life. Forgetting is a great blessing to mankind.

Question 9.
Recall Method?
Answer:
The recall was made by the famous Ebbchghaus. In recall, the previously learned material is brought to the present consciousness in their absence, it is called recall.

Question 10.
Long-term Memory?
Answer:
Long-term memory constitutes each person’s knowledge of the word and knowledge of himself. Long-term organizations help in storing the memory in the C.T.M. for a long period.

Question 11.
Semantic memory?
Answer:
It refers to abstract knowledge. It is organized knowledge about the world including the verbal world of words. The information associated with a particular time or place is contained in semantic memory. When we gorget an incident but the knowledge or importance of it is remembered it is called semantic memory. Semantic memory is a memory of meaningful information which can be stored in L.T.M.

Question 12.
Retrograde Amnesia?
Answer:
Critics argued that lack of recall need not necessarily mean forgetting. This has been experimentally demonstrated in the laboratory and observed in practice. Soldiers on the battlefield after some shock forget the incidents experienced just before the shock. Lack of recall may also be due to associative interference. In spite of this criticism, the recall method is very much in use for the measurement of memory.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Question 13.
Recognition Method?
Answer:
Recognition according to Guilford(1917) literally means ‘knowing again’. Recognition simply means to identify. Recognition is the easiest method of measuring retention. It is easier to recognize a name or face than to recall it. The process of recognition is influenced by one’s attitudes, prejudices, values, and other
inner motives.

Question 14.
Reminiscence?
Answer:
According to Stevens “As against the curve of Ebbinghaus, sometimes retention curves show a period. In the usual pattern of the forgetting curve initially, there is a stiff decline. the phenomenon of initial rise is leveled as reminiscence. such (1970) defines reminiscence as a continuous increase in skill after practice ceases. Ballard, an English School teacher first studies the problem of reminiscence.

Question 15.
The Method of LOCI?
Answer:
LOCI is the plural of the Latin word Locus which means ‘place’. Through the method of LOCI, šinoncidcs could find out in his mind’s eye the seating arrangement of guests at a banquet hail. The method of LOCI is by having mental images of the spatial position of the stimuli. The method of LOC1 requires the person to place each item to be remembered at some definite location. Several experimental results indicate the effectiveness of methods of lock, particularly for visual memory.

Question 16.
Gestalt factor of forgetting?
Answer:
Gestalt psychologists have approached the causes of forgetting from the side of perception. According to the memory traces of particular learning are molded by the observers. Perception of the whole dominates over the perception of the part. Slight irregularities are overlooked which means a certain extent of forgetting. According to Kofika and others from the Gestalt school.

Question 17.
Recall?
Answer:
Recall means Made famous through Ebbinghaus’s experiments on memory and he used the recall method. This is required to make the response that he has learned previously. In recalling, the previously learned materials are brought to the present consciousness in their absence. This is called recall. When the recall is made immediately after learning it is called immediate recall. When the recall is made after an interval it is called delayed recall.

Question 18.
Storage?
Answer:
Storage refers to a process by which the encoded information is retained in the memory. storage retains the encoded information for some time. Those memories which are associated with some other memory are more often used and better stored or retained than isolated memory having no link with any other memory. The storage therefore can be short-term or long-term depending upon the degree of learning. Rehearsal or repetition is one of the means through which the encoded materials are stored in the memory.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Question 19.
Procedural Memory?
Answer:
Otherwise known as implicit memory procedural memory. Procedural memory is used to acquire retain and employ perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills. so procedural memory deals with the how of work or how of a procedure. Then the how of the memory remains within and comes without our knowledge. it is easier to perform the task than describe how to do it.

Question 20.
Law of Readiness?
Answer:
This principle refers to the preparatory set on the part of the organism to learn. The law emphasizes the fact that one learns only when he is physically and mentally.

Question 21.
Reinforcement?
Answer:
The reinforcement schedule refers to the arrangement of the delivery of reinforcement during conditioning trials. For example, receive a salary every month.

Question 22.
Cognitive Learning?
Answer:
The process of acquiring knowledge about the environment which has an internal mental representation is called cognition. The two terms are put together to generate the term cognitive learning.

Question 23.
Foresight?
Answer:
When the solution to the problem comes at once in the first attempt without actually trying the situation it is called foresight. When a person solves a mathematical problem suddenly without using trial and method error it is a case of foresight.

Question 24.
Law of Exercise?
Answer:
reveals that the strength with which a response will be connected with a situation depends upon the number of times the response has occurred in the situation. The Law of exercise does not operate in isolation.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Question 25.
Instrumental Conditioning?
Answer:
Classical conditioning is otherwise known as instrumental. This conditioning was first investigated by B.F. Skinner.

Question 26.
Primary Reinforcement?
Answer:
The primary reinforcers satisfy our innate biological needs. The organism does not require any training to respond to primary reinforcement.

Question 27.
Feature of Insightful Learning?
Answer:
The experimental situation is very important in insightful learning. In this type of learning, the organism reacts to the whole situation, not to its component parts.

Question 28.
Classical Conditioning?
Answer:
The conditioning technique developed by Pavlov. The following experiment conducted by Pavlov on a dog is known as the classical conditioning experiment. To start with the experiment, when food was placed in the month of the dog a brought saliva. Classical conditioning experiment on the C.S.U.C.Y.

Question 29.
Trial and Error Learning?
Answer:
Animals go on hitting the target by impulse or learn out of blunder or ‘hit and miss. This is called trial and error learning. Trial and error is the simplest form of learning. American psychologist E.L. Thorndike (1874-1949) for his first scientific study of leaming. It is also interesting to note that Thorndike has many followers as well as haters and rivals. He conducted a large number of experiments on animal learning.

Question 30.
Characteristics of Insightful learning?
Answer:
Insightful learning the ‘ O ’ reacts to the whole situation and not to some details only. The ‘O’ find out the relationship between the various stimuli within the situation as a whole. The relationship that the ‘ O ’ perceives is mostly between a means and the end or goal. While learning by the insight the ‘O ’ modifies and restructures the perceptual field. The solution of insightful learning can be readily repeated.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 3 Learning Short Answer Questions

Question 31.
Maturation?
Answer:
Maturation simply refers to growth both physical and mental. Munn opines that maturation. Maturation greatly depends upon heredity. A lot of research on maturation has been conducted on animals and some on human infants. Arnold Gesell conducted a study to examine the importance of maturation.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Book Solutions

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions

Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship

Unit 2 Basic Concepts

Unit 3 Social Institutions

Unit 4 Process, Stratification and Change

Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Syllabus

SOCIOLOGY
Paper-I
Introducing Sociology

Unit I Sociology & Its Relationship
Emergence, Meaning, Nature and Scope, Relationship of Sociology with Social Sciences – History, Economics, Anthropology, Psychology, Political Science.

Unit II Basic Concepts
Society – Meaning and Characteristics Individual and Society
Community – Meaning and Characteristics
Association – Meaning & Characteristics,
Social Group – Meaning and Characteristics, Types – Primary, Secondary, In-Group, Out-Group
Culture – Meaning, Characteristics, Types – Material, Non-Material, Importance

Unit III Social Institutions
Family – Meaning, Characteristics, Types, Functions
Kinship – Meaning, Characteristics, Types
Education – Meaning, Importance
Economic – Property, Division of Labour

Unit IV Process, Stratification and Change
Social Processes: Associative – Co-operation, Accommodation Dissociative- Competition, Conflict
Social Stratification – Meaning, Characteristics Bases – Caste, Class, Gender
Social Change – Meaning, Characteristics, Factors – Technological Cultural

Unit V Sociology, Methods and Techniques
Auguste Comte: Law of Three Stages, Emile Durkheim: Suicide, G.S.Ghurey: Caste, M.N. Srinivas: Sanskritisation, Methods: Observation – Meaning and Types, Tools and Techniques: Questionnaire and Schedule – Meaning, Merits and Demerits.

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
1. Bureau’s Higher Secondary (+2) Sociology, Part-I Published by Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation & Production, Bhubaneswar.
2. Sociology, Part-I, NCERT.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What advantages of the Dramatisation method?
Answer:
In the dramatization method, the students leam by doing. So their experiences are strengthened through mental and physical activity. It provides them an opportunity to acquire knowledge of historical happening through activity. It helps the students to develop their power of thinking and reasoning. It presents historical facts and events with human feelings and ideas. This method develops the art of speaking and self-confidence.

Question 2.
What advantages of the storytelling method?
Answer:
The storytelling makes the subject of history full of interest for the pupils. This method is useful for the lower classes as small children are interested in the stories. This method helps to develop the historical imagination of the students. Students are likely to imbibe good qualities of character.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Explain the aims and objectives of teaching, history?
Answer:
The term history is derived from the Greek word “Historia” which means information or inquiry conducted into the account past conditions, occurrences, and events and the knowledge so obtained was called history. History is nothing but a continuous record of events of the past. History is the study of society as a whole in all its aspects changes and growth. History deals with the social development of man. Man’s growth from barbarism to a civilized state is the theme of history.

Aims and objectives of teaching history :
It provides knowledge about the social evaluation of man:
History is not a story of kings and queens but it is the story of a man and his development in society. The story of man’s progress from the beginning to the splendor of his present position is highly educative and satisfying.

To provide knowledge of social institutions:
It is not enough for a cultured or educated man to know the institutions by which he is surrounded and the conditions under which he lives, he must also have a knowledge of how they come to be what they are if he wants to understand them properly and to improve them in the future. In this connection, it should be made clear that our interest in the past is not for its own sake because it helps to explain the countless forms and forces of social life with the present and mold the future.

Cultivation of forward work:
The great aim in teaching history, the lack of which consists of the main defect in our .current educational practice is the cultivation of the forward look, which is encouraging the student to have a vision of the future with the idea of transforming and modifying. If you study history, you study the future, it is the welfare of our country.

To widen the mental horizon of students:
History helps to widen one’s mental horizons and develop a cosmopolitan outlook. The consciousness develops with mental development.

To develop patriotism:
History insists patriotism into the heart of the child and gives the knowledge, of the administration of his country. They become good citizens of the country.

To provide a conception of time and space:
History best reveals to the child the concept of time, space, and society and the link between the past and present. The current state of things has been produced by the events, of the past. History can serve as a compass to guide man into the future.

Intellectual development :
History is the vast state of knowledge that is accumulated through the centuries of the evolution of man. The study and the acquisition of knowledge help to bring about the intellectual development of the students. There is a controversial topic in history that leads to intellectual development.

To teach ethics and morality:
History describes vice it unmakes false virtue and exposes it. errors and prejudices It provides moral training Historical knowledge is practical knowledge History is the lamp of experience which shows a thousand examples of ethics and morality. The present curriculum is designed on ethical, moral, cultural, utilization, and intellectual grounds.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Question 2.
How History is related to other schools/subjects. Discuss, in brief?
Answer:
History is a subject that is related to almost all other subjects, In this connection history is not a subject at all but a house in which all subjects dwell. Here we will discuss the relationship of history with some other important school subjects:

History and literature:
Every branch of literature is the product of historical situations. History is the record of man’s deeds whereas literature is the product of historical situations. Literature is the record of man’s feelings, emotions, and imagination. Historical facts need languages for their expression. Many literary works provide a lot of historical facts. So history is related to literature.

History and Geography:
History, Geography, and Civics are included in social science. History stresses time whereas geography stresses space. Sometimes geography offers an explanation for people or countries that would be complete without some reference to the geographical account of that place.

History and Political Science:
Political science and history are closely related. Political science as a subject deals With the branch of historical studies which mainly gives an account of the growth and development of the administrative setup of different countries. Political science is the science of citizenship and such citizenship refers to good knowledge of history. History gives information about revolutions and political movements which helps political scientists in their study. History without the proper analysis of political events of the time is nothing but simple fiction.

History and Economics:
History describes the story of a man of different ages, which also includes the economic conditions of the people; Analysis of the growth of economic institutions is an important part of history. The history of past economic events throws an important light on the present economic policies and helps the formulation and verification of different economic laws and theories.

History and Science:
History is man’s story on earth. This includes the long chain of discoveries, explorations, and inventions that man has achieved through the ages. Science has its own history. Subjects like Anthropology include both history and science. Besides, those subjects of history is also related to music art, handy work, etc. which are taught in the class.

Question 3.
Write a note on the story-telling method in teaching history?
Answer:
Children arc wry fond of learning stories. That’s why the storytelling method has taken a special place in teaching history. Children derive pleasure in listening story and history taught in storytelling to become effective and easily understood the subject matter. It is suggested that for the age group of 8 to 10 history should mainly be carefully chosen graded series of written with attractive descriptive details.

This would arouse the interest of pupils and provide scope for imaginative understanding and enjoyment. For primary classes in teaching history, the teacher follows that method. He uses necessary aids to make teaching effective so the children feel easy to understand the subject matter and keep the man’s memory easily.

Advantages:
The storytelling method has become effective and fruitful in learning for lower-grade children. While telling the story the teacher makes movements of his body and followed them with actions. It has certain advantages. Enhancement of interest Storytelling can give life to the dead facts. It is a more effective way of bringing out all the aspects- cultural, economic, and social of this ancient society. Development of imagination Stories develops the imagination of people.

