Class 11

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 4 Process of Thinking Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 4 Process of Thinking Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Drawing a mental picture in the absence of the object is called _______.
(a) Perception
(b) Illusion
(c) Hallucination
(d) Image
Answer:
(d) Image

Question 2.
Creativity is explored at _______.
(a) early age
(b) middle age
(c) late age
(d) right
Answer:
(a) early age

Question 3.
There is no test to measure creativity among _______.
(a) children
(b) adults
(c) illiterates
(d) educated persons
Answer:
(c) illiterates

Question 4.
Creativity is a branch of ________.
(a) Social Psychology
(b) General Psychology
(c) Industrial Psychology
(d) Personality Psychology
Answer:
(b) General Psychology

Question 5.
Creativity means _______.
(a) Autistic thinking
(b) Associative
Answer:
(b) Associative

Question 6.
The pioneer of creativity research is _______.
(a) Yackson
(b) Wertheimer
(c) Guilford
(d) Torrence
Answer:
(d) Torrence

Question 7.
Creativity depends on _______.
(a) Originality
(b) Personality
(c) Learning Capacity
(d) Retention capacity
Answer:
(a) Originality

Question 8.
Creativity is otherwise known as _______.
(a) Imaginative thinking
(b) Insightful thinking
(c) Autistic thinking
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Imaginative thinking

Question 9.
Vigour research on creativity was started in the year _______.
(a) 1877
(b) 1945
(c) 1960
(d) 1918
Answer:
(d)1918

Question 10.
Creativity starts growing from the age of _______.
(a) 6 months
(b) 3 years
(c) 20 years
(d) 30 years
Answer:
(a) 6 months

Question 11.
Daydreams are _______.
(a) realistic
(b) unrealistic
(c) fantasies
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) fantasies

Question 12.
Problem-solving seems an impossibility in the absence of _______.
(a) Verbal symbols
(b) Non-verbal symbols
(c) Sensory symbols
Answer:
(a) Verbal symbols

Question 13.
Problem-solving involves _______.
(a) Conditioning
(b) Trial and error
(c) Rigidity
Answer:
(b) Trial and error

Question 14.
Motivation gives problem-solving a _______.
(a) Set
(b) Meed
(c) Direction
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Direction

Question 15.
The solution to the problem becomes difficult when the person is emotionally _______.
(a) Upset
(b) Sound
(c) immature
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) immature

Question 16.
_______ stands in the way of a solution to a problem.
(a) flexibility
(b) rigidity
(c) partiality
(d) intelligence
Answer:
(b) rigidity

Question 17.
When in a problem-solving situation the solution to a problem occurs after dealing with the problem it is called ________.
(a) Foresight
(b) hindsight
(c) Insight
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) hindsight

Question 18.
Problem-solving has been essentially regarded as a process of thinking in _______.
(a) function
(b) structure
(c) solution
(d) manipulation
Answer:
(d) manipulation

Question 19.
Every person’s thinking takes place in his own unique.
(a) environment
(b) background
(c) society
(d) status
Answer:
(a) environment

Question 20.
For the solution of problems, manipulation __________ is necessary.
(a) Ideas
(b) concepts
(c) percepts
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 21.
In thinking _________ trial and error is mostly involved.
(a) overt
(b) covert
(c) manual
Answer:
(b) covert

Question 22.
Language is unique to ________.
(a) human beings
(b) higher animals
(c) animals
(d) subhuman species
Answer:
(a) human beings

Question 23.
For communication _______ is essential.
(a) gesture
(b) language
(c) thought
(d) crying
Answer:
(b) language

Question 24.
Language and thought are ________.
(a) same
(b) different
(c) independent of each other
(d) overlap each other
Answer:
(b) different

Question 25.
Language is an important mode of _______.
(a) communication
(b) gesture
(c) silent talk
(d) overt activity
Answer:
(a) communication

Question 26.
Thought is _______.
(a) Overt
(b) Covert
(c) External
(b) Verbal
Answer:
(a) Overt

Question 27.
Language has _______ contents.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(b) three

Question 28.
Motive is a ________.
(a) desire
(b) impulse
(c) behaviour
(d) general trait
Answer:
(a) desire

Question 29.
Edwards’s personal preference schedule assesses,
(a) one single motive
(b) many motives
(c) many desires
(d) strength of motives
Answer:
(d) strength of motives

Question 30.
Animals stop behaving when they _______.
(a) sleep
(b) rest
(c) pause
(d) die
Answer:
(d) die

Question 31.
When there is a drive-in level of activity the strength of the drive is supposed to _______.
(a) decrease
(b) increase
(c) remains constant
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) increase

Question 32.
Drive is a _______state.
(a) physiological
(b) social
(c) personal
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) physiological

Question 33.
Organic drives are also known as drives ___________.
(a) physiological
(b) biological
(c) social
(d) all these
Answer:
(a) physiological

Question 34.
___________ refers to the motive to keep contact with people.
(a) curiosity
(b) gregariousness
(c) assertiveness
Answer:
(b) gregariousness

Question 35.
Activity method measures the __________of motive.
(a) type
(b) strength
(c) nature
(d) all these
Answer:
(b) strength

Question 36.
The desire to explore refers to the motive of ___________.
(a) approval
(b) achievement
(c) affiliation
(d) curiosity
Answer:
(d) curiosity

Question 37.
Though ___________method one chooses between two or more incentives.
(a) activity method
(b) method of choice
(c) method of preference
(d) all these
Answer:
(c) method of preference

Question 38.
__________acts as a motivation to perform.
(a) curiosity
(b) knowledge of result
(c) approval
Answer:
(b) knowledge of result

Question 39.
___________stressed the idea of psychic determinism in unconscious motivation.
(a) Jung
(b) Freud
(c) Adler
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Jung

Question 40.
Motivation is related to the _________ of human behaviour.
(a) What
(b) How
(c) Why
(d) all these
Answer:
(c) Why

Question 41.
Factors of motivation can be categorised under ______ and ______ head.
(a) need
(b) drive
(c) physiological
(d) social
(e) incentive
Answer:
(d) social

Question 42.
In motivational cycle _______steps are invoked.
(a) four
(b) three
(c) two
(d) five
Answer:
(b) three

Question 43.
The goal is the______ point of a motivational cycle.
(a) beginning
(b) middle
(c) end
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) end

Question 44.
The importance of motivation for learning follows from ________.
(a) law of exercise
(b) law of belongingness
(c) law of effect
(d) law of readiness
Answer:
(c) law of effect

Question 45.
The famous experiment on knowledge of results was conducted by ________.
(a) Hull
(b) Thorndike
(c) Watson
(d) Leeper
Answer:
(b) Thorndike

Question 46.
Motivation is _______ for learning.
(a) useless
(b) indispensable
(c) unnecessary
Answer:
(b) indispensable

Question 47.
Level of aspiration is also known as ________.
(a) goal discrepancy behaviour
(b) attainment discrepancy behaviour
(c) goal setting behaviour
(d) all the above
Answer:
(c) goal setting behaviour

Question 48.
Morgan offers a theory of motivation which is basically _______.
(a) Psychological
(b) Sociological
(c) Physiological
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Physiological

Question 49.
The physiological theory of motivation has been advanced by _______.
(a) Hilgard
(b) Young
(c) Morgan
(d) Murray
Answer:
(c) Morgan

Question 50.
Hunger, thirst and sex are known as _______drives.
(a) basic
(b) secondary
(c) psychological
Answer:
(a) basic

Question 51.
The self-actualisation theory of motivation is also called the _______ theory of motivation.
(a) physiological
(b) psychoanalytic
(c) hierarchical
(d) achievement
Answer:
(c) hierarchical

Question 52.
The self-actualisation of the theory of motivation was advanced by _______.
(a) Leeper
(b) Lindsey
(c) Maslow
(d) Young
Answer:
(c) Maslow

Question 53.
Curiosity is a _______ drive.
(a) Psychological
(b) Organic
(c) social
(d) Personal
Answer:
(a) Psychological

Question 54.
Need for aggression is inevitable for self _______.
(a) Actualisation
(b) Preservation
(c) Sufficiency
(d) None of those
Answer:
(b) Preservation

Question 55.
Social approval motive is measured by the _______.
(a) T.A.T. method
(b) Questionnaire technique
(c) Maslow Crowne social desirability scale.
Answer:
(c) Maslow Crowne social desirability scale.

Question 56.
Level of activity is _______ related to the strength of motive.
(a) positively
(b) negatively
(c) neutrally
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) positively

Question 57.
P.T. Young conducted an experiment on the method of preference using _______.
(a) monkeys
(b) cats
(c) rats
(d) human beings
Answer:
(c)rats

Question 58.
The constancy of the internal environment is maintained by _______.
(a) mobilisation of behaviour
(b) homeostasis
(c) drive
Answer:
(b) homeostasis

Question 59.
Social motives are called _______ motives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) essential
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) secondary

Question 60.
A socially approved person shows greater sensitivity and respect to _______.
(a) personal interest
(b) society
(c) fulfilment of basic needs
Answer:
(b) society

Question 61.
Many different activities may have a _______motivation.
(a) specific
(b) common
(c) different
Answer:
(b) common

Question 62.
Post-hypnotic suggestion provides a good example of _______ motivation.
(a) conscious
(b) unconscious
(c) social
(d) biological
Answer:
(b) unconscious

Question 63.
The motive to keep contact with others is called _______.
(a) self-assertiveness
(b) gregariousness
(c) mastery
(d) dependency.
Answer:
(b) gregariousness

Question 64.
_______ is among the Arapesh, Zuni, Hopi and other groups.
(a) self-assertiveness
(b) gregariousness
(c) mastery
(d) dependency
Answer:
(a) self-assertiveness

Question 65.
The urge to achieve is expressed in _______.
(a) need for self-actualisation
(b) assertiveness
(c) need for achivement .
Answer:
(c) need for achievement

Question 66.
Gregariousness is due to _______.
(a) social conditioning
(b) inherited traits
(c) biological factors
Answer:
(a) social conditioning

Question 67.
Both thrive and incentive factors in mobilising one’s _______.
(a) resources
(b) ability
(c) need
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 68.
Some organic, needs can be made extremely great by removing of certain _______.
(a) duct glands
(b) ductless glands
(c) sex glands
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) ductless glands

Question 69.
The obstruction box has been standardised by _______.
(a) Warden and his associates
(b) Weiner ardstellar
(c) HoffinanandWed
(d) Nissen
Answer:
(a) Warden and his associates

Question 70.
The delayed reward of even 15 seconds reduces the incentive value considerably as viewed by _______.
(a) Warden
(b) Hamilton
(c) Skinner
(d) Hull
Answer:
(a) Warden

Question 71.
Perhaps the clearest picture of the uncomplicated effect of punishment is obtained by experiments with the _______.
(a) obstruction box
(b) Skinner box
(c) Maize box
(d) Problem box
Answer:
(b) Skinner box

Question 72.
Sherrington’s work on the integrative action of the nervous system is his discovery of
(a) reactive inhibition
(b) reciprocal inhibition
(c) response inhibition
(d) stimulus inhibition
Answer:
(b) reciprocal inhibition

Question 73.
A challenging frustration-aggression hypothesis was put forward by group _______ of investigators.
(a) Yale
(b) Swiss
(c) German
(d) Harvard
Answer:
(a) Yale

Question 74.
An electric grill is a very convenient form of _______.
(a) Stimulator
(b) Obstructor
(c) Reactor
(d) Respirator
Answer:
(b) Obstructor

Question 75.
Anger is a ______ emotion.
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Neutral
Answer:
(b) Negative

Question 76.
Fear is a ______emotion.
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Neutral
Answer:
(b) Negative

Question 77.
Love is a ______emotion.
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Neutral
Answer:
(a) Positive

Question 78.
The Russian Psychologist _______ found that involuntary finger movements were a valuable adjunct to the word association method of the detection.
(a) Pavlov
(b) Luria
(c) Luchins
(d) Chappella
Answer:
(a) Pavlov