They take the pupils far away from this material world and offer ample scope for the play of their imagination. The teaching of creative faculties Stories in historical happenings and materials provide any scope for the children to utilize their creative ability in various ways. Inculcation of virtues The teacher through storytelling can include in the children virtues like pity, truthfulness, charity, etc.

Selection of stories:
The following principles should be taken into consideration for selecting stories. The story should be fully known to the teacher himself. The story should be selected to suit the mental age of the pupils. The teacher may take the stories from any source he thinks suitable, local or world history, cave life, hunting life, etc. but must take the necessary continuity into consideration.  The story should be full of action and details.

role of the teacher:
Storytelling is an art and the story teacher should know this art, the teacher should possess the ability such as historical personages when he narrates stories. He should be equipped with a rich imagination. power, accurate, varied, and wide knowledge of the past.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Question 4.
What is narration-cum-discussion method? Discuss the advantages of teaching history in the classroom?
Answer:
Narration-cum-discussion method is useful both for juniors and seniors. In this method, there is scope for both teachers and pupils for exchanges their opinions. Method, while presenting the subject matter the teachers ask for some anticipation and discussion with the students. Teachers put these questions in such a manner that their answers lead to the development of both discussion and narration methods.

When the teacher was narrating the subject matter, he takes the help of different audio-visual aids for making the teaching attractive and effective in die formation to the students about different events and trends. In order to motivate the pupils to study a new topic the teacher takes the help of narration, a technique for presenting the topic while narrating the teacher can indicate by modulating his voice through gestures and facial expressions, the exact meaning that he wants to convey to the pupils.

In order to aid the memories of children in the primary levels narration work is desirable to give through black-board summary. The children should be asked to take down the blackboard summary in the notebooks Advantages of the method. The method develops the imagination and insight of the pupils. It enables them to apply their learning in new situations. In this method, students do not become passive listeners. They take an active part in discussion and narration.

So the teaching becomes lively and effective. This method clarifies all doubts of the students. He gets a chance to discover what he did not know and what he has overlooked. Genuine potential students are judged by the teacher in this method. The method activates the learners of self-evaluation. It is also helpful in establishing an attitude of looking forward to progress and growth.

Question 5.
How the demonstration method is employed in teaching history. Explain?
Answer:
The demonstration is an important method for making the teaching of history interesting, effective, real, and lively. All children are acting and dramatic instinct young children, often do something quite spontaneously in imitation of others’ actions. By the technique, the natural tendency of the young mind is harassed from the educational end.

Thus historical dramatization is an attempt at presenting historical events with the help of the students. Hence, through role-playing, the students develop insight into the historical scene and actions. On the other hand history a subject for study offers great scope dramatization. So the history teacher should fully utilize this method for making the study of history interesting and real.

The technique of demonstration:
Demonstration of historical events can be of two kinds such as extempore dramatization and prepared dramatization.
Extempore dramatisation:
In this type of dramatization, the whole lesson may be presented in a dramatic fashion. It does not require any previous preparation fashion. It does not require any previous preparation on the part of the students no customer or stage effects are required. The presentation can be done in different ways.

The teacher himself may present the whole lesson in a dramatic style. The teacher may ask a few selected students to come to the front and act out the dialogues and monologues in a dramatic fashion. The teacher may write out home what has to be read by the students in the class.

Prepared dramatization:
In this kind of dramatization, preparation is made in advance. Students are taught to speak out dialogues and act accordingly. When the scene and action have been selected the teacher must help each with the appreciation of his part by rapidly reviewing the main points of the story.

Advantages of this method:
In the dramatization method, the students learn by doing. So their experiences are strengthened through mental and physical activity. It provides them an opportunity to acquire knowledge of historical happening through activity. It helps the students to develop their power of thinking and reasoning. It presents the historical event with human feelings and ideas.

The students find themselves involved in the activities of the past. It thus enables them to understand the persons and events in a historical perceptive. The device makes history teaching real. It makes the dead positive, interesting, and enjoyable for the students. The method helps the students to develop the art of speaking and self-confidence.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Question 6.
Discuss the project method in teaching History. Give its advantages?
Answer:
According to Kilpatrick “A project is a wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment. A project is a unity of activity in which pupils are made responsible, for planning and purposing. So educational projects must be purposeful, life-oriented, and society-based activities that may be problematic and realistic.

Characteristics of project method:
Life oriented:
The project method aims at preparing students for life. It is related to day, today life and its problems. So the method is life centred.

Self-expressive:
A project seeks to bring out what is in the child and develop his innate potential. It gives an opportunity for self-expression and the school environment provides adequate scope for self-development.

Activity-based:
The project is implemented through activities, It is a method of working out the practical Solution to the problem.

Motor Activity in Nature:
A project must use manual or motor activities. The activities need skills and technical knowledge. The activities not only help in executing the project but also develop the personality of the children.

Play way Activities:
Children when engaged in physical activities get immense joy and contribute the most towards productivity. Any kind of imposed activities is uninteresting. In play way activities the monotony is removed and joy is enhanced.

Types of Educational Projects:
Produce type:
Projects when are related to production. Construction of a house, a road, a, garden or a factory, a picnic, or staging a drama are called consumer type of projects.

Problem type:
Projects which are related to a particular burning problem of the life or society are called problem types. Students take up projects to bring peace and harmony among the people.

Advantages of the project method:
Emphasis on:
Freedom The project method encourages adequate freedom essential for school life, and for the effective teaching-learning process. It gives self-direction, leading to successful learning experiences. Students develop creativity and productivity attitudes.

Learning through problem-solving:
In the project, method emphasis is given on practical life situations and their problems and students are unexposed to day, today life with adequate preparedness knowledge, interests, and attitude for learning from their experiences.

Training in citizenship:
Projects are planned and implemented dramatically. The project, method encourages students to cooperate, think, and act together for achieving common objectives. It provides them with training and democratic living sharing responsibility giving leadership, showing respect to individuals, and exercising citizens’ rights and duties properly. Such a program school may work as a kind of preliminary training for citizenship.

Psychological sound:
Organization of a project in school to the natural needs- and conditions promote learning outcomes. This is psychologically sound. The three important laws of learning the law of readiness, the law of exercise, and the law of effect are very well taken care of. In the implementation of the project, students get joy and motivation towards learning.

Social values emphasized:
The school as a society the project work develops social skills, social efficiency, and social cohesion. Through the organization of educational projects students jointly plan and execute the project and less front of each other at various phases of implementing a project.

Question 7.
Discuss the dramatization method in Teaching History?
Answer:
It is a common experience that history does not only deal with material objects but also with events, human ideas, and sentiments happening in time, which have been preserved through verbal symbols. It is impossible to transfer them into audio-visual symbols through models and even through puppets Moreover, historical happenings are not isolated events, but are sequences of happenings one having a connection with the other.

These concepts of casual sequences and movement cannot be represented by models of any kind. Hence, dramatization seems to be the most powerful audio-visual aid in history teaching. In dramatization, an individual acts as somebody had acted in the past. As a result of which the events become quite natural and lively.

In history demonstration means the reconstructing of an experience in the past that is of historical significance, It is the attempt to transcend the barrier of time and place and relieve the experience concerned. A child dramatizing a character has to feel like the character and to a degree must become the character. There is a better way at making historical experience real than through dramatization.

This is the only way of learning by doing in history. The pupils assimilate the essential facts of history by playing the different historical events in the connection. Those who do not directly participate in dramatization but witness it, also get in the way of the character. Their experience becomes almost as real to them as the action.

Kinds of dramatization:
Dramatization is of many kinds. They are as follows:
Full-length play:
It is a vivid, realistic, and full representation of the whole scheme, an idea emotion, a happening, or a situation. It takes hours in performance, and success in it requires one to come up almost to professional standards. Any way it requires detailed preparation and educational implication should be subservient to its beauty as a drama.

Class:
dramatization The teacher may undertake still more informal dramatization within the history class itself. It may not occupy the whole period and may be made to illuminate part of the lesson. To give the teacher a concrete idea of how this class dramatization could be done about half a dozen examples of each type from Indian history are given below. An attempt has been made to Include as many varieties as possible in the selection of topics for dramatization.

The pageant:
A pageant is an attempt to depict an idea or a feeling by arranging a spectacle. The appeal is solely visual, presenting a long and complicated event very effectively within a short compass forcing attention on key points.

Tableau:
Tableau is a picture like some composed of human characters against a background there may be a basic expression but no speaking.

Shadow play:
It is another technique for dramatization. In this technique, there is a thin screen between the actors and the audience.

Puppet shows:
Puppet enjoys a distinguished position as a dramatic art. There are many kinds of puppets.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers

Question 8.
Describe the different steps of the history lesson plan for class (VIII)?
Answer:
Like all other subjects, a history lesson plan has three steps:

  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Evaluation Application

Before starting the introduction it is essential to mention general as well as specific objects, materials or instructional aids to be used and previous knowledge of pupils assumed by the teacher.

Introduction:
The teacher has to introduce the topic in the class. The introduction serves two main purposes. To enable the teacher to know the background knowledge of pupils and to arouse an interest in the children to learn the topic. A topic can be introduced in many ways. The teacher can ask, recite some, or the like to introduce a topic. At the end of the introduction step, the teacher announces the topic of the class.

Presentation:
It is the most important step in teaching history. The new knowledge is presented in the step. In the storytelling method, the teacher tells the story and asks a few thought-provoking questions in the middle of the story. In the narration method, the teacher goes on narrating appropriate points and asks some thought-provoking and anticipation questions to the students. During the narration, the teacher makes use of various teacher skills like narration, questioning, and using audiovisual aids.

using blackboard and the like Thought Provoking Questions:
Few thought-provoking or anticipatory questions are asked during narration. These questions are asked during narration. These questions are put usually when the teacher feels that pupils can anticipate the effect of a cause. These questions are generally indirect involving the insight and foresight of the pupils.

Comprehension questions:
A sufficient number of comprehensive questions are asked after the narration is over. These are small and direct questions. These questions are asked to, know the extent to which pupils comprehend the topic.

Summary Questions:
A few summary-type questions are asked at the end of the presentation step in step to draw the summary of the topic.

Evaluation:
In a third of the plan, a few objectives based objective type questions are asked to evaluate the extent to which the specific objectives of the lesson have been achieved.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What advantage of demonstration-cum- discussion method?
Answer:
This method is economic from the point of view of money and time. This method obeys the rule of learning by doing. It is useful When the apparatus required for practical work is costly. There the teacher can improve the apparatus and demonstrate it. Through this method, free discipline is seen. The method develops skills in handling apparatus free thinking and cooperative spirit among students.

Question 2.
Main features of the demonstration method?
Answer:
Demonstration-cum-discussion method is not a single method, It is a combination of two methods, This method involves active participation of teachers and students. It encourages a maximum amount of participation among students than other methods. Through the group, participation develops observation and scientific reasoning in students which is not possible either in lecture or the Heuristic method. Demonstration-cum-discussion method is the only method in which the interest of students is mentioned. It develops skill in scientific thinking.

Question 3.
Aids used in science teaching?
Answer:
Audio Aids:
Audio aids include the radio, tape recorder, gramophone, and speeches. Through the radio, scientific facts, news, inventions, etc.

Visual Aids:
The visual aids include samples model, pictures, graphs, etc. The samples give the real thing. Pictures, charts, diagrams and graphs and maps give clear knowledge.

Audio-visual aids:
Through T.V science films are seen. Scientific facts are known.

Magic lantern and epidiascope:
Through these arts valuable things and distance, things are seen in a real manner and in big size.

Activity Aids:
Science fairs and exhibitions are arranged with seminars, discussions, and debates. Through traveling industries. agricultural fields, radio centers, T.V centers, and mine, the children can leam better.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What are the aims and objectives of teaching general science?
Answer:
Science has occupied a valid place in the school curriculum. Education of science which emphasized physical law and properties of matter and the application of scientific principles met in our daily life is an essential supplementary to general education. Science should be taught not with a view to making each pupil a future specialist but make him a useful citizen.

Thus, the school science course should form part of a sound general education. It should train the mind of students to reason about things he has observed and develop their power of weighing and interpreting evidence. It should also make him acquainted with the broad outlines of great scientific principles with the ways these are exemplified in familiar phenomenons and with their application to the service of man.

The objectives of science teaching may be classified into some categories. The first aim of science teaching is that students shall demonstrate a knowledge of the fundamental of science that may be brought into use in daily life. The knowledge will bring positive change in students, behavior. The second objective of science is that students should demonstrate abilities that are the by-product of knowledge.

These abilities will be exhibited in their behavior scientifically. The third most important aim of science teaching in high school is to make the students into more citizens and better equipped to improve community life. In order to achieve this aim, the course content in science should have practical applications to daily life. The fourth aim of science teaching is that the students shall demonstrate knowledge of the contributions made by our Indian scientists, in the science world.

The science teacher must stress their achievement science in class to that students must develop pride in their scientifically rich heritage. Thus, the science program should be aimed at causing the level of scientific knowledge, skill, and attitudes of the students to make them more productive in their home environment.