Question 79.
Cannon’s theory of emotion was mainly concerned with _______.
(a) Endocrine glands
(b) Blood pressure
(c) Sensitivity to the environmental stimulus
Answer:
(b) Blood pressure

Question 80.
The emergency theory of emotion is also called _______.
(a) James Lange’s theory
(b) Cannon-Bard Theory
(c) Hypothalamic theory
(d) Activation theory
Answer:
(d) Activation theory

Question 81.
The Cannon-Bard theory is different from _______.
(a) Activation theory
(b) Emergency theory
(c) Hypothalamic theory
Answer:
(b) Emergency theory

Question 82.
At the time of emotion secretion from glands are _______.
(a) Reduced
(b) Stopped
(c) Accelerated
(d) As usual
Answer:
(a) Reduced

Question 83.
________have a major role to play during emotional situations.
(a) rods and cones
(b) ear
(c) glands
(d) hands and muscles
Answer:
(c) glands

Question 84.
During the strong emotional experience, the physiological changes that occur in the human body are mainly due to _______.
(a) Sudden rise in blood pressure
(b) Sudden rise in a heartbeat.
(c) Impulses from the autonomic nervous system
(d) Impulses coming from sex glands.
Answer:
(c) Impulses from the autonomic nervous system

Question 85.
Watson conducted an experiment on a baby named to ______ demonstrate how fear develops.
(a) Aalinc
(b) Albert
(c) Aiers
(d) Alps
Answer:
(c) Aiers

Question 86.
To demonstrate how the emotion of fear develops an experiment on a baby named Albert was conducted by ______.
(a) Bridges
(b) Watson
(c) Williams
(d) Jersild
Answer:
(b) Watson

Question 87.
A severe crisis situation is successfully dealt with by people because of the secretion of ______ to blood.
(a) Pituitrin
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Proactive
(d) Sex hormones
Answer:
(b) Thyroxine

Question 88.
________is associated with emotion.
(a) Frontal cortex
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Hypothalamus
Answer:
(b) Cerebellum

Question 89.
In anger, excessive secretion of _______is found.
(a)Thyroxine
(b) Adrenalin
(c)Putitarin
Answer:
(c)Putitarin

Question 90.
Sympathetic activation causes ________.
(a) a decrease in the heart rate
(b) an increase in the heart rats
(c) a decrease in pulse rate
(d) decrease in blood pressure
Answer:
(b) an increase in the heart rats

Question 91.
During states of emotional stress skin resistance to electric current.
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) no change in the earlier resistance
(d) creates a feeling of discomfort
Answer:
(b) decreases

Question 92.
According to the emergency theory of emotion, the function of emotion is to ________.
(a) reduce anxiety
(b) provide body relief
(c) increase emergency action
(d) all these
Answer:
(b) provide body relief

Question 93.
The hypothalamus which controls emotional behaviour is located ________.
(a) in the brain stem
(b) in the cerebral cortex
(c) at the base of the brain
(d) in the medulla
Answer:
(c) at the base of the brain

Question 94.
Fear stimulus initiates physiological reactions in the ________.
(a) central nervous system
(b) reticular activating system
(c) spinal cord
(d) sympathetic nervous system
Answer:
(d) sympathetic nervous system

Question 95.
Which of the following is connected with emotional behaviour?
(a) Pons
(b) Occipital lobe
(c) Hypothalamus
(d) Reticular activating system
Answer:
(d) Reticular activating system

Question 96.
Which of the following is not connected with emotional behaviour?
(a) Thalamus
(b) Hypothalamus
(c) Hindbrain
Answer:
(c) Hindbrain

Question 97.
Cannon Brad’s theory is related to ________.
(a) learning
(b) perception
(c) motivation
(d) emotion
Answer:
(c) motivation

Question 98.
The James-Lange theory is in relevance with ________.
(a) personality
(b) motivation
(c) emotion
(d) sensation
Answer:
(d) sensation

Question 99.
The motivational theory of Leoper is a theory of ________.
(a) emotion
(b) motive
(c) thinking
(d) sensation
Answer:
(c) thinking

Question 100.
That the infant is bom with one basic emotion, a general excitement is the view of ________.
(a) Watson
(b) Morgan
(c) Darwin
(d) Bridges
Answer:
(a) Watson

Question 101.
________was one of the first scientists to investigate emotional expressions in infants.
(a) Watson
(b) Morgan
(c) Darwin
(d) Irwin
Answer:
(d) Irwin

Question 102.
By the age of 24 months, all emotions develop. This is held by ________.
(a) Darwin
(b) Watson
(c) Bridges
(d) all these
Answer:
(a) Darwin

Question 103.
Freedom, Loring and Martin have advanced a theory that emphasises the adaptive and survival value of infants.
(a) crying
(b) smiling
(c) jealousy
(d) anger
Answer:
(c) jealousy

Question 104.
Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety appear towards the end of the ________of life.
(a) eight months of life
(b) one year of life
(c) 24 months of life
Answer:
(c) 24 months of life

Question 105.
Fear of snakes is a product of psychological maturation. This is held by ________.
(a) Valentine
(b) Watson
(c) Donald Hebb
(d) Gewirtz
Answer:
(b) Watson

Question 106.
________factors are important in determining the nature and importance of children’s fears.
(a) Cognitive
(b) Conative
(c) Affective
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Conative

Question 107.
Mother emotion with important social implications for social development is ________.
(a) Distress
(b) Zcalousy
(c) Sentiment
(d) Fear
Answer:
(d) Fear

Question 108.
________is a social phenomenon.
(a) Anger
(b) Laughter
(c) Distress
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Anger

Question 109.
In the development of emotion, _________ plays a major role.
(a) Maturation
(b) Intelligence
(c) Personality
(d) Organic factors
Answer:
(b) Intelligence

Question 110.
The galvanic skin response is measured with an apparatus called ________.
(a) Pupillo metrics
(b) Psychogalvanometer
(c) Kymograph
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Pupillo metrics

Question 111.
William James who developed the James Lange theory belongs to the ________school of psychology.
(a) Structural
(b) Functional
(c) Behaviouristic
(d) Cognitive
Answer:
(b) Functional

Question 112.
Smiling in response to a smile does not usually occur before the child is about ________ months old.
(a) one month
(b) two months
(c) five months
(d) six month
Answer:
(b) two months

Question 113.
Pleasure and displeasure of a person can be known from his _______.
(a) Physiological change
(b) facial expression
(c) blood pressure
Answer:
(b) facial expression

Question 114.
Emotion is expressed through ______.
(a) language
(b) gesture
(c) facial expression
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) gesture

Question 115.
The activity of the heart in emotion is often studied by examining the shape of the curve obtained with an _______.
(a) electroencephalograph
(b) electric cardiograph
(c) electric strobophoto graph
(d) none of these
Answer:
(d) none of these

Question 116.
The importance of postural reaction in emotion has been given by _______.
(a) James Lange’s theory
(b) Emergency theory
(c) Activation theory
(d) Opponent process theory
Answer:
(b) Emergency theory

Question 117.
Gastrointestinal functions are often measured by means of ballons into the ______.
(a) stomach
(b) intestine
(c) stomach or intestine
Answer:
(a) stomach

Question 118.
Whether a person is emotionally aroused or not can be known by measuring his ______.
(a) Physiological changes
(b) Psychological changes
(c) Facial expression
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Psychological changes

Question 119.
A can differentiate emotion from nonemotional states.
(a) Kymograph
(b)Neumograph
(c) Lie detector
(d) Pupilometrics
Answer:
(d) Pupilometrics

Question 120.
Excessive discharge of adrenalin during emotional states increases the level of _______.
(a) Blood pressure
(b) Blood sugar
(c) Heart Action
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 121.
James Lange’s theory is also known as ______.
(a) thalamic theory
(b) hypothalamic
(c) emergency theory
(d) none of these
Answer:
(d) none of these

Question 122.
The lie detector was devised by _______.
(a) Frans Halls
(b) Good enough
(c) Davis
(d) Leonarde Keeler
Answer:
(d) Leonarde Keeler

True Or False Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Imagination is a controlled association while thinking is a free association. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Thinking always involves a problem. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Thinking is not possible without images. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Creativity is not found in idiots. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Deaf is equally creative. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Physical handicap has nothing to do with creativity. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Blinds are more creative than normals. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Physical handicaps stand in the way of creativity. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 9.
A creative individual is equally creative in all fields. (True /False)
Answer:
False

Question 10.
Creativity starts growing from birth. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 11.
Reasoning at the human level begins in early childhood. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 12.
The reasoning is not found in animals. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 13.
Reasoning first appears in lower animals like rats. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Reasoning combined with past experience helps in solving a problem. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Multiple choice test in a sense is a set of generalising abilities. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Maier has developed a reasoning test for children. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 17.
Maier has developed a reasoning test for rats. (True /False)
Answer:
False

Question 18.
Nerve has developed a multiple-choice apparatus for use with human subjects. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Proper direction helps to reason. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 20.
Thinking is called sub-vocal talking. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Language is unique in human beings. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Language has no role in the socialization process. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 23.
Language is not required for the transmission of culture and heritage. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 24.
The acquisition of language is required for concept formation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 25.
A language is a primary tool of communication. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 26.
Biological motives are inborn. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Drive and incentives are emotional factors as distinguished from ability. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 28.
Me Dougall and Freud both treated motivation in terms of energy. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 29.
The importance of motivation for learning follows from the law of exercise. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 30.
The barrier makes the motive stronger. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 31.
Knowledge of results brings improvement in learning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 32.
Level aspiration is improved by failure and lowered by success. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 33.
The level of aspiration is also known as goal discrepancy behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 34.
The level of aspiration is indispensable for learning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 35.
The level of aspiration acts as a drive or motivator. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 36.
The physiological theory of motivation has been advanced by Morgan. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 37.
Hunger, sex and thirst are organic drives. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 38.
The Law of effect directs human behaviour in a particular direction. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 39.
The level of aspiration is otherwise known as goal-setting behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 40.
The hierarchical theory of motivation is also known as the self-actualisation theory of motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 41.
The self-actualisation theory of motivation was advanced by Wolfe. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 42.
Curiosity is a physical drive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 43.
The need for aggression is inevitable for self-preservation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 44.
Gregariousness is an inborn need. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 45.
Gregariousness develops out of social conditioning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 46.
As the human child grows his physiologically motivated behaviours are socialised. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 47.
The socialisation of motives takes place because of social approval and conditioning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 48.
Social approval motive is measured by the Socio-Economic Status Scale. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 49.
Social approval is measured by Maslow’s crown social desirability scale. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 50.
Social approval motive is very much desirable for sound personality development.(True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 51.
PT. Young conducted an experiment On the method of preference using cats. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 52.
Seasonal breeding, the cycle of feeding, elimination and seasonal changes in the migration of birds is observed by the laboratory observation method. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 53.
Homeostasis refers to the restoration of physiological balance and equilibrium. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 54.
Organic drives are also known as biological drives. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 55.
The thirst drive is stronger than the hunger drive. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 56.
Sleep is a basic need. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Sex is said to be a powerful personal drive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 58.
Social motives are called secondary motives. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 59.
Two equally attractive goals produce conflict. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 60.
Slip of the tongue is an unconscious motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 61.
An unconscious attitude is illustrated by Phobia whose origin is unknown to the person concerned. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 62.
Many of the motives which influence the behaviour of a particular individual significantly are unrecognised by the person himself. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 63.
Personal variation is found in different types of motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 64.
Life goals have often their origin in early experiences. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 65.
Particular motives often characterise a given culture rather than the whole of mankind. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 66.
All motives are free from childhood training. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 67.
The origin of some motives is found in childhood training. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 68.
All motives are acquired. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 69.
Drives and instincts are the same. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 70.
Knowledge of performance is a material incentive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 71.
Many different activities may have common motivations. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 72.
Post-hypnotic suggestion provides a good example of Unconscious motivation. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 73.
Social motives are found in all normal human beings. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 74.
We acquire hundreds of needs, few of which have very clear psychological roots. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 75.
The self-assertive motive is also known as the mastery motive. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 76.
The motive to keep contact with others is called assertiveness. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 78.
Frigidity and impotence represent high tide in sexual drive. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 79.
Testosterone and androgenic hormone appear to play a key role in the sexual life of female animals. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 80.
The influence of social eating on the amount eaten is observed even in animals. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 81.
Habit and social customs account for most of our aversions to certain foods. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 82.
Hunger pangs, stomach contractions and related body activity, in general, depend upon blood chemistry. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 83.
Motivation is derived from the Latin word “Movere” which means to move. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 84.
Social motives are not always learned motives. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 85.
At birth and soon after almost all needs of the body are physiological in nature. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 86.
Gregariousness is due to social conditioning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 87.
Escape is motivated by the shock. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 88.
Hunger and thirst are equivalent in relation to milk as an incentive. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 89.
A manipulatory drive is most clearly manifested in the play of the human child. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 90.
According to James Lange’s theory of emotion. “We first see a bear, we are afraid and then (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 91.
Emotion is also a kind of motivic. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 92.
Hypothalamus has no role in emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 93.
Emotion is an acute disturbance of the body. (True/False )
Answer:
True

Question 94.
Anger is a positive emotional parent. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 95.
Joy is a positive emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 96.
The Ameti can Psychologist Luna found that voluntary finger movements were a valuable adjunct to the word association method of lie detection. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 97.
The level of activation increases when the person is guilty. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 98.
Lie detection puts a level of activation to work. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 99.
The thalamic theory of emotion is also called the emergency theory of emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 100.
Cannon-Bard theory and emergency theory of emotion are different from each other. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 101.
James Lange’s theory and emergency theory are the same. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 102.
William James is a founder of the functional school of Psychology. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 103.
According to lo Mc Dougall feeling and emotion have only ascending roles in the field of motivation. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 104.
Instincts and emotions are the same. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 105.
Shcrrington’s experiments with cats and Cannon’s experiments with dogs prove that total separation of the Viscera from the CNS does not alter emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 106.
The thalamic theory differs from the J.L. theory chiefly in its emphasis on the independence of emotional experiences and emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 107.
The emergency theory emphasises the role of the hypothalamus in originating emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 108.
Emotional behaviour is essentially disorganised. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 109.
The autonomous nervous system controls emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 110
Anger is an innate emotion. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 111.
The basis of emotional behaviour is general excitement. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 112.
General excitement is inherited. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 113.
From delight, joy develops. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 114.
Fear increases with the development of language. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 115.
Fear for human beings is more found during childhood. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 116.
Fear can be eliminated by behaviour therapy. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 117.
Fear can be eliminated by conditioning techniques. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 118.
A large number of fears occur due to social imitation. Fear can be removed by unlearning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 119.
Fear can be removed by unlearning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 120.
Anger can be treated by removing the irritating factors and substituting a different goal. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 121.
Fear is otherwise known as a temper tantrum. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 122.
Jealousy develops at the age of five months. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 123.
Fear grows from distress. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 124.
Affection develops by the age of two years. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 125.
There is only three innate emotions, fear, anger, and love. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 126.
Bridges maintained that the infant is bom with one basic emotion, a general excitement. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 127.
Watson and Morgan theorised that there are only three basic emotions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 128.
Bridges viewed that by the age of 24 months all emotions are developed. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 129.
A theory that emphasises the adaptive and survival value of infant smiling has been advanced by Frccpair, Loring and Valentine. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 130.
Two fears such as stranger anxiety and separation anxiety appear towards the end of the first year of life. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 131.
Morgan and Ricciuti’s study shows the developmental course of stranger and separation anxiety. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 132.
Donald Iiebb argued that fear of snakes in a product of psychological maturation rather than of learning. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 133.
Watson’s view that fear is an innate response to loud noises or the sudden loss of support is no longer accepted. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 134.
Cognitive factors are important in determining the nature and importance of children’s fears. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 135.
How much a child smiles is determined by genetic factors. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 136.
Emotional development indicated a pattern of increasing differentiation from a generalised excitement into progressively more precise emotional reactions. (True/
False)
Answer:
True

Question 137.
Smillinglikecryingmayhaveasurvivalvaluetothechild. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 138.
Younger children show a fear of concrete objects while older children fear more abstract things. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 139.
Disgust is a positive emotion. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 140.
Certain parts of the limbic system are intimately linked with emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 141.
Maturation and learning are inextricably related to emotional behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 142.
The septal-damaged animals are generally preservative and compulsive in their behaviour. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 143.
Parts of the cerebral cot ex, the septal region, the ventral medial nucleus and the pyriform cortex function as brakes. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 144.
The back portion of the hypothalamus, the septal region of the brain helps in suppressing primitive emotional reactions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 145.
When the septal area is destroyed, the organism underacts emotionally. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 146.
The cerebral cortex has some power to execute visceral activity which is commonly associated with emotional responses. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 147.
William James who developed the J-L theory of emotion belongs to the structural school of psychology. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 148.
The term emotion has been derived from the Greek word E- Mover. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 149.
Emotions involve internal changes and disturbances in the autonomic nervous system, ductless glands and visceral organs. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 150.
At birth, the new bom baby shows undifferentiated, diffused and general excitement. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 151.
Watson conducted a study on a six-month baby Albert to demonstrate how fear response develops. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 152.
According to Brides emotional development has a genetic sequence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 153.
Symbolic fears are otherwise known as phobias. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 154.
Leonarde Keelar devised the lie detector. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 155.
The lie detector detects emotional reactions in response to questions. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 156.
Many chronic gastrointestinal disorders are precipitated by chronic emotional states. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 157.
Psychosomatic, disorders are related to the emotional states of people. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 158.
Prolonged emotional upsets may contribute to organic disorder. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following defines sociology in the following manner?“Sociology is a science of social phenomena subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery to which is the object at investigation”.
(i) Maclver
(ii) Auguste Comte
(iii) Alex Inkles
(iv) II. M. Johnson
Answer:
(ii) Auguste Comte

Question 2.
Which of the following country auguste Comte belong to?
(i) England
(ii) France
(iii) Italy
(iv) Germany
Answer:
(ii) France

Question 3.
Who of the following is not a supporter of synthetic school of thought?
(i) Emile Durkheim
(ii) F. Tonnies
(iii) L.T.IIobhouse
(iv) P. A. Sorokin
Answer:
(ii) F. Tonnies

Question 4.
“Sociology is the study of human interactions and interrelations, their conditions and consequences” who of the following gives the above definition of Sociology?
(i) Augueste Comte
(ii) Morris Ginsberg
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Tonies
Answer:
(ii) Morris Ginsberg

Question 5.
Who of the following is the father of Sociology?
(i) Auguste Comte
(ii) EmileDuikheim
(iii) Spencer
(iv) Karl Marx
Answer:
(i) Auguste Comte

Question 6.
In which year the term sociology was coined?
(i) 1947
(ii) 1885
(iii) 1839
(iv) 1939
Answer:
(iii) 1839

Question 7.
Which of the following social philosophers named sociology as “Social Physics”?
(i) Auguste
(ii) Maclver
(iii) Pareto
(iv) Spencer
Answer:
(i) Auguste

Question 8.
Who of the following is not a supporter off or malistic school of thought?
(i) George Simmel
(ii) Max weber
(iii) Sorokin
(iv) Small
Answer:
(iii) Sorokin

Question 9.
The society has passed through three stages of its developments Theological, Metaphysical and the positive. This view was held by_______.
(i) Aristotle
(ii) AugusteComte
(iii) Sorokin
(iv) Max Weber
Answer:
(ii) Auguste Comte

Question 10.
Who was proposed the theory of organic analogy?
(i) Spencer
(ii) Comite
(iii) H.M. Johnson
(iv) George Simmel
Answer:
(i) Spencer

Question 11.
The organic theory of society seems to establish that:
(i) Society is like a living organism.
(ii) Society is unlike living organism
(iii) Like human beings society has no subsidiary organs.
Answer:
(i) Society is like a living organism.

Question 12.
Who proposed the theory of organic analogy?
(i) Auguste Comte
(ii) Darwin
(iii) Durkheim
(iv) Spencer
Answer:
(iv) Spencer

Question 13.
Who said the society is a web of social relationship?
(i) Giddings
(ii) Maclver
(iii) Giddings
(iv) Colley
Answer:
(ii) Maclver

Question 14.
Whose definition society is a consciousness of the kind?
(i) Davis
(ii) Maclver
(iii) Weber
(iv) Giddings
Answer:
(iv) Giddings

Question 15.
Who propounded the theory of suicide?
(i) Durkheim
(ii) Spencer
(iii) Comte
(iv) Maclver
Answer:
(i) Durkheim

Question 16.
Who said “where there is life, there is society”?
(i) Maclver and Page
(ii) Comte
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Weber
Answer:
(i) Maclver and Page

Question 17.
Who said man is a social animal?
(i) Weber
(ii) Davis
(iii) Plato
(iv) Aristotle
Answer:
(iv) Aristotle

Question 18.
Who said that sociology attempts an interpretative understanding of human behaviour?
(i) Weber
(ii) Comte
(iii) Cooley
(iv) Ogburn
Answer:
(i) Weber

Question 19.
Who propounded the law of three stages of social development?
(i) Maclver
(ii) Spencer
(iii) Durkheim
(iv) Auguste Comte
Answer:
(iv) Auguste Comte

Question 20.
Who wrote the book positive philosophy?
(i) F. Tonnies
(ii) W.F. Ogburn
(iii) Spenncer
(iv) Auguste Comte
Answer:
(iv) Auguste Comte

Question 21 .
Who says sociology and anthropology as twin sisters.
(i) Peter Worsley
(ii) A. Toynbee
(iii) M. Duverger
(iv) A. L. Kroeber
Answer:
(iv) A. L. Kroeber

Question 22.
The suicide caused by breakdown of social norms is called as__________.
(i) Anomic suicide
(ii) Egoistic suicide
(iii) Altruistic suicide
Answer:
(i) Anomic suicide

Question 23.
When one sacrifices one’s life for the group it is called __________.
(i) Altruistic suicide
(ii) Fatalistic suicide
(iii) Anomic suicide
Answer:
(i) Altruistic suicide

Question 24.
Who says history is the past sociology and sociology is present history.
(i) Peter Worsley
(ii) M. Duverger
(iii) A. L. Kroeber
(iv) G E. Haward
Answer:
(iv) G E. Haward

Question 25.
Who defines sociology is about social relationships, the network of social relationship society.
(i) Maclver and Page
(ii) M. Ginsberg
(iii) Auguste Comte
(iv) K. Davis
Answer:
(i) Maclver and Page

Question 26.
The stage in which observation predominates over imagination and all theological concepts become scientific, we call it as______.
(i) Metaphysical stage
(ii) Positive stage
(iii) Theological stage
Answer:
(ii) Positive stage

Question 27.
Who says “Historically Sociology has its main roots in politics and philosophy of history”.
(i) Morris Ginsberg
(ii) Plato
(iii) Aristotle
(iv) Kautilya
Answer:
(i) Morris Ginsberg

True or False Type Questions

Question 1.
Sociology is a social science.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Sociology first originated in India.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Auguste Comte is regarded as the father of sociology.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Comte regards sociology as the science of social institutions.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
The term sociology was coined in the year 1930.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
The term sociology has been derived from the Latin word ‘Socious’ and Greek word ‘Logos’.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Sociology is a national science.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
Sociology is an abstract science.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Alex-Ankles opines sociology is the science that deals with social groups.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
H. M. Johnson opines sociology is the: science that deals with social groups.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
The formalistic school of thought is led by Max Weber.
Answer:
False

Question 12.
The formalistic school of thought is led by German sociologist Simmel.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Sociology is applied science.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
Sociology is a pure science.
Answer:
True

Question 15.
Tonnies, Small and Weber are the supporters of a synthetic school.
Answer:
False

Question 16.
Tonnies, Small and Weber are the support of formalistic school.
Answer:
True

Question 17.
About the scope of sociology there are one school of thought.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
About the scope of sociology there are two school of thought.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Formalistic school conscious sociology as a synthesis of social sciences.
Answer:
False

Question 20.
Synthetic school conscious sociology as a synthesis of social science.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Formalistic school opines the scope of sociology is very wide.
Answer:
False

Question 22.
Formalistic school opines the scope of sociology is limited.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
Synthetic school considers sociology as a pure and independent science.
Answer:
False

Question 24.
Formalistic shcool considers as a pure and independent science.
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Oswald Spengler wrote the book “A study of history”.
Answer:
False

Question 26.
Oswald Spengler wrote the book “Decline of the west”.
Answer:
True

Question 27.
Durkheim, Sorokin and Ginsberg are the supporters of formalistic school of thought.
Answer:
True

Question 28.
Evan Pritchard says “sociology and social anthropology are one and same”.
Answer:
False

Question 29.
Hoebed says “Sociology and social anthropology are one and same”.
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Formalistic school considers the subject matter of sociology include social relationship.
Answer:
False

Question 31.
Fonnalistic school rethought considers the subject matter of sociology include forms of social relationship.
Answer:
True

Question 32.
A Toymbee remarks that “History is a past sociology and sociology is the present history”.
Answer:
False

Question 33.
GE. Haward remarks that history is the past sociology and sociology is present history.
Answer:
True

Answer In One Sentence

Question 1.
When was the term sociology coined?
Answer:
Sociology was coined by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) the French philosopher and sociologist in the year 1833.