The other objectives of science learning are as follows:
Knowledge:
This means pupils should acquire knowledge of scientific terms and concepts, natural phenomena, modem inventions of science animal life and plant life human-machine and functioning, and so on. The knowledge is realized if the pupils recall and recognize scientific terms, facts, concepts, and symbols.

Understanding:
This means the pupils can explain and discriminate between facts, concepts, and data, illustrate specific terms, and concepts phenomena, locate errors in faulty statements, and so on.

Application:
Having realized this aim a pupil can give reasons for scientific conclusions, analyze the given data, formulate and test hypotheses, and predict new happenings and soon.

Skills:
Having realized this aim the pupils are expected to develop three types of skills.

  • drawing skills
  • manipulative skills
  • observational and recording skills.

Interest:
It creates interest to read scientific literature, collect specimens, take scientific hobbies, visit places of scientific interest, and participate in science clubs and science fairs.

Ability:
This activity of the pupil’s ability to use scientific terminology, improvise and manipulate the scientific instruments, collect suitable data from relevant sources, interest in the given data, and so on.

Attitude:
Having developed a scientific attitude the pupils will become free from bias and prejudices and they will become honest and truthful in recording and collecting scientific data.

Appreciation:
This means the pupils will be able to realize the importance of science in human progress appreciation. The contribution made by scientists to human progress and appreciation of the history of scientific development through the ages.

Utilization of leisure:
Having developed manipulative skills the pupils will be able to engage themselves in useful leisure time activities as making things of daily use such as ink, soap, candles, cosmetics, boots Polish, etc.

Vocational opportunities:
Vocational preparation is an important aim of science education. Science will open up career opportunities in such professions engineering, medicine, agriculture, and so on.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers

Question 2.
Write a note on the use of lecture methods in the teaching of science in schools. Give its merits and limitations?
Answer:
The lecture method involves teaching by means of spoken word, a format talk by the teacher. The method may profitably be used at a higher level and also at a lower level and its success will depend on individual teachers. This method is also known as the storytelling or conversational method. The teacher is well prepared and will present lectures that will stimulate better learning. In the lecture method, the lecture is taken as a technique of description, explanation, and clarification. This method is useful and effective with young and college students.

Merits:
The lecture method has the following merits:
It develops the power of concentration in the students, and also their power of experience, expression, thinking, and reasoning. economical and time-saving. It keeps both the teacher as well as the students active. Through this method, it is possible to establish direct contact knowledge between the teacher and the taught. Through this method, it is possible to elucidate difficult and complicated thoughts and ideas. This method is very useful in introducing a lesson. It also threw light on the practical aspects of education.

Demerits of lecture method:
The method kills the liveliness of the class. It is the teacher who reigns supreme and the students remain passive partners. This method is not useful for the students of the lower class In this method it is the teacher who remains active and the students remain passive. This method is not psychological and scientific. The knowledge that is required through ‘this method is neither complete nor perfect nor stable.

Through this method it. is not possible to provide practical education to the students because there is little creativity or activity in this method. This method has very little scope for evaluation and examination of the students by the teacher while he is teaching them. It strikes a severe blow to the originality of the students. Their curiosity remains unsatisfied and the thirst for knowledge continues:

Question 3.
What are the main features of the demonstration cum discussion method in teaching science? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Answer:
The main features of the demonstration and discussion method are as follows:
Demonstration-cum-discussion method is not a single method. It is a combination of two methods, more clearly a result and method resulting from the combination of discussion method as well as demonstration method. This method involves the active participation of the teacher and students at the same time which is unlikely in other methods say, the lecture method. The teacher is in active the laboratory work and heuristic methods are active and so on.

Demonstration-cum-discussion method through group participation develops keen observation power and scientific reasoning in students which is. not possible either ill the lecture method or in the Heuristic method. Demonstration-cum-discussion method ‘ of teaching science encourages a maximum amount of participation among students than other methods.

The demonstration-cum-discussion method through group participation develops keen observation power and scientific reasoning in students which is hot possible either in the lecture method or in the Heuristic method. Demonstration-cum-discussion method is the only method in which the interest of the students is measured. Through this method force, and discipline is maintained. This method develops skills in handling apparatus, free-thinking, and cooperative spirit among students.

Disadvantages:
If deconstruction-cum-discussion method is not properly used then all students get a chance to take part neither in a discussion nor in experimentation: Thus, the principle of learning by doing is not aided by the method. The student’s donor gets the direct experience of doing experiments. So their skill in apparatus handling is not properly developed. If the teacher does not take care of students to become undisciplined. through this method.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers

Question 4.
What do you mean by laboratory method in teaching science? How can you make use of this method? What are the merits and demerits?
Answer:
The laboratory method is one of the best methods of teaching science. In this method teaching the subject is done in a laboratory. The students are given an opportunity to carry out experiments independently. The teacher observes their activities. He asks them to write out their observations. Theoretical studies get verified through laboratory work and thus learning experiences are gained.

In the laboratory method, the student performs a particular work of the experiment. He learns to follow directions, conduct experiments are record observations to find out results. While the student performs experiments, the Demonstration-cum-discussion method develops skills in scientific thinking. These are some of the main features of demonstration-cum-discussion method.

Advantages:
This method is economic from the point of view of money and time. The method obeys the rule of learning by doing what the students do or see they learn. So this method is very much psychological. It is useful when the apparatus required for practical work is costly. There the teacher can improvise the apparatus and demonstrate it.

If the teacher wants to revise some of the principles of science subject, he can do it by demonstration-cum-discussion method. the teacher is free to help students to perform experiments. The teacher is free to help the students having difficulties in their work. The teacher acts as a friend, philosopher, and guide in laboratory work.

How to use it effectively:
Laboratory methods should be used when a class can be divided into small groups. A good laboratory method is guided by a heuristic approach; The teacher should take the help of students in showing up for laboratory demonstrations. The students should be trained in the art of observing and recording reporting. The reporting of the laboratory, work includes areas like a statement of the problem procedures used observations made and conclusions drawn, etc.

Advantages:
It is based on the principle of learning by doing. It is interesting and joyful for students. It develops skill and efficiency as the students do experiments by themselves. An activity when performed is remembered for a longer time. Team teaching can be possible with this method.

Limitations:
It is not economical. It requires resources like a laboratory, equipment, furniture, etc. which, can not be made available in each school. It requires a small teacher-pupil ratio. It has been criticized as wasteful because of students in the high school stage. Sometimes this method does not develop the heuristic talents of students.

Question 5.
What are the main features of the problem-solving method? Discuss the merits and demerits of this method?
Answer:
Problem-solving approach presupposes the existence of a problem in the teaching-learning situation. A problem is a difficulty or obstruction which has to be overcome to reach, the goal. A human child has to meet and solve problems as he grows older and older. the problem-solving method aims at presenting the knowledge to be learned in the form of a problem. It begins with a problematic situation and consists of continuous, meaningful, and well-integrated activity. The problems are set to the students in a natural way and it is ensured that the students are genuinely interested to solve them.

Main features of the problem-solving approach:
It is a research-like method lt involves scientific thinking as a process of learning the essential features are as follows Formulation and appreciation of a problem or the emergence of a problem or selection of a problem. Collection of data or information to solve the problem. Analysis of the data. Formulation of hypothesis Conclusion. Applying the idea to a new situation.

The problem:
The problem arises out of the felt needs of the students. The problem must be familiar to the students. Before setting the problem the teacher should look at the following things. The problem should be suitable to the maturity level of the students. The problem should be easily solved. The problem should be worthwhile for the reader.

Collection of data:
After formulation of a problem, the teacher should stimulate the students to collect data in a systematic manner from various sources like textbooks reference books, magazines, newspapers, and from other sources like observation, discussion, and interviews,s, etc.

Formulation of Hypothesis:
At this stage, the students should look to the following regarding the solution to the problem. Selecting important factors related to the problems. Identifying the different relationships which may exist between the factors. Analyzing, selecting, and interpreting the relevant data. Judging the significance of data.

Testing of Hypothesis :
Checking the hypothesis which recognizes authorities Division experimental procedures suitable for testing hypothesis. Organizing data. Applying the hypothesis to the problem to determine adequacy.

Analysis of evidence and drawing inferences:
Children should be taught to the scientific and reasonable in interpreting the data. It is essential to break the large area into different segments and then to consider ways and means for analysis; the analysis of data should be accurate and to the point.

Drawing Conclusions :
The conclusion should be drawn by the pupils themselves and the teacher is to see how far it is significant relating to the solution to the problem.

Analysis of the data in a new situation:
The students should be able to recognize the common and identical elements in the principle of the problem and apply them in the new life situation.

Advantages:
From the standpoint of learning principle of problem-solving is very valuable since they are the result of the cumulative and generalized experience that makes up the basis of knowledge and understanding. It is much easier for members than the facts through the method. It develops reflective thinking. So. it stimulates thinking, reasoning, and critical judgment in the students.

It develops qualities of dependence on the students as they are to face the problematic situation themselves. It is a stimulating method. It acts as a great motivating force and directs students, attention, and activity. It serves individual differences. It develops desirable study habits in the students. They get engaged in the analysis of the problem, reflective thinking, and systematic.

data gathering, verification, and critical study. It is a method of experience-based learning. Problem-solving is done by self-experience. There is the possibility of close contact between the teacher and taught. The students get valuable social experiences like patience, cooperation, self-confidence, etc.

Disadvantages :
It is a time-consuming method. The progress of students is very slow. It is difficult to organize the contents according to the needs. All topics cannot-be-taught by this method. All require adequate resources. The method does not suit the students of lower classes. They do not possess enough background for a scientific approach to problems.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers

Question 6.
What are the different steps of the project method in teaching science? Discuss each of the steps and state the merits and limitations of the method?
Ans:
The project method is a pupil-centered method carried out in school or outside the school. The essence of this method is to carry out a useful task on a ground in which all the students work co-operatively learning by doing and learning by the living are the two cardinal principles of this method. Children learn through association, cooperation, and activity.

The various steps of the method are as follows:

  • Providing a situation
  • Choosing and purposing
  • Planning
  • Executing
  • Evaluation
  • Recording

Providing a situation:
The teacher should provide such a situation to the students which may create some problems for them and in which they feel interested to work.

Choosing and purposing :
The children should be tempted to choose a project. The teacher should stimulate discussion through suggestions. The project chosen should be to the need of the pupils. The purpose of the. project be clearly defined and well understood by the pupils.

Planning:
The success of a project depends upon a good planning. The students should plan out the whole scheme under the guidance of the teacher. The teacher should prepare two to three plans in his mind and guide the students Every child should be encouraged to participate in the discussion and to make suggestions. All the students are taught to write the plan properly.

Executing:
The teacher should assign duties and distribute work among the pupils of a group to their interests and abilities. Every child should contribute actively towards the execution of the project. The teacher should guide them.

Evaluating:
The students review the project and find out the mistakes if any. self-criticism is an important training and should not be neglected. The teacher should see that the objective of the project has been achieved.

Recording :
The students should keep a complete record of work, how they planned, what discussions were held, how, duties were managed, etc. and finally criticism of their own work.

Merits of the project method:
The project method is based on the laws of learning, the law of readiness, law of exercise, and the law of effect. It promotes cooperative activity and group interaction.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Book Solutions

CHSE Odisha 11th Class History Book Solutions

Unit 1 Early Societies

Unit 2 Ancient Greece

Unit 3 Changing Traditions

Unit 4

Unit 5

CHSE Odisha Class 11 History Syllabus

HISTORY
First Year (Paper-I)
History of the World

UNIT-I

  1. History: Meaning and Relevance
  2. History of Human Evolution:
    a) The Precursor of Modern Human Beings
    b) Modern Human Beings:
    i. Early Humans ways of obtaining food.
    ii. Habitat -Trees to caves and open air sites.
    iii. Making of tools
    iv. Modes of communications – Language and art.
    c) Epilogue – Domestication of animals, and plants; Development of farming and pastoralism as a way of life.
  3. Contributions of Ancient River Valley Civilisation:
    a) Egypt, b) Mesopotamia, c) China

UNIT-II

  1. Ancient Greece:
    a) Rise of city states – Athens and Sparta, b) Evolution of Direct Democracy, c) Age of Pericles.
  2. Ancient Rome:
    a) Society: Composition, Gender, Literacy, Culture, Economic Expansions, Slavery, b) Roman Constitution, c) Julius Caesar: Achievements
  3. Feudalism in Europe: Features, Merits, and Demerits.

UNIT-III

  1. Major religions:
    a) Christianity, b) Islam
  2. Science and Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe between 11th and 17th Centuries: New Ideas and New Trends in Science, Literature, and Art.
  3. European Voyages of Explorations (15th to 17th Centuries).
  4. Civilisations in Americas: Maya, Aztek, and Inca.

UNIT-IV

  1. Innovations and Technological changes: Industrial Revolutions.
  2. American War of Independence: Causes and Consequences.
  3. French Revolution of 1789: Causes and Significance.