Question 2.
What is the etymological meaning of sociology?
Answer:
The term sociology has been derived from the Latin word societies or socius meaning society or associate and the Greek word Logos meaning theory or study of science. Etymologically them sociology means the science or theory of human society or of human association.

Question 3.
Who is the father of sociology?
Answer:
The famous french philosopher and sociologist Auguste Comte is the father of sociology.

Question 4.
Who introduced the term sociology for the first time?
Answer:
The famous French philosopher ” Auguste Comte introduced the term sociology for the first time in 1839.

Question 5.
Give a definition of sociology?
Answer:
Sociology is about social relationships the network of social relationship we call society.

Question 6.
Write the definition of sociology of Max Weber is?
Answer:
ThedefinitionofsociologyofMax Weber is as the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects.

Question 7.
Write Johnson’s definition of sociology?
Answer:
II. M. Johnson opines that sociology is the science that deals with social groups.

Question 8.
About sociology what is comte definition.
Answer:
Auguste Comte defines sociology is the science of social phenomena subject to natural and invariable laws the discovery as which is the subject of investigation.

Question 9.
Write M. Jone’s definition of sociology?
Answer:
M. Jones define “sociology as the study of man-in-relationship-to men”.

Question 10.
Why is sociology called a pure science?
Answer:
Sociology does make use of scientific methods in the study of its subject matter and it therefore entitled to be called a science.

Question 11.
Write Kingsley Davis definition of sociology?
Answer:
KingsleyDavissays that sociology is a general science of society.

Question 12.
Write any five sociologists name.
Answer:
(1 ) Maclver and Page
(2) Gillin and Gillin
(3) M. Gonsberg
(4) II. M. Johnson
(5) K. Davis

Question 13.
Write Ginsberg’s definition of sociology?
Answer:
MorrisGinsbergdefines sociology in the following way. In the broadest since, sociology is the study of human interactions and interrelations, their conditions and consequence.

Question 14.
Write Small’s definition of sociology.
Answer:
Small defines sociology as the science of social relations.

Question 15.
Write Park’s definition of sociology?
Answer:
Park regards sociology as the / science of collective behaviour.

Question 16.
Is sociology a generalising science?
Answer:
Sociology tries to find out the general laws or principles about human interaction and association about the nature form. Content and structure of human groups and societies. It does not study each and every event that takes place in society. It is not possible also. It tries to make generalisation or the basis of the study of some selected events.

Question 17.
Write II. Fairchilad’s definition of sociology.
Answer:
H. Fairchild defines sociology as the study of man and his human environment on their relations to each other.

Question 18.
Write Ogburn and Nimkoft definition of sociology.
Answer:
Ogburn and Nimkoft defines sociology as the scientific study of social life.

Question 19.
Why sociology is called an abstract science?
Answer:
This does not mean that sociology is an art and not a science. Nor does not mean it is unnecessarily complicated and unduly difficult. It only means that sociology is not interested in concrete manifestations of human events. It is more concerned with the forms of human events and their patterns.

Question 20.
How many schools of thought are there regarding the scope of sociology?
Answer:
There are two important schools of the thought regarding the scope of sociology is
(1) formalistic school
(2) Synthetic school.

Question 21.
Write any two characteristics of sociology.
Answer:
(1) Sociology has now emerged into an independent science.
(2) Sociology belongs to the family of social science and not to the family of physical sciences.

Question 22.
Write Eli. Gidding is definition of sociology.
Answer:
F.H. Gidding defines sociology as the scinece of social phenomena

Question 23.
What is the formalistic school?
Answer:
The sociologists who belong to the formalistic school of belief that sociology, deals with various forms of human or social relations. They regard sociology is a pure and independent branch of knowledge, distinct from all other social sciences.

Question 24.
Who are the supporters of formalistic school?
Answer:
The German sociologist George Simmel, AlfredVierkandt, Leopold Van Wiese, Max Weber, Albion’Small and Ferdinard Tonnies are the supports of formalistic school.

Question 25.
What is the nature of sociology?
Answer:
Sociology does frame laws and attempts to predict. Its approach is both categorical and abstract. It is empirical rational and pure. It embrances all most all our social behaviour. It tries to discover laws that the generally applicable regardless of variation or culture.

Question 26.
What are main points of arguments of the scholars who oppose sociology as a science?
Answer:
Those who oppose sociology as a science the scholar argues that it lacks universal theory, measurement experimentation objective and predictive ability.

Question 27.
What is the synthetic school.
Answer:
The synthetic school of thought, holds the view that sociology is the synthesis of all social sciences; sociology is the science of sciences. It embraces all social services known its scope.

Question 28.
Who are the supporters of the synthetic school?
Answer:
The supporters of the synthetic school are Emile – Durkhiem, L.T. Hobhouse, P.A. Sorokin, Morris Ginsberg and other have been the chief supporters of synthetic school.

Question 29.
Write Alex Inkeles’s definition of sociology.
Answer:
Alenlnkeles says sociology is the study of systems of social action and of their interrelations.

Question 30.
Who leds the specialistic school?
Answer:
German sociologist, George Simmel, Vier Kandt, Max Weber and other sociologist leds the specialistic school.

Question 31.
What is Vicrkandt views on the scope of sociology?
Answer:
Vierkandt mentions that sociology is an independent social science or a special branch of knowledge.

Question 32.
What is Durkhiem’s definition of sociology?
Answer:
Emile Durkhiem regards “sociology as the science of social institution”.

Question 33.
What are the Hobhouse view on scope of sociology?
Answer:
According to Hobhouse on English Sociologist sociology should be a synthesis of numerous social sciences. It should other sciences in its scope.

Question 34.
What are the main points of arguments in forwards of sociology as a science?
Answer:
The supporters of sociology claim that it is a science and find the methods and qualities of science in its observation generalisation, accurate measurement prediction and objectivity which are common to all sciences are found in sociology.

Question 35.
What are P. Sorokins views on the scope of sociology?
Answer:
According to P. Sorokinsociology should aim at studying the relationship that exists between the differents aspects of social phenomena and between social and non-social phenomena. It should study the general features of social phenomena as well.

Question 36.
What is Small’s views regarding the scope of sociology?
Answer:
Small insists that sociology should continue itself to the study of forms of social processes.

Question 37.
Mention any four sociolgist in India.
Answer:
(1) M. N. Srinivas
(2) P. N. Prabhu
(3) K. M. Kapadia
(4) Mrs. Iravati Karve.

Question 38.
Who is the four-founding fathers?
Answer:
Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim.

Question 39.
Who introduced the term sociology for the first time?
Answer:
Auguste Comte introduced the term sociology from the first time.

Question 40.
What is a psychology?
Answer:
Social psychology is to sociology and psychology as Bio-chemistry is to Biologyandchemistry. Psychology is the positive science of human experience and behaviour.

Question 41.
Write any four sociologist in the world.
Answer:
Karl Marx, Raster F. Ward, George Simmel, Small.

Question 42.
What is economics?
Answer:
Economics deals with the economic activities of man. According to Prof. Lionel Robbins, Economics the science of human behaviour on its relations with ends and scare means which have alternative uses.

Question 43.
What is Anthropology?
Answer:
Anthropology is a general science like sociology.

Question 44.
Write any two political sociologist?
Answer:
F. G Wison and GE.C. Catlin.

Question 45.
Write any one relationship between sociology and economics.
Answer:
Economics is in fact, but one branch of the comprehensive science of sociology.

Question 46.
What is History?
Answer:
History is the reconstruction of man’s post.

Question 47.
Write any two historical sociologists.
Answer:
Arnold Toynbee and Oswald Spengler.

Question 48.
What is political science?
Answer:
Political science deals with the political activities of man in studies of Social groups organised under the sovereignty of the state.

Question 49.
What is the opinion of Prof. Giddings concerning the relationship of sociology with other social sciences?
Answer:
According to Prof. Giddings sociology is not the sole science not the mother of other social sciences but only their common sister.

Question 50.
Write any two Anthropologists.
Answer:
Kroeber and Robert Redfield.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 4 Process of Thinking Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 4 Process of Thinking Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Tools of thinking.
Answer:
Percept: The object or stimulus which is perceived is called the percept.
Images: Images are mental pictures of actual sensory experiences.

Question 2.
Creative thinking.
Answer:
Creative thinking refers to the ability for original thinking. Cognitive activity directed towards some creative work refer to creative thinking.

Question 3.
Stages of creative thinking.
Answer:
The common stage of creative thinking. They are:
(a) perception
(b) incubation
(c) inspiration or illumination
(d) evaluation
(e) verification or revision.
Trench experienced these stages of thinking.

Question 4.
Incubation.
Answer:
In this stage of creative thinking, there is almost a complete absence of overt activity. The unconscious process may be at work during incubation.

Question 5.
Language.
Answer:
Language is the best medium of thinking. Language provides the most useful and common kinds of symbols in human behavior.

Question 6.
Rigidity.
Answer:
Rigidity cements new ideas and thoughts helpful for problem-solving. Lyman and Anderson have suggested the following eight rules to prevent rigidity in thinking.

Question 7.
Images.
Answer:
Images are mental pictures of actual sensory experiences. It represents the percept in its absence.

Question 8.
Sensory motor period.
Answer:
The sensory-motor period is the period that starts before the language development of the child. Piaget distinguished between two major stages in cognitive development.

Question 9.
Conflict motive.
Answer:
When the ‘O’ has to choose between two equally attractive goals, he faces the problem of conflict the lie is in conflict as he is unable to decide which goal to pursue both have equal attraction.

Question 10.
Need for power.
Answer:
Some people are heard saying, “I don’t need any power.” Though, power by itself is a motive. It may help in achieving other motives easily.

Question 11.
Need for achievement.
Answer:
Achievement motivation is the need or desire to achieve something. It is a strong motive.

Question 12.
Need for approval.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. For any social organism need for approval is a must.

Question 13.
Activity method.
Answer:
In this method, the activity of the ‘O’ is observed by introducing a drive. It is two types:

• field observation
• laboratory observation

Question 14.
Need for aggression.
Answer:
Aggression is a hostile response to any stimulus. The motive of aggression may be expressed due to the imitation of aggressive models.