UNIT-V

  1. World War-I: Causes and Consequences.
  2. Russian Revolution of 1917: Causes and Significance.
  3. Events leading to the World War-II.
  4. United Nations: Origin, Objectives and Structure.

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
Bureau’s Higher Secondary (+2) History, Published by Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation & Production, Bhubaneswar.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Long Answer Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the nature and scope of psychology.
Answer:
Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including relating to an individual’s daily life and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from the other social sciences anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in that psychology seeks to explain the mental processes and behaviour of individuals.

Whereas biology and neuroscience study the biological or neural processes and how they relate to the mental effects they subjectively produce, psychology is a priority concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behaviour on a systemic. subfield neuropsychology studies the actual neural process while biological psychology studies the biological bases of behaviour and mental states.

Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behaviour mind and thought and the subconscious neurological bases of behaviour psychology also refer to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals’ daily lives and the study of mental illness.

It is largely concerned with humans, although the behaviour and mental process of animals can also be part of psychology research, either as a subject in its own might i.e. animal cognition and ethology, or somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an insight into human psychology by means of comparison (including comparative psychology).

Scope:
Psychology is a scientific study that relies on conspiracism, the use of experimentation, evidence and observation to draw conclusions. It is not based on common sense, reasoning or logic alone. There are two general grouping of psychologists: research psychologists and applied psychologists. Research Psychologists experiment and gather observations to improve understanding of the nature of the mind and behaviour.

Applied psychologists take these observations and leave the lab to deal with everyday problems. In order to obtain responses from individuals a number of psychological tools or instruments are used psychology has various methodological ways or approaches to understand and explain psychological phenomena.

Question 2.
How is psychology a science?
Answer:
Wundt gave psychology a scientific status by opening the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig. Thus, psychology as a science has its beginning in the psychological institute at Leipzig and it went through several phases to reach the status of current psychology. Critics from different quarters, however, questioned the scientific status of psychology.

They asked, “Is psychology a science line physics chemistry ?” Even people make sarcastic remarks when we describe psychology as a science. Science is a systematic body of knowledge gathered by careful observation and measurement of events. The things and objects are systematized mostly by classifying them into various categories.

The general laws and principles are established which describe and predict the events as clearly as possible. Science seeks to explain the phenomena within its scope. The explanation is the ultimate aim of science. Psychology deals with oriental processes and activities of the organism in relation to its environment. It deals with experience and behaviour. Psychology seeks to explain the law of mind.

The aim of psychology precisely is to describe, understand, predict and control conditions and situations both in the world around him and within himself. As indicated earlier, it is mainly the scientific procedure adopted for the study of psychology that gave it a scientific status. Science uses methods like observation experiments, manes comparison and classification to investigate and collect data.

Psychology uses both observation and experimentation; which are scientific processes. The scientific procedure, according to mum (1950) “involves making systematic rather than aimless observations, being impersonal in one’s search for truth, seeking information to test rather than to prove ideas already had making it possible for others to repeat one’s observations under essentially the same conditions and to confirm or modify them.”

Science, in other words, uses experimental methods for the purpose of investigation. Instead of mere observation, certain conditions or variables of the object of study are changed (independent variables) and the effect of these changes on the subject matter of study is noted. Science starts with some assumptions or hypotheses and postulates about its subject matter.

Psychology as a science usually starts an experiment with some assumptions or hypotheses. In a scientific procedure like the experimental method, all variables are controlled except the independent variable of science should be quantitative. In other words, results obtained from a scientific study should be quantified or measured. Psychology uses statistical methods for the analysis of results.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Question 3.
Examine the contributions of Wundt and Titchener to Experimental Psychology?
Answer:
William Wundt (1832-1920) opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, German. Thus he took the first step in making psychology a science. He gave the first touch by assembling the parts together formulated by the earlier investigations. It is, therefore, rightly called the father and founder of modem experimental psychology.

The psychological institute at Leipzig thus started programmes of making psychology an independent science. Though prior to Wundt the attitude towards scientific psychology was growing in the minds of various investigators. Wundt alone gave it an independent status by separating psychology from philosophy and giving up speculation and armchair observation in favour of scientific methods of study.

Wundt, a German physiologist took a lot of interest in the subjective and personal experiences of the organism, a response to sensory Stimulation. After publishing “fundamental of psychological psychology (1871)”. Wundt opened his psychological institute at Leipzig.

A large number of students from all over the world came to Wundt’s institute to conduct research on scientific psychology under his able guidance. Wundt defined psychology as the science of immediate experience with consciousness being the main subject matter, which simply means the science of consciousness.

E.B. Titchener:
Titchener, the English psychologist who went to Leipzig to work under Wundt, propounded the structural school of psychology. Like Wundt, he was also determined to establish psychology as a pure and perfect science. Thus, he established a laboratory at Cornell, in America, to develop a structural school of psychology.

He based his work and research on the pattern of Wundt. He was a staunch believer in the experimental approach towards the study of mental science. He published a number of books on psychology and thus helped in the enrichment of psychology as a science. In fact, it is Titchener who owes the credit for establishing Wundt’s concept of psychology in the U.S.A.

Titchener defined psychology as the science of conscious experience which is dependent upon the experiencing person. He developed a monistic approach towards psychology with the view that all sciences have more or less the same content, which refers to some aspect of the human experience. Only the approach is different.

Mind according to him is the sum total of human experience and the subject-matter of psychology is conscious experience. Titchener was a very devoted worker. He sincerely tried to develop fully the concepts of psychology put forward by Wundt. The above two psychologists’ contributions are discussed.

Question 4.
Discuss briefly the different branches of psychology?
Answer:
Modem psychologists have developed certain conceptual approaches to the understanding of psychology keeping in view the current needs. Zimbardo and Member (1997) have identified six broad conceptual models which are normally used in the study of human behaviour.
They are:

  • Biological
  • Behaviouristic
  • Cognitive
  • humanistic
  • Psycho-dynamic and
  • Evolutionary.

We will discuss below the first three models widely used by psychologists.

Biological Approach:
The biological approach is basically interested in the functioning of genes, the nervous system, the brain and the endocrine glands to trace the causes human behaviour. Zimbardo (1997) views that the biological approach makes four assumptions. Psychological and social phenomena can be understood in terms of biochemical processes.

Complex behaviours can be understood by analyzing them into smaller and more specific units. All behaviour or behavioural potential is determined by physical structures and hereditary processes. Experience can modify behaviour by changing these underlying biological structures and processes.

a conglomeration of these two sciences has led to the development of a biological approach to psychology. The biological approach also includes the Biophysical; or Neuroscience approach. Which attempts to find out the physiological or biological changes that take place in the nervous system. brain, glands and chores when we learn, perceive, think, emote, became angry, hungry see a movie, dream or engage in daydreams.

Behaviouristic Approach:
Structuralism was too mentalistic because it attempted to deal with mental processes. In the early twentieth century, some scholars pioneered an approach in America popularly known as Behaviourism which placed importance or the overt behaviour of organisms. The propounder of behaviourism was Y.B. Watson.

He and his associates reduced psychological understanding to a simple ABC formula:

  • first, identify the antecedent (triggering) stimulus conditions, that elicit behaviour,
  • secondly, measure changes in observable behaviour and friendly,
  • record the consequences that the behaviour has on the environment.

All these three, ABC elements, antecedent conditions, behaviours and consequences or change must be objectively observable. Watson viewed drat mental events could not be studied scientifically and that psychology must look not within the individual for the causes of behaviour, but outside the individual at the environment and the observable stimuli that lead to behavioural responses.

Another learning theorist, B.F. Shinner restricted the domain of psychology to the study of how behaviour and environment operate on and affect each other. Modem scientific psychology has however accepted to quite an extent the behaviouristic approach of Watson, particularly those aspects of behaviour that are carefully and objectively measured by contemporary.

psychology because of its scientific orientation still consists of overt behaviour. According to Baron (1999) “Behaviouristic approach to psychology has stood the test of time and continues to remain as an important approach to modem psychology”.

Cognitive Approach:
The behaviouristic approach seems somewhat limited because it excludes mental processes. Cognitive psychology stands as a direct challenge to the limited view of behaviourism that scientific psychology is only the study of the overt behaviour of the organism. The cognitive model is a very broad one encircling consciousness, attending perceiving or knowing, thinking, problem-solving, even numbering etc.

Cognition means knowing or knowledge modem psychologists hold that emphasis on human thought, perception, knowledge and all the processes of cognitive functioning centre around the heart of psychology.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
State the subject matter of psychology. How is it related to biology and medicine?
Answer:
The subject matter of psychology includes air branches and all aspects of psychology, particularly those which deal with human behaviour, internal and external experiences and various mental processes. The mental processes include physiologist bases behaviour, sensation, attention, perception learning, memory process, thinking reasoning and creativity, personality, intelligence and emotional and motivational processes etc.

Among the above, learning is the core of psychology and its central subject matter. Humans’ adjustment to a tired environment is impossible without learning and the ability to learn and remember things. Psychologists study human behaviour as used as a mental process exploring the thinking process, ability creativity and reasoning capacity.

Cognitive psychologists, therefore, put emphasis on the cognitive behaviour of the organism as an important subject matter of psychology. I Human being is an intelligent person. His cognitive ability or intelligence determines his mental activities to a great extent and hence the complete without the study of intelligence or cognitive behaviour the subject matter of psychology subject matter related to Biology and medicine.

Biology :
Biology is life science. It studies the life of plants and animals which includes the study of the growth and development of living beings and how they reproduce and continue to exist. The scope of biology is very wide in the sense that it is concerned with the study of genetics physiology, zoology, neurology embryology etc. Since psychology has an intimate relationship with physiology, animal psychology and neurology, it is logically related to biology.

Animal experiments truly speaking, have enriched our knowledge in understanding human behaviour. Animals are of then used in research and experiments in psychology, for instance, Pavlov experimented on dogs, Thomdive on cats, Kohler on chimpanzees, Lashley on rats and Skinner on pigeons. The laws and principles of learning drawn from these studies have provided valuable chees to the psychology of learning and motivation.

Medicine:
Medical science deals with both physical and mental disorders. This knowledge is a must for psychologists because both deal with the human organism, medicine, however, is more concerned with physical disease and psychology with mental disease. Since mind and body can not be separated from, each other and are interrelated, one influencing the Other, medicine and psychology are just like the coils of a rope, interwoven and interrelated.

Just as it is essential for doctors to know about human psychology and behaviour patterns it is equally necessary for psychologists to have knowledge of physical diseases and the various physiological organs and their functions. Both psychologists and medical men take each other’s help in the conduction of research on human beings.

Question 6.
Discuss the observational methods and their advantages?
Answer:
The methods which a particular branch of knowledge uses, determine its scientific nature. Psychology as already indicated is described as a social science. In order to clarify the fact that psychology is a science. It is necessary to examine the methods used in psychology to study the behaviour of the organism. Methods in psychology refer to the ways or procedures to study behaviour, both inner and outer.

Methods are also used to analyse, predict and control behaviour in a given situation. Thus psychology like any other science subject uses observation and experimental methods. The introspective method comes under the observational method unique in psychology and not used in any other science for the purpose of investigation. That is why Morgan and King have said that psychology is both Science and Arts.

Observational Method:
Psychologists have attempted to divide observational methods into various categories which are given below.

Subjective observation (Introspection):
Self-observation is popularly known as introspection. It is a unique method used in psychology, which is not found in any other science. Titchener developed the introspective method. Wundt also suggested as a method of studying conscious experience. According to Titchener, psychology must deal with the inner states of consciousness in order to find out its structure. As already pointed out introspection means slef-observation or ‘to look within.

In the case of introspection, the person observes his own feelings and experiences at a given tinie and reports the same to the investigator. By self-observation, only the experiencing person says what he is feeling or experiencing. To introspect means to attend to one’s own experiences. If a person is having a headache or toothache, only he can report it.

If one is thinking of somebody it is he who can make it overt. Thus the person himself can give an account of his experiences. That is why it is called self-observation. But, the inner mental activities can be made public by the experiencing person. Whatever one is feeling experiencing or thinking, he can only – give a report of same.

Here the job of the psychologist is to encourage the person under observation to look within and observe his own thoughts feelings, and experiences and report the same psychologist. Introspection as self-observation. But every self-observation is not introspection. Self-observation of one’s mental activities only refers to introspection.

Advantages:
Psychology is the study of behaviour and experiences. Behaviour is studied by observation technique. In fact, there is no other method by which private and personal experience can be studied except the method of introspection. Introspection is an easy, simple and traditional method. Many psychologists gathered lots of valuable information, particularly in the field of sensation with the help of the introspection method.

When the other scientific and objective methods fail to serve the purpose, introspection solves the problem. Specific principles are followed for the use of other scientific methods; no rules are to be followed for observing one’s own feelings and experiences. Introspection can be applied at any time and at any place. Further, no laboratory or test materials are necessary for introspection.

Introspection provides direct and first-hand knowledge to the person about one’s mental state. The data obtained by the introspective method can be compared with the data obtained by the observation method, later on, both the subjective and objective data can be synthesized. Attributes of sensation can be known through introspection.