Question 15.
Need for recognition.
Answer:
The urge to process status in society is a commonly observed need found by human beings. Every human being wants his merit abilities to be recognized in society.

Question 16.
Hunger.
Answer:
Hunger occupies the most prominent position among all the biological drives and obviously, most of the studies have been done on hunger drive. Hunger is concluded by Ruch.

Question 17.
Thirst.
Answer:
Thirst is also a periodic drive. The strength of thirst is also greater than hunger drive.

Question 18.
Biological motive.
Answer:
Organic drives are known as physiological or biological drives as the physiological state of the organism drives him to action. The biological drive is innate.

Question 19.
Jealousy.
Answer:
Jealousy is an outgrowth of anger. It is an attitude of resentment directed towards other people only. It is a negative motion.

Question 20.
Causes of anger
Answer:
The cause of anger is interference or restriction of any type or it may be due to frustration. This frustration may be due to personal, physical, or social causes.

Question 21.
Joy, pleasure, delight.
Answer:
All these are positive emotions and they generally belong to joy. Such emotions always give pleasure to the individual.

Question 22.
Pre-operational period.
Answer:
The preparational period extends from two to seven years. The first part of this stage is also known as the pre-conceptual period. It is characterized by the use of language and symbolic function. Pre-conceptual refers to the beginning of symbolization in thinking. It is the period prior to the use of symbols in thinking or the preparatory stage for the same.

Question 23.
Language.
Answer:
Language is the best medium of thinking. Language provides the most useful and common kind of symbols in human behavior. Most of the thinking is the modem age is done by verbal symbols, which are expressed through language. Though in thinking some amount of language is involved a certain amount of thinking. It serves to communicate ideas from one person to another.

Question 24.
Creative thinking.
Answer:
Creative thinking refers to the ability for original thinking. In other words, cognitive activity directed towards some creative work refers to creative thinking. Creative thinkers are great boons to society. Creative thinking is a must for the progress and prosperity of any country. In creative thinking, there is general freedom from rigid thought patterns.

Question 25.
Past experience.
Answer:
The positive transfer effect facilitates problem-solving a great deal. Acquisitions of the past in similar situations are generalized in the present situation. This makes it easier to solve the problem. Certain problems do require finding new strategies and new concepts for solutions. It has been found that new problems can be solved completely by past learning.

Question 26.
Frustration and stress.
Answer:
Several studies have been conducted on the adverse effect of frustration and stress on problem-solving behavior. A study by Monson (1954) indicates that initially, the frustrated group showed a greater gain them control, apparently being highly motivated to succeed this time having failed the block tapping test. Cowen( 1959) has found that when people don’t feel that. Subjects who had shown the most frustration in the block tapping test did most poorly on the difficult problem. Reynolds shows that stress operates as a hindrance to problem-solving.

Question 27.
Rigidity.
Answer:
Run over the elements of the problem in rapid succession several times until a pattern emerges which encompasses all these elements simultaneously. Suspend judgment – Don’t jump to conclusions. Produce a second solution after the first. Rigidity cements new ideas and thoughts helpful for problem-solving.

Question 28.
Thirst.
Answer:
Like hunger, thirst is also a periodic drive. The strength of thirst is also greater than hunger drive. The necessity of thirst for survival is greater than food. According to Cannon’s theory, he has treated the thirst. This is highlighted.

Question 29.
External expressions of emotions.
Answer:

• Facial expression:
  The face is the most expressive organ of the human body.
• Postural reaction:
  Different emotions arouse different postures.
• Vocal expressions:
  Voice is a powerful organ of indicating different types of emotions experienced.
• Scholrberg found a high correlation in the judgments of different observers found that in several pictures.
• It is thus said to be the barometer of emotion.

Question 30.
Obstruction method.
Answer:
The last form of counterbalancing motives is the obstruction method. In this method of putting on obstruction, the persistence of a particular drive is measured. The Columbia obstruction apparatus has been extensively used by the warden. He found the crossing of an electric grill. It is the strongest obstruction.

Question 31.
The contrast of motives.
Answer:
In this method, one motive is contrasted with another at a time. Hunger-sex, sex-thirst, thirst hunger, thirst-maternity drive, and soon. In another study, Elliot noticed that motivation suddenly changed with the change in goal. Seymour and stein trained the animal to a given food. This method is used to measure mostly animal drives.

Question 32.
Conflict of motives.
Answer:
When the ‘O’ has to choose between two equally attractive goals, he faces the problem of conflict the lie is in conflict as he is unable to decide which goal to pursue as both have equal attraction and strength in fulfilling his motive. A person who lives both fish and meat, when asked to select only one of these preparations faces conflict. In our day-to-day life, we face conflict. A dog is trained to bark in a circle.

Question 33.
Hunger.
Answer:
Hunger occupies the most prominent position among all the biological drives been on hunger drive. The survival of the ‘O’ depends upon the satisfaction of hunger need. Ehrlich suggests that the most significant physiological factor is the regulation of hunger. The importance of hunger drive in human beings has been proved by many classic studies. From several studies on hunger drives, the role of environment and training is strong.

Question 34.
Method of preference.
Answer:
The method of preference makes to choose between two or more incentives that arouse one and the same drive. Two incentives are given at a time and it is observed which one of the two is preferred by the organism. If the driver is hungry, the incentives may be different types of food. P.T. Young made an experiment by this method using rats. The motive is one but the incentives are many.

Question 35.
Role of motivation in learning.
Answer:
The importance of motivation in learning follows from the law of effects. Thorndike has shown that there is a close relationship between learning and motivation. Motivation is indispensable for learning. Pavlov’s conditioning technique. When a student is motivated by praise and verbal reward he quickly improves in his learning.

Question 36.
Role of the hypothalamus in emotion.
Answer:
The hypothalamus plays a significant role in emotional behavior. This is substantiated by various experimental studies on animals. Removal of the hypothalamus in cats and dogs brings a full stop to all emotional expressions. Observations show that when the hypothalamus is seriously impaired by accident or the like, occurs that is there is no emotional reaction. Drugs like sodium amytal and metrazol have a specific effect on the hypothalamus producing significant changes in the emotional behavior of human beings and arid animals.

Question 37.
Cannon-Bord Theory of Emotion.
Answer:
Cannon formulated his own theory of emotion which is called the Thalamic or emergency theory of emotion. Modem physiological views of emotion may be said to start with Cannon. He was the first to develop a broad and integrated physiological picture of emotion. Cannons conducted a series of experiments. The Thalamic theory differs from the James Lange theory chiefly units emphasis upon the independence of emotional experiences.

Question 38.
Jealousy.
Answer:
Jealousy is an outgrowth of anger. It is an attitude of resentment directed towards other people only while anger can be directed toward people, self, and others. It is a negative emotion. The arousal of jealousy depends upon training and the treatment that one gets from others. Child-rearing practices have got a lot to do with the development of jealousy.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Solutions Unit 5 Intelligence Objective Questions.

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CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Unit 5 Intelligence Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
The intelligence of a person can be accurately assessed from his _________.
(a) eyes
(b) performance
(c) conversation
(d) intelligence test scores
Answer:
(d) intelligence test scores

Question 2.
I.Q. is calculated by the following formula
(a) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Age }}{\text { Mental Age }}\)x100

(b) I.Q\(\frac{\text { Mental Age }}{\text { Chronological Age }}\)x100

(c) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Chronological Age }}{\text { Mental Age }} \)x100

(d) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Mental Age }}{\text { Chronological Age }}\)
Answer:
(b) I.Q=\(\frac{\text { Mental Age }}{\text { Chronological Age }}\)x100

Question 3.
The term intelligence is derived from the _________.
(a) Latin word
(b) Greek word
(c) German word
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Latin word

Question 4.
Intelligence refers to the _________.
(a) Effective capacity
(b) thinking capacity
(c) Cognitive capacity
(d) Conative capacity
Answer:
(d) Conative capacity

Question 5.
That intelligence is a capacity of the ‘O’ to adjust itself to an increasingly complex environment is believed by _________.
(a) Gallon
(b) Spencer
(c) Binet
(d) Spearman
Answer:
(b) Spencer

Question 6.
The two-factor theory of intelligence was proposed by _________.
(a) Guilford
(b) Thurstone
(c) Stanford
(d) Spearman
Answer:
(d) Spearman

Question 7.
Intelligence is influenced by _________.
(a) Hereditary factors
(b) Environmental factors
(c) Organic factors
(d) both hereditary and environmental factors
Answer:
(d) both hereditary and environmental factors

Question 8.
Accurate assessment of intelligence is possible through _________.
(a) Observation of behavior
(b) Abstract performance
(c) Mathematical ability
(d) Standardised intelligence test
Answer:
(d) Standardised intelligence tes

Question 9.
Edward’s personal preference schedule is a _________.
(a) Open-end inventory
(b) True/False questionnaire
(c) Forced choice inventory
(d) Multiple-choice inventory
Answer:
(d) Multiple-choice inventory

Question 10.
The factors of 16 PF questionnaires were selected through _________.
(a) Chi-square
(b) Factor analysis
(c) Rating
(d) Rank difference method
Answer:
(b) Factor analysis

Question 11.
When no language is used in an intelligence test it is called a _________.
(a) Performance test
(b) Non-performance test
(c) Verbal test
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Performance test

Question 12.
When the suitability of a particular person for a specific job is to be assessed he should be administered with _________.
(a) Power test
(b) Intelligence test
(c) Aptitude test
(d) Performance test
Answer:
(c) Aptitude test

Question 13.
A performance test is that which _________.
(a) Uses language
(b) Does not use language
(c) Assess special ability
(d) Assesses mechanical ability
(b) Does not use language

Question 14.
The progressive Matrices test is a test of _________.
(a) Aptitude
(b) Intelligence
(c) Attitude
(d) Language
Answer:
(b) Intelligence

Question 15.
Children’s progressive matrices test is a _________.
(a) Verbal test
(b) Non-verbal test
(c) Imagination test
(d) Creativity test
Answer:
(b) Non-verbal test

Question 16.
The capacity to perceive the relationship between the means and the end is called _________.
(a) Imagination
(b) Sensation
(c) Intelligence
(d) Learning
Answer:
(c) Intelligence

Question 17.
The first group test of intelligence was _________.
(a) W.A.T.
(b) T.A.T.
(c) The Standard Binet
(d) The Army Alpha
Answer:
(c) The Standard Binet

Question 18.
MMPI is a test of _________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Personality
(c) Aptitude
(d) Interest
Answer:
(b) Personality

Question 19.
Rorschach test is a test of _________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Power
(c) Personality
(d) Aptitude
Answer:
(c) Personality

Question 20.
Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposely, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. This definition of intelligence was given by _________.
(a) Binet
(b) Thurstone
(c) Wechsler
(d) Spearman
Answer:
(c) Wechsler

Question 21.
The concept of mental age was introduced by _________.
(a) Wechsler
(b) Spearman
(c) Binet
(d)Galton
Answer:
(c) Binet

Question 22.
The adult intelligence scale Of Wechsler constitutes of _________.
(a) Non-verbal scale
(b) Verbal scale
(c) Verbal and performance scale
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) Verbal and performance scale

Question 23.
Binet was a/an _________psychologist.
(a) French
(b) Germany
(c) English
(d)American
Answer:
(a) French

Question 24.
Binet with the help of another collaborator devised a scale consisting of 80 tests arranged from the simplest to the most complex. Who is that another collaborator?
(a) Galton
(b) Simen
(c) Terman
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Simen

Question 25.
Binet and Simon revised the 1905 test scale in the year _________.
(a) 1908
(b) 1910
(c) 1913
(d) 1917
Answer:
(a) 1908

Question 26.
When the M.A. and the C.A. are the same, the I.Q. is _________.
(a) 95
(b) 98
(c) 100
Answer:
(c) 100

Question 27.
Mental age is calculated on the basis of _________.
(a) Chronological age
(b) Mental ability as calculated from the intelligence test score
(c) Ability calculated from the test of creativity
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Mental ability as calculated from the intelligence test score