A number of impressions and experiences about the tactual, auditory, gustatory and factory sensations can be known by introspection. Similarly experiences about like and dislikes applying the self-observation method. The subject’s response to a stimulus is revealed through introspection. How he registers the stimulus and his reaction to stimulation can only be known by introspection.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Question 7.
Define observation methods used in psychology?
Answer:
The observation methods are defined below:

  • Naturalistic observation
  • Participant observation
  • Non-participant observation

Naturalistic observation:
Naturalistic observation is made in an environment which is uncontrolled and unrestricted but natural. It is incidental and unplanned. The attitude of the teachers towards their students can be observed in classroom situations where the observer plays a passive role. Piaget’s studies on the cognitive development of children were frequently preceded by naturalistic observation which he called the clinical method.

Advantages
This method does not require the cooperation of the subject. The ‘ S ’ is completely kept ignorant that he is being observed. The artificiality of the laboratory is completely absent here.

Disadvantages
Data collected by the naturalistic method are different to reproduction, standardisation and quantity. It violates the standards of specificity, quantitativeness and standardisation of the observational procedure.

Participant Observation:
When application of the experimental method and use of the naturalistic method may not be feasible the method of participant observation comes into the picture. In this method, the observer actually takes part of participating with the ‘O’ in a particular act and simultaneously observes his behaviour. For example, while studying the play activity of children, the observer also plays with them, and the child never knows that he is observing him.

Advantages
For studying cases on a large scale, when experimental methods are not practically possible, this method is used to sort out various problems of the employees, in industries and organisations and in a classroom situation.

Disadvantages
In addition to the disadvantages and limitations of the observational methods, the additional disadvantage of this method is that once the subjects start suspecting the participant observer’s motive and the situation they may become furious considering him a spy.

Non-participant Observation:
As the name implies it is the opposite of participant observation. In this method, the observer does not participate in the activities of the subject being studied but he tries to observe the behaviour from an observable distance through a One-way vision screen.

Question 8.
What is the case history method? Define its limitations?
Answer:
Psychology has adopted the use of a number of investigative methods for the understanding and analysis of human behaviour. Case history is one of these methods which is being used particularly by clinical psychologists for the diagnosis and treatment of behaviour disorders. Otherwise known as the life history or case study method. It involves making observations for a considerable period of time to trace the cause and development of a particular behaviour pattern.

This method actually has been borrowed from medicine and it has got special implications t in the study of problem children and in the study of problem children and in the treatment of abnormality. It is a two-way process in which the investigator uses tests, checklists questionnaires like the survey technique.

Under case study method :

  • the day book method,
  • clinical method.
  • Biographical method

are includes case history is a very comprehensive and useful method. But it requires specialised skills for the collection of information. The main purpose of the case study method is diagnosis and prognosis. In other words, it aims at finding the cases underlying human behaviour as well as making recommendations about rectifying the present behaviour.

Limitations:
It is held by some that the case study method is highly subjective. Unless trained and competent investigators conduct the interview collect case history, it may lead to erratic and erroneous findings. However, the subjective nature of the case history method can be reduced by using a particular format of a case study which can provide guidelines to the person collecting the information.

He can thus have the scope to add or to subtract very little and this can ensure objectivity and reduce subjectivity to a minimum. Some have argued that case study is retrospective in nature. It is based on the contemplation of an event after it has occurred. Thus many valuable experiences from that standpoint of psychological analysis are forgotten, disturbed or actively.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Question 9.
Discuss the characteristics of the experimental methods in psychology?
Answer:
According to Ruch (1970) “The most highly developed, formalised and accurate of all scientific methods is the experimental method”. It is the most reliable of all the methods used in psychology. In 1879 Wundt started the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig and since then most psychological data are collected through well-designed and scientifically conducted experiments.

The experimental method is a procedure in which certain hypotheses framed on the basis of previous findings are tested by systematically varying certain conditions and controlling some other conditions. In other words, it is observation used in pre-arranged conditions. When the behaviour of a person is not studied under natural conditions, or in the field, but under artificially controlled conditions in the laboratory it is called an experiment.

The E should use the proper method for the presentation of the stimulus and should see that he gets the necessary cooperation from this. He must have a procedure for collecting data and testing the hypothesis. Proper instructions to the “S” must begin before starting experiment. The verbal and introspective report of the subject should be taken to interpret and verify the obtained findings.

Characteristics of the experimental method:
Variable Slid Conditions:
The experimental method involves certain variables. A variable is a factor which varies or changes in the experiment. A variable is any aspect of a condition that can vary or any quantity that can change in a valve.

Independent Variable :
The independent variable is the factor which is manipulated or changed in an experimental design. It is the factor whose effects are being studied on the result.

Dependent Variables:
It is also called the response variable. According to such, “The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor which the experimenter predicts will change in some way as a result of changing the independent variable.

Relevant Variable:
The relevant variables are those variables which are kept constant throughout the experiment except the independent variable. For example, in the experiment on memory for meaningful words and nonsense materials except for the nature of the material all other factors are kept constant in both conditions.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Question 10.
Show the significance of survey and statistical methods in psychology.
Answer:
Survey While attempting to understand the dynamics of human behaviour one may come across certain problems which are difficult to study by observations experiments or case history methods. Political attitudes, consumer preference, attitudes towards family planning, dowry, marriage, and divorce, women’s liberation, health care, etc. Are studied by survey method. The survey method used questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, etc. to obtain information about the problem of the study.

In other words, the survey method is a procedure of connecting certain information from the population by carefully prepared questionnaires. The information is obtained from a scientifically selected sample which represents the view of the entire population. For social surveys, the sample must be randomly selected and it must be large enough to represent the population.

Currently, the survey method has extended from mere administration of questionnaires and tests and interviews to a Telephone ‘survey’. survey by postal questionnaires, etc. This is done for quick collection of data. Although the personal interview technique is more popular and extensively used in survey methods, it is very costly and time-consuming. A report is necessary at the first place.

Statistical Method:
Psychologists have borrowed the statistical method from mathematics as they felt that it is indispensable for psychological research. The design and interpretation of any data obtained by psychological research are incomplete without statistical analysis. To determine the average performance of a group or a person in a test or tests, the application of statistics is a must.

Similarly to find out the difference and relationships in the performance, intelligence score, anxiety, aptitude, and prejudice of two groups or members of groups, say, boys and girls, rural and urban children, of different age groups, the psychologists have to take the help of statistical procedures. Mum, therefore, comments “statistical analysis is an application of mathematics which enables the psychologist to arrange his findings so that he can discover their significant trends and relationships.”

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Watson?
Answer:
J.B. Watson (1878-1958) developed the Behaviouristic school of psychology, otherwise known as Behaviourism. Watson advocated the S-R approach towards psychology instead of the S-O-R approach.

Question 2.
Freud?
Answer:
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), was making his contributions to the study and treatment of abnormal behaviour. Freud who was a neurologist and a psychiatrist developed a “school of psychology”.

Question 3.
Behaviouristic Approach?
Answer:
The behaviouristic was influenced by Russian physiologist Pavlov’s principles of classical conditioning and other related works in the area of learning. The behaviouristic perspective deals with overt or external behaviour that can be objectively recorded and manipulated.

Question 4.
Legal Psychology?
Answer:
It is also a branch of applied psychology. Legal psychology is concerned with the discovery of motives behind the crimes and methods required for the detection of crimes.

Question 5.
Kohler and Loffka?
Answer:
Kurt Loffka (1856-1941) and W. Kohler (1887) were the founders of the Gestalt School of Psychology (1914). They mainly did research on the area of perceptual and learning processes.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Question 6.
Jung and Adler?
Answer:
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) and C.G. Jung (1875 – 1961) were the earlier associates of Freud. Adler developed the school of individual psychology “Jung’s school of Psychology” is known us the school of Analytical Psychology.

Question 7.
E.B. Titchener?
Answer:
He was an English Psychologist who wait in Leipzig to work under Wundt and propounded the structural school of psychology. He was also determined to establish psychology as a pure and perfect science.

Question 8.
Participant Observation?
Answer:
When the application of experimental and use of naturalistic methods may not be feasible, that is called participant observation. In this method, the observer takes part or participants with the ‘O’ in a particular and simultaneously observes the behaviour.

Question 9.
Introspection?
Answer:
Self-observation is popularly known as introspection. It is a unique method used in psychology which is not found in any other science.

Question 10.
Experimental Method?
Answer:
According to Ruch (1970) “The most highly developed scientific method is the experimental method. The experimental design is important aspect of an experiment.

Question 11.
Non-participant observation?
Answer:
It is the opposite of participant observation. In this method, the observer does not participate in the activities of the subject being studied but he tries to observe the behaviour from an observable distance through one vision screen.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Question 12.
Field study method?
Answer:
Application of experimental technique requires a well-equipped laboratory it can not be earned to different fields of life. The field study is used as an alternative to laboratory investigation.

Question 13.
Survey method?
Answer:
Political attitudes, consumer preference, attitudes towards family planning, dowry, marriage and divorce, women’s liberation, health care etc. are studied by survey method. The survey method used questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists etc.

Question 14.
Independent Variable?
Answer:
The independent variable is the factor which is manipulated or changed in an experimental design. In complex experimental designs, more than one independent variable is introduced particularly when it is necessary for the investigation.

Question 15.
Health Psychology?
Answer:
Health psychology has gained tremendous importance as an emerging branch of psychology. Health psychology’s main purpose is to make people conscious that “prevention is better than cure”. Health psychologists can give counselling for a lifestyle characterised by high levels of commitment, flexibility in attitude and a strong motivation to change one’s irrational and anti-health activities. Health psychology also aims to maintain a harmonious and cordial relationship between the doctor and the patient. Several channels of T. V. have regulated programmes on health and health care.

Question 16.
Cognitive Psychology?
Answer:
It is originally based on Gestalt Psychology, it has developed in recent years into a separate field of psychology. Cognition means knowing or knowledge. Modem psychologists hold that emphasis on human thought, perception, knowledge and all processes of cognitive functioning centre around the heart of psychology. Cognitive psychology stands as a direct challenge to the limited view of behaviourism that scientific psychology is only the study of the overt behaviour of the organism. The cognitive model is a very broad one encircling consciousness, attending, thinking, problem-solving etc.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Question 17.
Social Psychology?
Answer:
Social psychology has been accepted as a major branch of psychology. Social psychology like clinical, educational and industrial psychology is an applied branch of psychology. It deals with the behaviour and experience of an individual in a group situation, in a community and in society. Social psychologists are taking a tremendous interest in the study of mass communication, cognitive dissonance and population research. Social psychology mainly aims at solving the various social, political, and economic problems of our life.

Question 18.
Abnormal Psychology / Clinical Psychology?
Answer:
Abnormal psychology also studies the topographical aspects of the mind, the id, ego, superego, conscious, subconscious and unconscious, and the psycho-sexual development of the child. The credit for extending the scope of psychology to the study of abnormal behaviour duly goes to If Freud, Jung and Adler. Clinical psychology applies its principles and therapies to deviants and mentally disordered persons. The clinical psychologist is mainly engaged in the classification, diagnosis and treatment of behaviour disorders. According to Morgan and King (1978), clinical psychology is now the largest field of specialisation.

Question 19.
Developmental Psychology?
Answer:
Developmental psychology studies the physical and mental development of human organisms from conception to old age. According to Morgan and King (1978), developmental psychologists attempt to understand complex behaviours by studying their simpler beginnings. Child psychology occupies a large place in the study of developmental psychology. Developmental psychology includes the study of sensory and motor development of the child and his specific abilities. Developmental psychology also deals with superior, disturbed, disadvantaged and backward children.

Question 20.
Sports Psychology?
Answer:
It is also an emerging branch of psychology. Sports psychology helps athletes to concentrate their attention on competitive goals, makes them more motivated and enables them to deal with their anxiety and fear successfully which often accompany competition in a sports field. Sports psychology is used as a therapeutic technique in hospitals and psychological clinics. The sports psychologist has a very crucial role to play particularly when the player is discouraged because of missing a ball or a catch or losing a match. A sportsman may be in high physical form but if he is psychologically unfit he cannot be a successful player.

Question 21.
Field study method?
Answer:
Psychology has extended itself to various spheres of life. Since application of experimental techniques requires a well-equipped laboratory. It can not be carried to different fields of life. The field study is used as an alternative to laboratory investigation. The method is free from artificial nature. The field study method is used in this study of children, industrial employees, animals etc.

Question 22.
Experimental Design?
Answer:
A traditional experimental design involves two groups or conditions, such as :

  • Experimental condition
  • Controlled condition

The independent variable is manipulated in the experimental condition. Subjects of the experimental conditions will not be given only rest during the retention interval. Experimental conditions would indicate the effect of interpolated activity on remembering. There are different designs one balancing another factor.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Question 23.
Limitations of experimental methods?
Answer:
For the application of the experimental method, a well-equipped laboratory, tools and equipment, and subjects are necessary. Human beings and animals are the subjects used in the experimental method. The artificial arrangement of the experimental set-up. The artificiality of laboratory experiments is a source of strength and a source of weakness. On the side of weakness, this control may make experiments so different from real life that the results do not apply to real situations.