Question 28.
Raven’s progressive Matrices test is _________.
(a) Verbal test
(b) Performance test
(c) Non-performance test
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Performance test

Question 29.
Raymond cattle’s IPTAtest is a _________.
(a) Culture fair intelligence test
(b) Culture-free intelligence test
(c) Structural test of intelligence
(d) Personality test
Answer:
(a) Culture fair intelligence test

Question 30.
The process of classifying all intellectual abilities into a systematic framework has been developed by _________.
(a) Guilford
(b) Stanford
(c) Jensen
(d) Thorndike
Answer:
(a) Guilford

Question 31.
The structure of intellect can be classified into _________.
(a) Three different ways
(b) Four different ways
(c) Five different ways
Answer:
(a) Three different ways

Question 32.
Intelligence reaches its peak by the age of 16-20 years and remains at the same level up to _________.
(a) 40 years
(b) 45 years
(c) 50 years
(d) 60 years
Answer:
(b) 45 years

Question 33.
Two children of the same age will have the same _________.
(a) Intelligence Quotient
(b) Mental age
(c) Chronological age
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Chronological age

Question 34.
Intelligence is the ability to _________.
(a) Perceive new situations and learn
(b) To adjust oneself to the new situations
(c) To think about the present situation
(d) To do all the three above
Answer:
(d) To do all the three above

Question 35.
Most of the infant intelligence tests are meant to measure _________.
(a) Intelligence
(b) Sensory motor skills
(c) Perceptual ability
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Sensory motor skills

Question 36.
The score obtained by an infant in the infant intelligence test is called _________.
(a) Intelligence Quotient
(b) Mental Age
(c) Development Quotient
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Development Quotient

Question 37.
Mental age is a measure of the level of intelligence _________.
(a) Specific level
(b) Absolute
(c) General
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Absolute

Question 38.
The most outstanding study conducted to compare the Developmental Quotient and I.Q. of children was conducted by _________.
(a) fleidbrelder
(b) Gessel
(c) Bayley and Schaefer
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Gessel

Question 39.
The very earliest tests of intelligence were based on the assumption that intelligence has a _________.
(a) Physiological basis
(b) Hereditary basis
(c) Environmental basis
(d) Psychological basis
Answer:
(b) Hereditary basis

Question 40.
_________believed that the fine-tuning of the nervous systems of intelligent people extended to their bodies and made them physically vigorous.
(a) Binet
(b) Galton
(c) Simon
(d) Wechsler
Answer:
(b) Galton

Question 41.
Binet had developed a number of intelligence tests by _________.
(a)1890
(b)1900
(c)1905
(d)1910
Answer:
(c)1905

Question 42.
The book “Experimental study of intelligence” authored by Binet was published in _________.
(a) 1900
(b) 1903
(c) 1905
(d) 1913
Answer:
(c) 1905

Question 43.
The mental age is computed by first finding the age level at which the child passed all the test items which is called the _________.
(a) Basal age
(b) Fractional age
(c) Chronological age
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Basal age

Question 44.
The _________Psychologist Louis Stem suggested the division of mental age by Chronological age to asses relative intelligence.
(a) American
(b) Germanic
(c) Swiss
(d) English
Answer:
(c) Swiss

Question 45.
Terman issued the first American revision of the Binet scale in _________which was called the Stanford Binet intelligence scale.
(a) 1910
(b) 1912
(c) 1916
(d) 1918
Answer:
(a) 1910

Question 46.
Intelligence tests are so constructed that the average person will receive an I.Q. score of about _________.
(a) 90
(b) 100
(c) 105
(d) 110
Answer:
(b) 100

Question 47.
An I.Q. of _________indicates the role of the intellectual development of the average person in the population.
(a) 95
(b) 100
(c) 105
(d) 110
Answer:
(b) 100

Question 48.
A person having an I.Q. of 55 is called _________.
(a) Imbecile
(b) Moron
(c) Idiot
(d) Boarder line case
Answer:
(b) Moron

Question 49.
When the number and representatives of the individuals in the standardizing sample increased the adequacy of the standardizing procedure.
(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Does not change
(d) Remains moderate
Answer:
(b) Increases

Question 50.
That intelligence is best conceptualized as a large number of independent abilities held by__________.
(a) Galton
(b) Cattell
(c) Thorndike
(d) Guilford
Answer:
(c) Thorndike

Question 51.
One of the most elaborate schemes for classifying intelligence into specific abilities was proposed by _________.
(a) Gallon
(b) Guilford
(c) Cattell
(d) Hebb
Answer:
(d) Hebb

Question 52.
Guilford made a unique contribution to the understanding of intelligence by including in his model the operation of thinking _________.
(a) Convergent thinking
(b) Divergent thinking
(c) Abstract thinking
Answer:
(b) Divergent thinking

Question 53.
Guilford’s “Plot Title Test” is an example of a test of _________.
(a) Divergent thinking
(b) Convergent thinking
(c) Creative thinking
(d) Autistic thinking
Answer:
(a) Divergent thinking

Question 54.
The ability to think abstractly was the essential ingredient of intellectual effectiveness. This was the view of _________.
(a)Terman
(b)Galton
(c) Guilford
(d)Thurstone
Answer:
(a)Terman

Question 55.
_________ holds that intelligence consists of specific cognitive abilities that enable an individual to adapt to the environment.
(a) IIebb
(b) Guilford
(c) Gallon
(d) Charlesworth
Answer:
(c) Gallon

Question 56.
That intelligence changes with age was the general observation made for the first time by _________.
(a) Spearman
(b) Gallon
(c) Binet
(d) Simen
Answer:
(d) Simen

Question 57.
Most of the infant intelligence tests are constructed to measure _________.
(a) Perceptual skill
(b) Sensory motor skill
(c) Cognitive ability
(d) Abstract thinking
Answer:
(b) Sensory motor skill

Question 58.
The most important infant intelligence test was developed by _________.
(a) Clark
(b) Charles Worth
(c) Gessel
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Gessel

Question 59.
The infant intelligence scale developed by Gessel is called _________.
(a) Differential Schedule
(b) Generalised Schedule
(c) Developmental Schedule
(d) Specified Schedule
Answer:
(c) Developmental Schedule

Question 60.
Gessel’s tests measure not intelligence but the child’s level of _________.
(a) Growth
(b) Emotion
(c) Adaptive Capacity
(d) Divergent thinking
Answer:
(a) Growth

Question 61.
In Gessel’s test, the score obtained by a child is called _________.
(a) Developmental Quotient
(b) Intelligence Quotient
(c) Creativity Quotient
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Developmental Quotient

Question 62.
Turnstone identified _______ primary mental abilities.
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 9
(d) 11
Answer:
(b) 7

Question 63.
Guilford proposed a structure of intellect containing items _________.
(a) 100
(b) 110
(c) 120
(d) 130
Answer:
(c) 120

Question 64.
Intelligence develops most rapidly during _________.
(a) Infancy
(b) Childhood
(c) Adulthood
(d) Late adulthood
Answer:
(b) Childhood

Question 65.
Boys score _________ in intelligence tests compared to girls.
(a) Higher
(b) Similar
(c) Lower
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Similar

Question 66.
Multifactor theory of intelligence is given by _________.
(a) Binet
(b) Spearman
(c) Guilford
(d) Thurstone
Answer:
(d) Thurstone

True Or False Type Questions

Question 1.
All intelligence tests also test creativity. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Intelligence tests are measured of both intellectual ability and achievement although the emphasis clearly strives to be on the former. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Culture-free intelligence tests measure intelligence more accurately than culturally biased tests. Culturally unfair tests do not under asses a child’s intelligence. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
IPAT culture fair intelligence test was devised by Thurstone. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 5.
It is erroneous to define intelligence on the basis of abilities related to school performance. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Standard intelligence tests fail to measure all the cognitive abilities that contribute to intelligence, broadly defined. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 7.
I.Q. is only a measure of intelligence ‘B’. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 8.
According to Ilebb, the term intelligence ‘A refers to an innate potentiality for the development of intellectual capacities, and intelligence ‘B’ to die level of that development at a later time when the S’s intellectual functioning can be observed. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Spearman thought of intelligence as composed ofthe ‘g’ factor and a number of ‘g’ factors. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Guilford included in his model of intelligence the operation of convergent thinking. (True/False)
True

Question 11.
Guilford’s ‘Plot Title test’ ’ is an example of a test of convergent thinking. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Little relation has been found between scores obtained on standard I.q. tests and scores achieved on tests of divergent thinking. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 13.
The ability to think abstractly was according to Tennant the essential ingredient of intellectual effectiveness. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Charlesworth was an opinion that intelligence consists of specific cognitive abilities that enable an individual to adapt to the environment. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 15.
Intelligence changes with age. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Intellectual growth continues throughout the lifespan. (True /False)
Answer:
False

Question 17.
Most infant intelligence tests are constructed to assess sensory-motor skills. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 18.
The most important infant intelligence test was developed by Spearman. (True / False)
False

Question 19.
The most important infant intelligence test was developed by Gessel. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 20.
The infant intelligence test developed by Arnold Gessel is known as Developmental schedules. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 21.
Gessel’s developmental schedules contain items that show a clear age progression. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 22.
Gessel’s test measures not intelligence but the child’s level of development. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 23.
In Gessel’s test, the score obtained by an infant is called the developmental quotient. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 24.
The failure to find a strong relationship between infant DQs and their subsequent I.Qs suggests that two scores reflect different abilities. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 25.
Verbal reasoning grows with age. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 26.
Crystalised intelligence increases with age and declines only with the approach of very old age. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 27.
There is no difference between pure intelligence and measured intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 28.
Thurstone identified nine primary mental abilities. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 29.
Guilford proposed a structure of intellect containing 120 separate items. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 30.
Intelligence develops most rapidly during childhood. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 31.
General intelligence continues to increase until the later adult years. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 32.
The rate of increase in intelligence slows down as the person grows older. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 33.
Usually, boys score higher in standard intelligent tests than girls. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 34.
The scores of boys and girls are marked by similarity in standard intelligent tests. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 35.
Some personality traits are associated with the I.Q. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 36.
Aggression, competition, and self-reliance traits are found to but associated with the increase in I.Qs. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 37.
Social class does not influence the I.Q. of a person. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 38.
Intellectual development is a smooth and continuous process. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 39.
Extreme and prolonged social deprivation produces intellectual impairment. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 40.
Gifted individuals are those whose I.Qs are at the upper end of the distribution of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 41.
Creativity has no relationship with giftedness. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 42.
Creative persons have a high tolerance for ambiguity. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 43.
Children’s reasoning and their use of increasingly complex hypotheses in problem-solving tasks indicate a progression through cognitive stages. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 44.
Piaget has emphasized the biological and adaptive significance of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 45.
During the preparational state, children begin to use symbols like imagery and language. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 46.
The sensory-motor stage continues from birth to five years. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 47.
The stage of formal operations is the third stage of Piagetian stages of cognitive development. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 48.
The preparational stage lasts from three to seven years. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 49.
Cross-cultural studies have indicated that the stages Piaget has observed in western children are also found in children of very different societies. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 50.
Intelligence and creativity are highly co-related. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 51.
A maximum level of intelligence is required to be creative. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 52.
Flexibility is essential for creativity. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 53.
Intelligence can be greatly improved by competition. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 54.
The two-factor theory of intelligence was proposed by Stanford. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 55.
Accurate assessment of intelligence is possible, through standardized intelligence tests. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 56.
Accurate assessment of intelligence is possible, through standardized intelligence tests. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 57.
Edward’s personal preference schedule is a multiple-choice inventory. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 58.
When no language is used in an intelligence test, it is called a verbal test of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 59.
A performance test does not use language. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 60.
The Army Alpha test is the first group test of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 61.
M.M.P.I. is a test of intelligence. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 62.
The concept of mental age was introduced by Galton. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 63.
The adult intelligence scale of Wechsler deals with non-verbal scales. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 64.
Binet was an American Psychologist. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 65.
Binet and Simon revised the 1905 test scale in the year 1908. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 66.
When the M.A. and C.A. are the same the I.Q. is 100. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 67.
Mental ability is calculated from the intelligence test score. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 68.
Mental age is calculated from the chronological age. (True/ False)
Answer:
False