Question 24.
Dependent variable?
Answer:
It is also called the response variable. According to Ruch “The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor which the experimenter predicts with change in the same way as a result to changing the independent variable. The dependent variable is better memory in the case of meaningful words. The dependent variable is the effect while the independent variable is the cause. The effect of the independent variable is observed in the results which are called the dependent variable.

Question 25.
What advantages of Naturalistic observation?
Answer:
This method does not require the cooperation of the subject. The ‘S’ is completely kept ignored that he is being observed. the artificially of the laboratory is completely absent here. Spontaneous reactions of the ‘S’ are observed and the ‘S’ makes no change in his response same to the presence of the observer.

When it is not possible to study the behaviour of children, adults, human beings and animals. Under artificially constructed laboratory situations the naturalistic observation method becomes extremely useful. Pinget feels that only through the naturalistic observation method one can get into the heart of the child’s various problems.

Question 26.
Survey Method?
Answer:
Political attitudes, consumer preference attitude towards family planning, dowry, marriage and divorce, women’s liberation, health care etc. are studied by survey method. The survey method used questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists etc. to obtain information about the tire problem of the study. The survey method is a procedure of collecting certain information from the population by carefully prepared questionnaires.

The survey method has extended from mere administration of questionnaires and tests and interviews to telephone surveys, surveys by postal questionnaires etc. The personal interview technique is more popular and extensively used in survey methods. The survey method is extremely useful in social sciences like psychology, providing carefully prepared questionnaires, well-trained interviewers, carefully and cautiously selected samples and appropriate methods of data analysis and reporting used.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions

Question 27.
Case study method?
Answer:
it is qualitative research used mostly by clinical psychologists. A case study or case history is an in-depth look at a single individual. Mainly case studies are performed by clinical psychologists. A case study provides information about the person’s fears, hopes, fantasies, traumatic experiences, upbringing, and family relationships, herewith. A case study is the most exhaustive method of collecting data about the behaviour of a person. The case study has a clinical orientation with a focus on helping the individual self-improvement.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1.
Psychology as a science is studied _____?
(a) Systematically
(b) Methodically
(c) Analytically
(c) observationally
Answer:
(a) Systematically

Question 2.
Psychology is the science of ________?
(a) soul
(b) mind
(c) brain
(d) body
Answer:
(b)mind

Question 3.
Does behaviour mean _______?
(a) experience
(b) learning
(c) reaction
(d) activities
Answer:
(d) activities

Question 4.
Watson defined psychology as the science of ______?
(a) behaviour
(b) experience
(e) soul
(d) mind
Answer:
(a) behaviour

Question 5.
_____ is the father of experimental psychology?
(a) Watson
(b) Wundt
(e) Williams
(d) Freud
Answer:
(b) Wundt

Question 6.
The first psychological laboratory was established in _______?
(a) 1779
(b) 1879
(c) 1789
(d) 1889
Answer:
(b) 1879

Question 7.
_____developed the behaviouristic school of psychology?
(a) Woodworth
(b) William James
(c) Watson
(d) Wertheimer.
Answer:
(c) Watson

Question 8.
Titchner was a psychologist?
(a) English
(b) German
(c) American
(d) French
Answer:
(c)American

Question 9.
Does social psychology study the psychology of the________in groups?
(a) children
(b) adults
(c) old people
(d) individuals
Answer:
(d) individuals

Question 10.
Psychology is a____ science?
(a) natural as life
(b) environmental
(c) social
Answer:
(c) social

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 11.
Psychology as a science study the experience and behaviour of _______?
(a) human beings
(b) animals
(c) organism
(d) plants
Answer:
(c) organism

Question 12.
The functional school of psychologý was advanced by _______?
(a) Watson
(b) Thomdive
(c) William
(d) James
Answer:
(c) William

Question 13.
Wundt established the first psychologist laboratory at _______?
(a) Frankfort
(b) Paris
(c) Leipzig
(d) Berlin
Answer:
(c) Leipzig

Question 14.
Jung was a _____ psychiatrist.
(a) Japanese
(b) German
(c) Swiss
(d) American
Answer:
(c) Swiss

Question 15.
Sigmund Freud emphasized the role of in causing neuroses?
(a) suppression
(b) repression
(c) subconsciousness
(d) consciousness
Answer:
(b) repression

Question 16.
That branch of psychology which studies men at work is known as psychology?
(a) consumer
(b) advertising
(c) industrial and organisational
(d) social
Answer:
(c) industrial and organisational

Question 17.
The role of the unconscious in mental illness was advanced for the first time by____?
(a) Jung
(b) Adler
(c) Karen homey
(d) Freud
Answer:
(d) Freud

Question 18.
The behaviour of children in the classroom is studied by_____ psychologists?
(a) child
(b) developmental
(c) educational
(d) social
Answer:
(c) educational

Question 19.
Are we thinking is a branch of _______?
(a) work psychology
(b) education psychology
(c) consumer psychology
(d) general psychology
Answer:
(d) general psychology

Question 20.
_______ does not come under the branches of psychology.
(a) psychopathology
(b) medicine
(c) consumer psychology
(d) advertising psychology
Answer:
(b) medicine

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 21.
Wundt was a _______?
(a) physiologist
(b) sociologist
(c) mathematician
(d) psychologist
Answer:
(a) physiologist

Question 22.
Psychology is the science of _______?
(a) the mind
(b) the unconscious
(c) the soul
(d) the behaviour
Answer:
(a) the mind

Question 23.
Weber was a ________?
(a) Biologist
(b) Psychologist
(c) physicist
(d) Philosopher
Answer:
(c) physicist

Question 24.
That branch of psychology which studies the behaviour of an individual in a group is called _______?
(a) Anthropology
(b) Social Psychology
(c) Consumer Psychology
(d) Developmental Psychology
Answer:
(b) Social Psychology

Question 25.
Psychometry is a branch of ________.
(a) medicine
(b) psychology
(c) psychiatry
(d) biology
Answer:
(c) psychiatry

Question 26.
The main aim of the _______ method is to obtain the past history of the person?
(a) observation
(b) experimental
(c) survey
(d) case.
Answer:
(d) case

Question 27.
Objective observation and experiments are essential in _______?
(a) Arts
(b) Political Science
(c) Philosophy
(d) Science
Answer:
(d) Science

Question 28.
While testing a hypothesis if the results are significant, then it will be _______?
(a) Accepted
(b) Cancelled
(c) Rejected
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Accepted

Question 29.
A hypothesis is a _______?
(a) theory
(b) theory to be verified
(c) theory to be reviewed
(d) theory to be rejected.
Answer:
(b) theory to be verified

Question 30.
In the experimental method, the variables that are manipulated are called _______?
(a) independent variable
(b) dependent variable
(c) relevant variable
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) independent variable

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 31.
In a psychological experimént the independent variable functions as a / an _______?
(a) effect
(b) constant
(c)cause
(d)result
Answer:
(c)cause

Question 32.
In a psychological experiment, are the dependent variables are influenced by the variable?
(a) independent variable
(b) relevant variable
(c) experimental variable
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) independent variable

Question 33.
The independent variable i&an experiment differs from the dependent variable in _________.
(a) that it is a response eLiciting a stimulus which is so strong so as to mark the intervening variable
(b) that it is a variable which comes between the stimulus and response.
(c) that it is a stimulus within an experiment which is expected to cause a specific response to occur.
(d) It can not be controlled or changed.
Answer:
(c) that it is a stimulus within an experiment which is expected to cause a specific response to occur.

Question 34.
an important difference between an experimental group and a control group is that ______?
(a) the independent variable is introduced to the experimental group but not to the control group.
(b) the independent variable is introduced to the control group and not to the experimental group.
(c) none of the above
Answer:
(a) the independent variable is introduced to the experimental group but not to the control group.

Question 35.
The most scientific method used to study the behaviour of organisms is ________?
(a) observation
(b) experimental
(c) case history
(d) survey
Answer:
(b) experimental

Question 36.
Introspection was developed and advocated by ________?
(a) Kohicr
(b) William James
(c) Thorndike
(d) Titchener
Answer:
(d) Titchener

Question 37.
The first psychological laboratory was introduced in the year?
(a) 1989
(b) 1879
(c) 1789
(d) 1878
Answer:
(b) 1879

Question 38.
Introspection can also be called ________?
(a) self-observation
(b) to look within
(c) retrospection
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) self-observation

Question 39.
The first psychological laboratory was established as ________?
(a) Sweden
(b) Tokyo
(c) Leipzig
(d) Hongkong
Answer:
(c) Leipzig

Question 40.
In the experimental condition, the variables are ________?
(a) kept constant
(b) manipulated
(c) both kept constant and manipulated alternatively
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) manipulated

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 41.
The introspective method can be used only to study the behaviour of ________?
(a) Human beings
(b) Higher animals
(c) lower animals
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) Human beings

Question 42.
The short history of psychology as a science started with _______?
(a) MC. Donegal
(b) Watson
(c) Titchener
(d) Wundt
Answer:
(d) Wundt

Question 43.
The first psychological laboratory of the world was established under the leadership of ________?
(a) Freud
(b) Titchener
(c) Fenchner
(d) Wundt
Answer:
(d) Wundt

Question 44.
The introspective method is unique in ________?
(a) sociology
(b) anthropology
(c) psychoanalysis
(d) psychology
Answer:
(d) psychology

Question 45.
Observation of others’ mental activity includes?
(a) perception of behaviour
(b) conscious or subconscious inference
(c) interpretation of the behaviour of other persons in terms of own experience
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 46.
Introspection as a method of psychology has received the support of _____?
(a) Wundt
(b) Miller
(c) Brief
(d) Titchener
(e) All the above
Answer:
(d)Titchener

Question 47.
The Aim Chair and biographical methods were used by _____?
(a) scientific psychologists
(b) the prescientific psychologists
(c) statisticians
(d) sociologists
Answer:
(b) the prescientific psychologists

Question 48.
Besides fetching introspection was considered as a method of studying conscious experience by ________?
(a) Fuicd
(b) Wundt
(c) Skinner
(d) Angell
Answer:
(b) Wundt

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

True And False Questions With Answer

Question 1.
Abnormal psychology deals with the study of gifted children. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Plato’s’concept of psychology as the science of the soul is unscientific. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Descartes was an eminent physicist. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Helmut for the first time propounded theories of colour vision and audition. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Wundt a German Psychologist published a book on the fundamentals of physiological psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
J. B. Watson’defined psychology as the science of conscious experience. ______ (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 7.
Behaviourism developed as a reaction to the contrüversy between structuralism and functionalism (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Freud was a Neurologist. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 9.
The concept of collective unconsciousness to the brainchild of Adlet. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Psychology as the science of behaviour is the most acceptable definition of psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 11.
Psychologyasascienceonlystudieshumanbeings. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 12.
Psychology is a social science. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Psychology studies the activities of the organism in relation to its environment _____ (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Psycho1ogy sociology and anthropology are sister disciplines. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Psychology only studies normal. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 16.
Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists have similar educational qualifications (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 17.
Comparative psychology is the same as animal psychology. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 18.
Most of the experiments in the field of psychology have been conducted on animals________. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Educational psychology is basically the psychology of the teacher and the teacher. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Social psychology is applied psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 21.
Industrial psychology studies men and women at work. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Legal psychology is not a branch of applied psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 23.
Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 24.
Psychology has a long past but a short history. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Groen philosophers like Aristotle and Plato have no content PSyChologY. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 26.
Aristotle as a swiss philosopher (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 27.
Descartes recognised the iríterætion process between mind and body in the pineal gland. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 28.
Physicists line weber and Fechnerbied to quantity psycho1ogj. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 29.
Wundt’slaboratoiy at Leip7ig was the stalling point of physiological psychology (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 30.
Titchener owes the credit for establishing Wundt’s concept of psychology in U.SA (True/ False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 31.
Watson advocated the S-O-R approach towards psychology instead of the S-R approach. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 32.
Gestalt psychologists are opposed to the perception of any stimulus part by part. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 33.
Sigmund Freud propounded the school of psychology is. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 34.
The schools developed by Freud, Jung and Adler are known as schools of Depth. Psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 35.
The term psychology is derived from two “reek words” ‘psycho’ and ‘logos’ which means soul and science respectively. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 36.
The dependent variable is the cause and the independent variables are the effect. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 37.
Introspection can not be used to study animal behaviour. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 38.
The functions of introspection and retrospection are the same. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 39.
The major difference between an experimental group and a control group is that the independent variable is introduced in the control group, while no independent variable is introduced in the experimental group. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 40.
In an accurate experimental design, the independent variable is always one. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 41.
Independent variables and dependent variables have a cause-effect relationship. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 42.
Frcüd is considered the father of experimental psychology. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 43.
The experimental method is only used in the study of human behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 44.
Psychologists in general prefer introspection to experimental methods. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 45.
Watson accepted introspection as a method of psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 46.
A variable is a factor which varies or changes in an experiment. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 47.
Self-observation is popularly known as introspection. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 48.
The field study method is used as an alternative of laboratory investigation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 49.
Methods in psychology are used to study both inner and outer behaviour to analyse predict and control behaviour in a given situation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 50.
The introspective method is not unique in psychology. (True/False)
Answer:
False

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 51.
The observation method was developed in psychology to avoid the limitations and disadvantages of the introspective method. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 52.
The experimental method indicates the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 53.
Prescientific psychology was using certain speculative methods like armchair and biographical to study behaviour. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 54.
The observation technique includes objective observation and self-observation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 55.
In the observation technique, there is a tendency to project one’s own thoughts and feeling into another’s mind. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 56.
Introspection is self-observation. But every self-observation is not introspection. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Psychologists like Freud, James, Woodworth and Skinner have cited evidence in favour of introspection as a method of psychology. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 58.
No psychological experiment can be completed without an introspective report. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 59.
The experimental method is a procedure in which certain hypotheses are tested by systematically varying certain conditioning and controlling some other conditions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 60.
The dependent variable is also called the response variable. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Unit 1 What is Psychology? Objective Questions

Question 61.
The dependent variable is the cause while the independent variable is an effect (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 62.
The artificiality of the laboratory experiment is a source of strength and a source of weakness. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 63.
Field study is used as an alternative to laboratory investigation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 64.
The case study method is the same as the biographical method. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 65.
The introspection method is usually used as a supplement to experimentation and observation. (True / False)
Answer:
True

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

Last night Mr. Khanna _______ a noise. He ________ a torch from his table, he _________ the light and saw ________ thief. The thief was taking Mr.Khanna’s clothes ________ and ________ hold of the man’s collar and ________ I am going to call the police.
Answer:
signed, caught, heard, switched on, picked up, about, quietly

Multiple choice:
This type consists of test items that are to be answered by choosing a correct answer from among several possible answers.
Example:
The following questions have four distractors. Choose the appropriate one and rewrite the sentence.

Question 1.
They could scarcely believe their eyes when they saw the violets. Here the word scarcely means _____________?
(a) reading
(b) not at all
(c) hardly
(d) quickly

Question 2.
It was the man who _______ the killing?
(a) has done
(b) is doing
(c) done
(d) did

Question 3.
Delicious food was served at the feast. Here the best meaning of the word, delicious is?
(a) sweet
(b) fragrant
(c) is happening
(d) had happened

Completion Test:
The test consists of sentences to be completed with the use of the correct form of verb indicated with the brackets. This can be reliably used to test the knowledge of the sequence of tense and such other abilities.
(a) Mohan (seem) tired today.
(b) You (remember) the name of the boy who (walk) on the other side of the road.
(c) You (look) very thoughtful what do you (think) about?
(d) You (see) this box? It (contain) watches.
(e) He will meet me when I _____ arrive.

Substitution Table For example:

Mohan had his trousers tailored
Gopi got his watch painted
We our house repaired
I got him punished

 

The test can reliably be used to assess the pupils, ability to use sentences correctly.

Matching Test:
Match the words in column’ A’ with the appropriate words in column ‘B’.

A B
right soft
black soft
beautiful wrong
beautiful ugly
hard bad
good white

Joining the sentences:
Example:- Join the sentences using the words in the brackets. It was time for dinner. They went on talking up to time till.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What advantages of the Structural Approach?
Answer:
It facilitates the learning of English by imparting knowledge of its structures. The structural approach promotes the use of everyday English As such it stimulates the activity and interest of the pupils. It enables the children to speak English which is more important than to be able to read and write it only. The pupils listen to sentence patterns as spoken by the teacher.

By learning the structures of sentences child automatically learns some grammar, word order, and use of words. Thus, he avoids common errors in grammar and composition. It teaches four language skills to children. They are listening and understanding, speaking, reading, and writing.

Question 2.
Explain the principles of the structural approach?
Answer:

  • Importance is given to the child’s activity rather than the activity of the teacher.
  • Importance of the speech for family foxing all groundwork.
  • Importance of the formation of the language habit to arrange words in suitable English sentence pattern of the child’s mother-tongue.

Question 3.
Principles of direct method?
Answer:
Direct Teaching:
Teaching by the direct bond between foreign words and their meaning.

Oral practice:
Oral practice will give the children fluency in English speech.

Inductive Approach to Grammar:
In the direct method, there is the functional use of grammar rather than formal grammar learning precedes grammar.

Inhibition of mother tongue:
It prevents the intervention of the mother- tongue. The foreign language is directly associated with its meaning without the use of the mother tongue.

Limited vocabulary:
The method works on the principle of graded teaching of vocabulary.

Question 4.
What advantages of the direct method?
Answer:
Pupils acquire good speech skills, including the use of proper pronunciation, stress and intonation, Pupils acquire a reasonable mastery over correct spoken English. Good command over the spoken language. Lack of interference of mother-tongue results in quick and economical learning of English. Grammar is learned without the help of rules through repetitions of various patterns.

Question 5.
What disadvantages of the direct method?
Answer:
The direct method emphasizes only the teaching procedure irrespective of language material which must be controlled and graded. Skills of reading and writing neglected. Banishment of the mother tongue altogether makes teaching difficult in many situations. The method can be employed effectively only by efficient teachers but such teachers are not available in large numbers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Explain the aims and objectives of teaching English?
Answer:
In the process of teaching and learning aims are more important. When the teacher is clear about the aims his teaching becomes more meaningful and planning 1 becomes more effective. In the present system of education, the teacher should be clear about the aims and objectives. The objectives of teaching differ from the lower class to the higher classes and different linguistic activities general aims of teaching English.

There is four general. aims in teaching English in the school stages. They are as follows:

  • To hear and understand English
  • To speak in English and to understand.
  • To read English with understanding.
  • To write English with understanding.

The four aims correspond to the four language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. These skills are the foundation of language learning.

The specific objectives of Teaching English:
The Semantic Aspect:
This aspect emphasizes the structural approach and usage of rudimentary grammar and fundamental principles of making sentences. The child is taught how to know the meaning of words and writing.

Pronunciation of English:
Pronunciation of the English language is the most important aspect. The spelling of words in English is a paradox speaking well in English is an art. To speak English correctly requires a good deal of practice. So a student should be carefully taught to speak English with the correct pronunciation.

The graphic aspect:
Writing makes a man perfect. To acquire the habit of writing in English the student should listen to the language, understand the theme and then write.

The phonetic cue-graphic aspects:
The success of learning the English language depends on both reading and writing side by side.

The literary aspects:
The beauty of the language lies in representing the things in which there is a lucid style and appropriate meaningful words. Most of the books are translated into English.

The linguistic aspects:
English is a world language. The linguistic aspect of the approach helps students to acquire a working knowledge of the language.

Specific objectives in primary classes:
As the child in the beginner’s stage, they should be devoted to oral exercise in the English language. The children are to be acquainted with simple words by drilling. The words should be expressed through simple sentences like Rama is a boy. I am going etc. By the end of class (IV). In Class V the pupils should be able to count the numbers, figures, and oral work, and able to answer the questions from textbooks. In Classes VI and VIII, the pupils are able to read, write, speak correctly and write correctly. In this stage, English is considered a skill subject rather than a context subject. The child is able to construct various sentences.

In secondary classes, the aims of teaching are as follows:
Understand English when spoken. Speak English correctly with correct pronunciation and fluency. Write English correctly with good handwriting. Read English silently and in a low voice. The pupils acquire knowledge of elements of the English language. The pupils develop an interest in English.

Question 2.
What is the translation method in teaching English? Write the merits and demerits?
Answer:
The translation method is the oldest method of teaching English. Though this method is outdated still it is continuing in most of the classrooms of Indian schools. Mother- tongue or the regional language is maintained as a reference system in teaching English in this method. It means English is taught in the mother tongue. In the translation method English words, phrases, and sentences is taught by means of the word for word translation into the mother- tongue. In this method unit of speech or reading is not sentenced.

Principles of Translation Method:
The translation method is based on the following three principles. They are:
Translation interprets foreign phraseology best. In the process of interpretation foreign phraseology is assimilated. The structure of a foreign language is best learned when compared and contrasted with that of the mother- tongue.

Merits of Translation Method :
Method:
There are certain merits of translation. The pupils proceed from known language to unknown language. English is best interpreted through this method. The method gives better clarity and easy understanding. English is best assimilated in the process of interpretation. The pupil leams the accurate meaning of the words and sentences.

It develops the knowledge of grammar and the mother tongue. In the translation method the pupil’s associates with the foreign word, with the word spoken by him, and a strong memory bond is established. The child proceeds from known to unknown and derives better comprehension of English.

Demerits and Limitations:
This method does not promote speech training in English. It obstructs the pupil’s thinking of English. Language learning is difficult with this method. All the objectives of teaching English are not achieved by this method. The method does not encourage direct thought expression in the language to be learned. The structure of the English language is different from that of any Indian language. This method is dull and mechanical and the learner does not take part actively in the learning process. Objectives of teaching English are not achieved by this method.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers

Question 3.
What is the direct method of teaching English? What are the principles underlying the method? Explain. Give, its merits and demerits?
Answer:
The direct method of teaching language consists in teaching words and phrases of the target language by associating them with objects. It consists in establishing a direct relation between a word and its meaning, between an. experience and its expression. Thus in English, the direct method consists in teaching English through the medium of English.

In this sense, the use of translation is totally out of question. To Webster’s New International Dictionary any direct method is a method of teaching a foreign language especially a modem language through conversation, discussion, and reading the language itself without the use of the pupil’s language, without translation, and without the study of formal grammar.

The word is first taught by pointing to an object or picture or by performing the action. For instance, when the teacher wants to explain to the students the meaning of the word’ book’ he should not bring in the mother- tongue. He should show a picture of the book and present the symbol (that is a book) and the real object (that is a book).

Characteristics of Direct Method:
It proceeds from simple living situations too complex abstract situations. It lays emphasis on oral work. The sentence is the unit of teaching. There is the use of the situation, action, and audio-visual aids. Grammar is taught functionally. Emphasis on pronunciation.

Principles of the Direct Method:
The principle of Direct Bond:
The method is based on the principle of creating a direct bond between foreign words and their meaning. The learner is initiated into thinking in a foreign language and then expressing themselves by using the same medium.

The principle of oral practice:
Oral practice will give children fluency in English speech.

The principle of an inductive approach to grammar:
In the direct method, functional use of grammar rather than formal grammar is emphasized. learning grammar is not a precondition to learning the language. In the direct method, learning precedes grammar.

The sentence as the unit of speech:
In the direct method sentence and not a word is taken as the unit of speech. Emphasis is laid on speaking in full sentences.

Inhibition of mother tongue:
Everything in a foreign language should be directly associated with its meaning without the intervention of the use Of the mother tongue.

The principle of limited vocabulary:
The method works on the principle of gradual teaching of vocabulary.

Merits of Direct Method :
Pupils acquire good speech skills including the use of proper pronunciation, stress, and intonation. Pupils acquire a reasonable mastery over correct spoken language. Good command over spoken language prepares the ground to lay the foundation for the development of the skills of reading and writing. Lack of interference of the mother- tongue results in quick and economical learning of English. Grammar is learned without the help of rules, through repetitions of various patterns. It offers direct learning of foreign languages.

Demerits of Direct Method :
The direct method emphasizes only the teaching procedure: The language materials are to be controlled and graded. Skills of reading and writing are neglected. Only listening and speaking have a dominant role. The banishment of the mother tongue together makes teaching difficult in many situations. Efficient teachers are not available to teach the indirect methods.

Question 4.
What is the structural approach? Give its principles characteristics and advantages/ disadvantages?
Answer:
In order to learn a language effectively, one has to master the tools of language. These tools are sounds, words, and structures. Working with these tools and teacher has to develop the foretold skills of language-skill in reading skill in writing. Structures are important tools of language, words are put and arranged in a particular order to make their structure.

Hence, we should approach the problem of its learning through structures. In the structural approach to the teaching of English, the learner will learn some of the structures of their preliminary stage some at their later stage. This requires the selection and gradation of structures. The advocates of the structural approach say that in the learning of a foreign language mastery of structure is more important than the acquisition of vocabulary.

Characteristics of structural approach:
Every structure embodies an important grammatical point. The structures are carefully graded to give the young learner a working command of spoken and written English. In grading structures, attention is paid to both meaning and form. Only one meaning of a word is taught at a time and is established by practice before another meaning is taught.

Principles of structural approach:
The importance of forming language habits, the habit of arranging words, in English standard pattern. The importance of speech as the necessary means of fixing firmly all groundwork. The importance of pupils, activity rather than the activity of the teacher.

Advantages :
The method facilitates the learning of English by imparting a language of its structures. Promotes the use of everyday English as such stimulates the activity and interest of the pupils. So it is called English through play way. In this method, oral practice is done. It helps the students to acquire the habits of language and helps to communicate language. In this method language, learning becomes stable.