Question 69.
Raymond Cattell’s IPTA test is a culture fair test. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 70.
A culture-fair test is otherwise called a culture-free test. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 71.
The process of classifying all intellectual abilities into a systematic framework has been developed by Stanford. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 72.
Intelligence reaches its peak by the age of 16 to 21 years. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 73.
Ordinarily, intelligence does not grow after 45 years. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 74.
Two children of the same age will have the same mental age. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 75.
Two children of the same age will have the same chronological age. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 76.
The actual age of a person and his chronological age are the same. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 77.
Intelligence quotient and mental age are the same. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 78.
Guilford included in his model the operation of thinking. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 79.
Guilford’s Plot title test is an example of convergent thinking. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 80.
Guilford was of opinion that the ability to think abstractly was the essential ingredient of intellectual effectiveness. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 81.
Charlesworth held that intelligence consists of specific cognitive abilities that enable the individual to adapt to the environment. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 82.
That intelligence changes with age was for the first time made public by Binet. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 83.
Thurstone identified nine specific mental abilities which according to him are the constituents of intelligence. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 84.
Intelligence develops most rapidly during adolescence. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 85.
Boys are more intelligent compared to girls. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 86.
The sensory-motor stage Piaget continues from birth to two years. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 87.
F or Piaget the function of intelligence is the adoption to the world. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 88.
Children’s cognitive system change and grow to become more adaptive and hence provides a more realistic understanding of the world. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 89.
Accommodation is a change of the internal cognitive system to provide a better match to outside information. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 90.
Intelligence quotient and mental age are different concepts. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 91.
I.Q. and Developmental age are different. (True/ False)
Answer:
True

Question 92.
Most infant intelligence tests are meant to measure sensory motor skills. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 93.
Mental age is a measure of the absolute level of intelligence. (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 94.
Gcssel conducted the most brilliant study to compare the D.Q. of children with their I.Q. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 95.
The very earliest tasks of intelligence were based on the assumption that intelligence has a physiological basis. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 96.
The book experimental study of intelligence was authored by Binet. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 97.
The PASS Model of intelligence was developed by cattle. (True / False)
Answer:
False

Question 98.
The sensory-motor stage continues from birth to two years. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 99.
Piaget has chartered major stages of cognitive development three. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 3 Education and Society Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Unit 3 Education and Society Long Answer Questions

Long Type Question With Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the interrelationship between society and education. Discuss the scope of education in society.
Answer:
The world itself and everything are dynamic. Society is dynamic Man is a social being and he needs and formed a society in a democratic way. Education is an activity, which goes on in the society in which it takes place. The Republic of Plato, Politics of Aristotle, and Democracy of Education by John Dewey prove that education is a dimension of politics.

Hence society and education are intimately related to society and education. People living together are said to live in a society or a community. The two words community and society are used same sense they differ from each other. the words of R.G Collingwood, A community is everybody, adult and children, social and non-social persons living in a certain territory where all share a mode of life, but not all are conscious of its organization or purpose.

A society is a kind of community or a part of a community whose members have become socially conscious of their mode of life, and are united by a common set of aims and values. This distinction between community and society relates education to society. Children are members of the community.’ It is education that prepares them for full membership in society.

They remain as members of the non-social community, during student life. When they develop social consciousness through the impact of education, they, become a potential member of society. This study of relations between education and society is known as the sociology of education. The Scope of Education Every society has some set of aims and values.

In order to achieve these aims and values, education plays a double role. First, it attempts to develop the personality of the child and then prepares him for membership in society. Thus a person plays a dual role in his life as an individual and as a member of society. So we can not think of an individual without society and vice versa.

He needs education for the development of his personality and for the adjustment to the human environment Throughout this life, a man tries to make an adjustment to his physical universe and the social world around it. He also creates his own environment in order to feel at home and fries to master them. The situation calls for creative adjustment.

That is why the change in society goes on in a never-ending way. So education and society are interrelated and education is aimed at building a modem society. Society is dynamic because education is dynamic to the growth in science and. technology.

Question 2.
What is social change? Discuss the factors affecting social change?
Answer:
As social change refers to the movement of social progress, social interaction and social organization. To K. Device, social change alteration occurs in social organization, the structure and function of the society. To us, social change means a change in the culture and in its chief factors, material and non-material culture. Factors that determine social change are a continuous process. Change in one aspect of society affects to other aspects for example change in the political system affects religious and economic aspects of the society.

The factors that affect social change are as follows:
The action of the exceptional individuals :
History recalls the personal influences of exceptional individuals have brought about changes in political, economic, social, and religious fields. For example, scientists like Galileo, religious reformers like Shankaracharya, Lord Budha and Jesus Christ and Social reforms like Gandhi, Gopabandhu and Lenin had a profound influence on society.

The personal Qualities of those personalities affect society and brought a change in the social traditions, and customs and brought a change in society such customs are Sati rights, the early marriage system and untouchables etc. During the period Lord Bentick, Raja Rammohan Ray brought a change in Sati Right.

The widow has not have to sacrifice in the burning fire of his husband and can have the right to marry for a second time. The social reformer Gandhi brought a change in Untouchables in India. He claimed the South Africa equal rights of Black people with white. The slavery system in South Africa was abolished.

Impact of Ideas and Ideologies :
In the energy age ideas and ideologies proved to be a powerful instrument of social change. The world-famous revolution of France resulted in liberty equality and fraternity. Besides, the ideologies of socialization, communism, fascism, democracy, secularism, humanism etc. have a very powerful influence on the change of society.

Effects of cultural diffusion :
A society isolated from other contacts remains static. So relations with other countries bring cultural diffusion. With the coming of British rule, India was influenced Western Technology and Western culture and there is cultural diffusion. For example, English language and literature and science and technology etc.

Impact of changes in the physical environment :
Changes in the physical environment bring a change in society. For example, food, drought, earthquakes can bring about radical changes in food, clothing, houses and ways of learning, living style of the people. Geographical and environmental factors like climate, topography, means of communication, and availability and non-availability of resources affect the people. If the physical environment wholesome people lead a hopeful life and if there is obstruction, the life patterns differ from country to country

Impact of Science and Technology:
Social change occurs through the interaction of technological techniques and social values. All those two factors change society. Techniques  means by which members of society satisfy their basic human needs for food, shelter, clothing, communication, social organizations, reproduction etc.

The development of these factors and techniques depends on inventions and discoveries. Social inventions and the development of social techniques satisfy, to needs of living together in a group. Values are concerned with the religion, philosophy, and ideology of the people aimed at truth, beauty and goodness. All these things make human life dynamic successful and purposive.

Change through collective actions:
These can be rapid social change through planned group action. The legislators can change the society by majority rate in the parliament and state legislative assemblies.

Role of war in social change :
World war twice has brought a change in the political, economic, and ideologies of the people. An agency of social change it brings new values and problems. The enemies never hesitate to destroy hospitals, schools, temples, churches and mosques. They also go against traditions and customs. The population also transfer from one place to another. Transfer and migration cause a lot of economic and political problems which leads to social change.

Contribution of Heredity and environment to social change :
Humanity is the result of heredity. Both heredity and environment influence man’s behaviour. Heredity theory is supported by Galton, and Freud, whereas environmentalists like Karl Marx. Opined social change brought in two ways. The relationship like painter and brush, Heredity has potentialities and the environment offers a change a bringing them out. the interplay of both Heredity and environment contributes to social change.

Question 3.
Discuss the characteristics of social change?
Answer:
The phenomenon of social change is complex and the characteristics of such social factors are as follows :
Social change is a continuous process:
Social change is a continuous process. Society is ever-changing phenomenon, undergoing endless changes, an ongoing process. Recall the past ancient civilization and cultures and compare them with the modem civilization and cultures. There is a radical change of science and technology. The social relationship is not permanent and there is no museum to save it from the ravages of time.

Social change is universal :
The social structure of social organization change is the law of nature and social institutions are all dynamic. Social change occurs in all societies and at all times. Society remains static.

Social change is social :
Society is a ‘web of social relationships’ and social change means a change in the social system of social relationships, and it is the social process and social change, which influence the community.

Social change occurs as an essential law :
Change is the law of nature. Social change also natural change is an unavoidable and unchangeable laws of nature. By nature we desire change and to satisfy these needs social change becomes a necessity.

The rate and tempo of social change are uneven :
Though social change is a must and every society the rate, tempo speed and extent of change are not uniform. It differs society to society. In some society its speed is rapid, in another, it may be slow, for example in modem industrial society its speed and extent of changes is faster than in traditional agriculture and rural society.

Social change is bound by time factors :
Social change is tempered in nature. The caste system is a pillar of stability in traditional Indian society is now undergoing considerable changes in the modem India. In the 19th century, India become more industrialized and the speed of social changes increased.

Social change due to multi factors:
Social change is due to a multinumber of factors such as war, conquest, natural calamities, like earthquakes, Sunami, industrial development and political ideologies etc.

Social change may be violent or peaceful:
The social change may be violent, rapid or peaceful. The term violence frequently refers to the threat or use of physical forms that violently affect emotions, values and expectations.

Social changes involve non-value judgement:
Social change does not attach any value judgement. It is neither moral nor immoral. The study of social change involves no judgement but is ethical.

Social change may be planned or unplanned :
Social change may occur in the natural course unplanned change refers to change resulting from natural calamities such as Famine, and floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions etc. It is known as the unchangeable law of nature.

Social change may be endogeneous or Exogeneous :
Endogeneous social change refers to the change caused by the factors that are generated by society or a given subsystem of society. Conflict, communication regionalism etc. are some examples of endogenous social change. On the other hand, exogenous social change is the impact of forces externally such as technology transfer and brain drain, political and cultural, imperialism and diffusion of cultural traits etc.

Question 4.
What is social change? Discuss the factors affecting social change?
Answer:
Social change refers to the movement social progress, social interaction, social organization. To K. Device, By social change alteration that occurs in social organizations, the Structure and function of the society. To obtain, social change means a change With cultural good in its chief factors, material and no material cultures.

Factors that determine social changes :
Social change is a continuous process of change in one aspect of to society, that affects other aspects for example change in the political system affects religious change are as follows.

The action of the exceptional Individuals :
History recalls the personal influences of exceptional individuals has brought about changes in the political, economic, social, and religious field. For example scientists like Galileo, religious reformers like Shankaracharya, Lord Buddha and Jesus Christ and social reformers like Gandi, Gopabandu and Lenin had a profound influence on society.

The personal Qualities of those personalities affect society and brought a change in the social traditions, customs and brought a change in social traditions, customs and brought a change in the society such customs are Sati rights early marriage system and untouchables etc.

Impact of ideas and ideologies :
A powerful instrument of social change. The world-famous revolutions of France resulted in liberty, ability and fraternity. Besides ideologies of socialization, communism, Fascism, democracy, secularism, Humanism etc. have a very powerful influence on the change of society.

Effect of cultural diffusion :
A society isolated from other contacts remains static. So die relationship with other countries brings cultural diffusion. With the coming of British Rule, India was influenced by western technology and western culture and there is cultural diffusion. For example, English language and literature, science and technology etc.

Impact of changes in the Physical environment :
Changes in the physical environment bring a change in society. For example, Food, drought, earthquakes can bring about radical changes in food, clothing, houses and ways of learning, living style of the people. Geographical and environmental factors like climate, topography, means of communication, and availability and non-availability of resources affect the people. If the physical environment is wholesome people lead a happy life and if there is obstruction, the life patterns differ from country to country.

Impact of science and technology:
Social change occurs through the interaction of technological techniques and social values. All these two factors change society. Techniques means by which members of society satisfy their basic human needs for food, shelter, clothing, communication, social organization, reproduction etc.