Disadvantages:
In this method, the selection and gradation of structures do not solve the problem of teaching English. It only helps the teacher to know what he has taught and what he should teach next. The method is suitable for students of lower classes. It is not applicable to higher classes where many branches of the English language are taught. We cannot successfully apply the method in overcrowded Classes. It does not help that the teacher how should present a new teaching point or give drills for assimilating it.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers

Question 5.
Discuss different types of Evaluation. Explain the need for objective-based test items with examples?
Answer:
The examination is one of the evaluations of English language teaching. It is used for testing the objectives of language learning i.e. knowledge skill and attitude.
There are mainly 3 kinds of examinations such as:

  • oral
  • practical
  • written

Oral examination:
In the oral examination, the teacher makes some questions and the children answer them orally.

Practical examination:
ln practical examination child is given some task to perform such as preparation of flash, cards or cutting the letters from newspapers etc.

Written examination:
In written examinations, the students give written answers of 3 kinds such as:

  • long answer type,
  • short answer type and
  • objective tests.

Different types of questions:
There are three kinds of questions as there are three kinds of written examinations, such as

Long answer type or essay type questions:
This type of question requires some descriptions etc. Example: What do you do on Children’s Day?

Short answer type questions:
These questions are answered with one word or so. There are two types of questions objective-based oral and written, English vocabulary is tested through objective tests.

Vocabulary Test:
Oral test:
Objective type written test in English is designed to test the different linguistic abilities of the specimen of some questions are given below.

Comprehension type:
This type consists of a sentence or paragraph from which some words and phrases are omitted. The pupil is to fill in the blanks with suitable words or phrases. Correct use of prepositions and vocabulary can be tested with the type.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write short note on the etymological meaning of sociology.
Answer:
The term sociology has been desired from the Latin word Socius me Answer companion and the Greek word ‘Logos’ me Answer study or science. Etymologically sociology me Answer science which is concerned with the association of human beings. In other words it is a science of human society.

Question 2.
Define or explain Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology is a science of society According to Morris Ginsberg “Sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations their conditions and consequences”.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Some sociologist opines that sociology is a science some other deny it. But sociology is-a social science not a physical science. It. is a pure science not an applied science. It is an abstract science.

It is a general science not a special social science. But science is a matter of degree. Sociology is not a science in terms of yes or no but it has attained scientific character in some degree.

Question 4.
Write short note on George Simmers view.
Answer:
German sociologist George Simmel led formalistic school of thought of scope of sociology He opines that the scope of sociology is very limited. Because sociology confines itself to describe classify, analyse and explain tire several forms of social relationships.

It should not be concerned with their contents He makes distinction between the forms of social relationships and their contents Hence, according to Sirhmel, sociology is the science of the forms of social relationship.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Weber’s view on scope of sociology.
Answer:
Max-Weber is another supporter of formalistic school of thought of scope of sociology. He opines the scope of sociology is limited. Because it confines itself to interpret and understand social behaviour social behaviour is related to behaviour of others.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Question 6.
Write short note on Veirkandt’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer:
Veirkandt is the supporter of formalistic school of thought of the scope of sociology. He opines that the scope of sociology is limited because it studies only the ultimate from, of mental or psychic relationship which links people to one another in society. These relationships include love, hate, cooperation, competition etc.

Question 7.
Write short note on Vonwiese’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer:
As a supporter of formalistic school of thought Vonwiese tries to establish sociology as an independent science. He opines that the scope of sociology is very limited because it studies different kinds of social processes in human society. There are two kinds of social processes such as associative like co-operation and dissociative like competition and conflict. Again these process are subdivided in different sub-processes.

Question 8.
Write short note on Durkhcim’s view on scope of sociology.
Answer:
Emile Durkheim is one of the chief exponent of synthetic school of thought of scope of sociology. He opines that the scope of sociology is very wide because it is a synthesis of social sciences.

He opines that sociology has three main divisions such as social morphology, social physiology and general sociology. All these branches are regarded as special sociologies which study all aspects of social life.

Question 9.
Write short note on Morris Ginsberg’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer:
Morris Ginsberg was another supporter of synthetic school of thought of scope of sociology. He opines that the scope of sociology is very wide and the comprehensive, because it studies all forms of relationships between individual and society. It also studies different problems under social morphology, social process and social pathology.

Question 10.
Write short note on Ilobhouse’s view on scope of sociology.
Answer:
L.T. Hobhouse is another supporter of synthetic school of thought who holds that the scope of sociology is very wide. He opines that sociology is a science which has the whole social life of man as its sphere. Sociology studies social life as a whole. Hence general sociology is a synthesis of different social sciences.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Question 11.
Write short note on Sorokin’s view on scope of Sociology.
Answer :
P.A. Sorokin as a supporter of synthetic school of thought opines that the scope of sociology is very wide. It studies different aspects of social relationships such as economic, political or Sociology studies these general phenomena which are common to different aspects of our life.

Question 12.
Mention different characteristics of Science.
Answer:
(1) Science makes accurate observation.
(2) Science makes experimentation in the laboratory.
(3) Science makes accurate prediction.
(4) Objectivity science possesses the capacity to examine evidences without any prejudice and bias.

Question 13.
Distinguish between formalistic and synthetic schools of thought.
Answer:
(1) George Simmel, Vierkandt, Von Wiese, Weber, Small and Tonnies are the supporters of formalistic school of thought whereas of Emile Durkheim, L.T. Hobhouse, P.A. Sorokin and Morris Ginsberg are the supporters of synthetic school.
(2) Formalistic school opines that scope of sociology is limited whereas synthetic school of thought opines that scope of sociology is very wide.
(3) Formalistic school opines subject matter of sociology consists of forms of social relationships. On the other hand synthetic school of thought opines that sociology is a general science.

Question 14.
Distinguish between Sociology and History.
Answer :
Sociology is a science of society whereas history is a science which studies past events. The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of history is limited. Sociology is an abstract science whereas history is concrete on nature. Sociology is the youngest science but history is older than sociology.

Question 15.
Mention four objections or arguments against Sociology as a Science.
Answer:
(1) Sociology lacks objectivity.
(2) Sociology lacks universal theory
(3) Sociology lacks laboratory experimentation.
(4) Sociology lacks accurate prediction

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Question 16.
What is the etymological meaning of Anthropology?
Answer:
The term Anthropology is derived from two Greek wordsArithropos means man and Logosmeans study. Accordingly the etymological meaning of anthropology is the study of man.

Question 17.
What is Social Anthropology
Answer:
Social anthropology is similar with sociology. It is concerned with social institutions. Patterns of social organization and other aspects of society.

Question 18.
What is Physical Anthropology?
Answer :
Physical anthropology tries to study both primitive and modem cultures by studying physical traits like shape and size of skills and artifacts like pottery etc.

Question 19.
What is Archaeology?
Answer:
It is concerned with the early periods of human existence prior. to the written records. It is also called as pre-history.

Question 20.
What is Formalistic or Specialists School of thought?
Answer:
There is no unanimity among sociologist, regarding the exact scope of sociology. As a result there are two main schools of thought about the scope of sociology such as Formalistic or Specialists School of thought and synthetic school of thought. The Formalistic School or thought is led by the German Sociologist George Simmel and others like Alfred, Vierkandt, Leopold, Vonwiese, Max-Weber, Small and F. Tonnies.

According to this school and its supporters the subject matter of sociology consists of forms of social relationships. Besides it regard sociology as a pure and independent science which has a limited scope.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Question 21
What is Synthetic School of thought?
Answer:
There is one unanimity among sociologists regarding the scope of sociology. As a result two main school of thought about the scope of sociology come to exist one is formalistic and the other is synthetic school of thought.

The synthetic school of thought arises in reaction to die formalistic school of thought. The main supporters of this school of thought are Emile Durkhehji, L.T. Hobhouse, P.A. Sorokin and Morris Gipsberg. They believe that sociology is a synthesis of the social sciences. They opine sociology is a general science and not a pure science.

Question 22
Answer:
The Formalistic School of thought consider sociology as a pure and independent science which has limited scope. Though this school of thought has been advocated by many sociologists still it has been criticised by many on the following grounds.

(1) The formalistic school of thought has narrowed down the scope of sociology. It makes it scope very limited.
(2) Sociology alone does not study of forms of social relationships other. Social sciences like Pol. Science and Economics also study it. Besides the distinction between the fonts of social relations the theory contents is not practicable as designed by this school of thought.

Question 23.
Sociology is a Science. Give your arguments in its favour.
Answer:
Sociologists are not unanimous in their opinion about the exact nature of sociology. Some say it is a science whereas some others deny it. But the founding father of sociology took it for granted that sociology is a science. They opine the scientific nature of a subject can be assessed by the scientific method it adopts. However, sociology is a science because of the following reasons:

(1) Observation is possible in sociology. In most of the cases sociology make accurate observation like natural sciences.
(2) Experimentation is also possible in sociology. Sociology possesses laboratory like natural sciences. The whole social world is the laboratory of sociology.

Question 24.
‘Sociology is not a Science’. Justify your arguments.
Answer:
During recent years every subject claims the status of science. So also sociology. But there is no unanimity among sociologists regarding the exact nature of sociology. Some say sociology is a science but some other say that sociology is not a science. Those who deny sociology the status of science they put forth the following arguments:

(i) Sociology lacks objectivity hence can’t be a science.
(ii) Sociology lacks experimentation.
(iii) Sociology lacks a general or universal theory.

Question 25.
Discuss about the nature or characteristics of Sociology.
Answer:
(1) Sociology is a social science and not a physical science.
(2) Sociology is a categorical science and not a normative science.
(3) Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science.
(4) Sociology is an abstract science and not a concrete science.
(5) Sociology is a general science and not a particular science.
(6) Sociology is a general science and not a special social science.
(7) Sociology is both a rational and an empirical science.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Question 26.
Discuss in brief about the relationship between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer :
The relationship between Sociology and Political Science is very close, intimate and personal. As both are considered as social sciences, hence there exists a great deal of relationship between the two. As sociology studies man’s social life as a whole hence the subject matter of political science comes within the field of sociology.

Similarly, political science is concerned with the political life of man which is a part and parcel of man’s social life. Political science studies state, government, politics and power. But its main subject of study is state. Similarly, sociology and every political problem has social aspects so also each and every social problem has political aspects.

Question 27.
Distinguishes between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer:
Inspite of close relationship between sociology and political science both the sciences are different from each other in the following way:
(1) Sociology studies the whole society and all aspects of human life. But political science studies only the political aspects of society.
(2) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of political science is very limited.
(3) Sociology studies both organized and disorganized societies whereas political science studies only politically organized.

Question 28.
Discuss about the relationship between Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
As mother of all social sciences sociology has-close relationships with all other social sciences so also with economics. Both influences each other Economics is considered as a branch of sociology.

As a social science Economics studies human behaviour in relation to unlimited ends and scarce means Economics activities to a great extent are social activities. The study of Economics would be incomplete without an understanding of society. Each and every social problem has economic causes so also every economic problem has same social causes.

Question 29.
Discuss in brief the close relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer :
As the mother of all social sciences, sociology has close relationship with psychology. Both are mutually dependent on each other. Both studies human behaviour. In many occasions sociology resembles psychology. Psychology depends on sociology for understanding of human nature properly. Sociological researches have contributed a lot to psychology.

Similarly psychologists analyse the role of society to the development of social behaviour. Sociologists take the psychological factors into consideration while standing changes in social structure psychological theories have explained the origin of social institutions. Almost all social problems have psychological causes. Similarly-every psychological problem has social causes.

Question 30.
Discuss the differences between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Inspite of some close and intimate relationships are find the following differences between sociology and psychology.
(1) Sociology studies society as a whole whereas psychology studies human mind.
(2) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of psychology is very limited
(3) Sociology is a much younger science whereas psychology is a older science.
(4) Sociology studies different social processes whereas psychology studies different mental processes.

Question 31.
Discuss in brief the close relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Sociology is a science of society. But Anthropology is a science of man and his work. The relationship between these two sciences are very close, intimate and personal. Both study human society and are concerned with all kinds of social groups, like families, tribes and nations etc. Social Anthropology a branch of sociology is almost similar with that of sociology many ideas and concepts in one discipline are used in the other.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions

Question 32.
Point out some differences between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Though there exists a great deal of relationship between Sociology and Anthropology still both sciences differ from each other in the following ways :
(1) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of Anthropology is very limited.
(2) Sociology studies modem, civilized and complex societies whereas Anthropology studies pre-literate aboriginal and primitive people only.
(3) Sociology is the science of society whereas Anthropology is the science of man and his work.

Question 33.
Discuss the relationship which exists between Sociology and History.
Answer:
Sociology is considered the mother of all social sciences. As a mother of all social sciences, it has a close relationship with history as well. The relationship between the two is very close intimate and personal because both sociologists and historians study human society. History studies the past, political, social, and economic aspects of society.

Sociology also teaches in these areas. Both sciences have many things in common. History provides materials that are used by sociologists. Similarlysociology provides facts that the modem historians relied on. History contains records of the society.

Question 34.
Discuss the differences between History and Sociology.
Answer:
Inspite of the close and intimate relationship between history and sociology, both the sciences differ from each other in the following way:
(1) The scope of sociology is very wide whereas the scope of history is very limited.
(2) Sociology studies the present society whereas history studies the past events of society.
(3) Sociology is an abstract science but history is a concrete science.
(4) Sociology is an analytical science whereas history is a descriptive science.