The development of these techniques depends on inventions and discoveries. Social inventions and the development of social techniques satisfy the need of living together in a group. Values are concerned with religious philosophy and ideology of the people aimed at truth, beauty and goodness. All these things make human life dynamic, successful and purposive.

Change through collective actions:
There can be rapid social change through planned group action. The legislators can change the society by majority rate in the parliament and state legislative assemblies.

Role of war in Social Change :
World war twice has fought a change in the political, and economic ideologies of the people. As an agency of social change, it brings new values and problems. The enemies never hesitate to destroy hospitals, schools, temples, churches and mosques. They also against traditions and customs. The population also transfer from one place to another transfer and migration cause a lot of economic and political problems which leads to social change.

Contribution of Heredity and environment to social change :
Humanity is the result of heredity. Both heredity and environment influence man’s behaviours. Heredity theory is supported by Galton, and Freud, whereas,-environmentalists like Karl Marx opined social change is brought by two ways. The relationship is like painter and brush. Heredity has potentialities and the environment offers a change bringing them out. Thus, the interplay of both heredity and the environment contributes to social change.

Question 5.
Discuss the role of education in social change?
Answer:
Education is a strong and powerful device to change human nature in a desirable way. The process of education helps an individual to know himself and others and recognizes and intensifies the feeling of others.
The main role of education is social change are as follows:

Conservative role of Education :
The supporters of conservation claim that education should conserve the existing social culture and transfer it to the next generation. The conservative role of education in respect of social change should be creative in nature to maintain stability to instability, and security to insecurity. Building new institutions out of old ones and opening new institutions is a problem. So education should take the lead to solve the problem.

Progressive Role of Education:
Progressives oppose conservation. To them, education must be a source of new ideas for school programmes that are constantly undergoing reconstruction. One group progressives opined that education should act as an independent critic of states and others agree that the role of education should be direct purposive and progressive. It should form a definite conception of a better social order.

In a mature society education and politics should be one and something. It will help us to manage public affairs effectively and intelligently. So in learning all of social programmes should be studied. In a totalitarian state, the people are subordinate to the state authority. In a pluralistic state, it is also desirable. So education should play an independent role to bring about desirable social change.

Neutral Role of Education :
For social change education also play a neutral role, remains aloof from politics and devotes time to pursuing external values and mastering universal truth. Individuals be compelled to follow a particular ideology. Neutrality leads to academic paralysis. Neutrality in education is not desirable. So education should remain all of from controversial issues and it should be responsible for social progress.

Education for Revolutionary changes:
Social progress should take place through evolution rather than revolution. Sometimes our students should take part in agitation to fulfil their demands. The government remains adamant and opposes their agitation and when Govt, becomes callous and indifferent situation becomes worst.

The tension between the students and the teacher goes against the orderly process of social change. There is social change when capitalism to communalism and firm democracy to fascism etc. The Marxist wants social revolution through physical force to bring about desirable social change.

Education is a tool for social control:
Education plays an important role in social control. As a tool of social control, it plays a dual role. The first role of education is to assimilate, preservation and transmission of useful elements of the patterns of folkway move the institutions. The second role includes the development and promotion of non-cultural patterns. Through the process of teaching and learning, education tries to modify society as a whole, it acts as an important agency for socializing human beings.

The effects of social change in the emerging Indian society:
Mass communication :
Education suffers a lot from a lack of communication. Schools are scattered, at far distances as a result the deserving and desirous students could not be benefited. Some are these populated regions and others are thickly populated. Communication facilities the expansion of transport, telegraph and telephonic services, ideas, the beliefs, undergo revolutionary change. The educationally backward areas have become very close to educationally advanced areas.

Growth of cities and changing population :
The growth of cities and the role of population growth helps in social change. People from rural areas migrate to the urban areas, being attached by the new industries, for employment business and economic needs. Social interaction has a tremendous influence on education of the people.

Social legislation and social awakening :
The development of new social legislation to bring a change in the attitude of the people. The Indian laws and customs religious sanctions. But the new laws have been enacted according to the existing social practice and humanistic philosophy of life. The social, and economic need is determined by the new emerging humanism. By legislation, the minimum age for marriage is fixed.

Question 6.
What do you mean by social satisfaction? Give its nature and characteristics?
Answer:
Human society is heterogeneous in nature in that there are rich, poor and industrialists, rulers and ruled. The term ‘stratification’ refers to a process by which individuals and groups are ranked in a more or less enduring hierarchy of status. It refers to division of the population into strata. With certain characteristics like qualities, material possessions and performances.

To Raymond W. Murray, “Social stratification is a hierarchical division of society into higher and lower social traits. To Melvia M. Tumin, social stratification refers arrangement of any social group or society unequal with regard to power, and proper social evaluation. To Landry, A stratified society is one marked by inequality by differences among people that are evaluated as being lower and higher.

Society becomes a hierarchy, that is a society which is organized in successive grades. Sociologists have been able to establish several strata in a society. Society is composed of social classes. The social structure looks like a pyramid.

The stratification involves two phenomena such as:

• Differences of individuals or groups, higher rank
• The ranking of individuals according to some basis of valuation

Every society is divided into more and less distinct groups with the scale of value. Such distinction is based on age, sex and kinship and there is economic social and political inequality.

Characteristics :
It is universal:
Social stratification is universal. The difference between rich and poor, they have and have not is evident everywhere. Even in non-literate societies, stratification is very much present.

It is in diverse forms :
Social stratification has never been uniform in all societies. Ancient Roman society was stratified into strata – the patricians and Plebicians Any society was divided into four varnas The Brahman, Kshetriya, Vaishyas and the Sudras, the ancient greek society into freeman and slaves, the ancient Chinese society into mandarins, merchants.

It is consequential :
To stratification system has its own consequences. The most important searches things in human life are distributed unequally because of stratification. The system leads to two kinds of consequences such as life changes and lifestyle changes referring to such things as infant mortality, longevity, physical and mental illness, marital housing, residential area, education, means of recreation, the relation between parent and children, modes of conveyance and so on.

Question 7.
Explain the principles or forms of stratification?
Answer:
Social stratification may be based on a variety of forms or interpenetrating principles such as free and unfree, class, caste, estate, occupation, administrative hierarchy or income level.

Free and unfree:
The population of a society may be divided into free men and slaves. In certain communities, the slaves do not enjoy rights and privileges. The slave is practically at the disposal of his master. He is the property of his master. The slave can always be bought and sold, through his treatment and the degree of protection accorded him very from place to place and from time to time he comes from various sources like war, slave capture, purchase, birth or seizure for debt.

Class :
It is a principal basis of social stratification found especially in the modem civilized countries. In a society where Sellman is free before the law, stratification may be based upon accepted and self-estimation of superiority or inferiority. Social classes may be described as partitions of community or collections of individuals standing to each other in relation to Quality and marked from other persons by standards superiority and inferiority.

Caste :
Social stratification is also based on caste. In an open society, individuals can move from one class or status level to another and equality of opportunity in virtually absent. The Indian class system provides a classic example in that a class system is one in which an individual’s rank, rights and obligations are ascribed in the basis of birth into a particular group.

Hindu society is having five main strata :
four castes and a fifth group, the outcaste whose members were known as untouchables. Each caste is subdivided sub-casts. Untouchables are defined as unclean and impure status affects other social relationships. They must be segregated from members of other castes and live on the outskirts of the village. The Brahmins were custodians of law and the legal system.

Estate :
the estate provides another system of stratification. The feudal estates were legally defined. Each estate had a status, for example, in the state system of France and Japan, differences in legal status, and civil, and political rights, were not equal, or identical. The feudal estates include political groups. An assembly of estates is an organized collection of several orders, and conditions of man.

Occupation and Income :
Occupation is an aspect of economic stems which influences social class structure. Social stratification in France and United States stressed that for all the criteria mentioned in determining class position, the occupational position is the most which indicates the various strata in both societies occupational achievement and prestige attached to the occupation gives strata. Society is also stratified on the basis of income and difference in income leads to a very unequal standard of life.

Administrative Hierarchy :
There is a system of stratification based on the administrative position. Variations in rank with services and graded hierarchy of the church is the example, of it. In civil services, various grades are distinguished from each other.

Question 8.
What is social mobility? Give its types and sources. Explain the role of education in social mobility?
Answer:
Social mobility refers to the passage of persons from one social class to another. This is a status movement of persons. Man makes endless efforts to enhance their status in society, moving from lower position to higher position. Sometimes the higher status is also forced to go to a lower status. In this way, the people in society continue to move up and down the social ladder.

This movement is called social mobility. By social mobility, sociologists mean, the movement of persons or groups up or down the making order of a social stratification system which means a change in social status. Sometimes group mobility also takes place. Group mobility is seen when the oppressed group improves its collective social status move. Such mobility may occur, through such structural changes as revolution, modernization and social reforms.

Types of social mobility:
There are two types of social mobility such as:

• Horizontal mobility and
• Vertical mobility

Horizontal mobility:
Horizontal social mobility means the movement of an individual from one social group to another movement of the individual, citizenship to another, from one family to another by divorce or marriage, and from one factory to another in the same occupational position.

Vertical mobility :
Vertical social mobility refers to the movement of an individual from one social status to another. There are two types of vertical mobility. Upward and downward. A motor driver’s son when joined as a Bank officer achieved upward mobility. If one loses a job and becomes labour it becomes downward vertical mobility.

Sources of Mobility :
Social mobility may take place through changes in the social structure brought about by industrialization, urbanization and modernization. It may be fostered by struggles, for collective gains by political reforms or by revolution. Modernisation creates mobility a country industrialises.

there is the conversion of labourers and the size of the middle class has increased Urbanisationalso contributes to the degree of mobility. In such cases, mobility seems from lower-class and working-class occupations to middle-class occupations. Mobility also be fostered by struggle for collective gains through organizations like a labour unions.

Role of education in social mobility :
Through education, one is capable of occupying a better job which implies better income and enhance standard of living and social status changed. The social origins of undergraduate women students and students in medical technological management and other professional courses demonstrated that they are predominantly drawn from higher-status families characterized by high educational, occupational and income backgrounds.

The mean family income becomes high and influences admission to urban higher and professional education. The persons acquire skills to improve and imbibe values like national integration, unity, women eQuestion equality, environment conservation and small family norm, are to examples of social mobility. The revised policy of education of 1992 also resolved to assure that free compulsory education of satisfactory.

Quality is provided to all children up to 14 years of age before we enter the 21st century. Education is a major tool for economic education employable by providing them with various skills. It will also help when there is increased investment in agriculture and the setting up of sma|l industries etc.

Question 9.
Explain education for socialization. Or Discuss education for cohesion and social efficiency?
Answer:
Education for socialization means social cohesion and social interaction which otherwise means the cohesion of education between man and society. John Dewey, the advocate of socialism of education says “He is a citizen – growing and thinking’ in vast, complex of relation and interaction. Socialization is a Quality of man which evokes the Quality of social awareness and social potentiality to become an ideal citizen. Ideal citizenship training is needed for socialization. The home and school is the socializing agency which socializes the child with social potential like cooperation, fellow feeling and social service attitude etc.

It is through active interaction with social experiences and participation in ‘Common activities or life that children develop in him a social consciousness. The social consciousness in education for by providing on social lines. Knowledge is, therefore, acquired through social participation which develops social efficiency and cohesion and enables the individual to join freely and fully in common activities of life. The new educational approach speaks that social efficiency is supposed for national development.

Education must aim at developing the .national powers or efficiency of the man but the real value of efficiency lies in the good that it brings to his social group. The child through the social agencies participates in social agencies like SUPW activities and community work, NSS, social service, NCC, Boy scouts, and Girls Guide and there is social cohesion.

Question 10.
Discuss the globalization tendency in Education?
Answer:
In most countries, there is a National system of education. Under this system of education, national character and national integration is being emphasized. Nationalism is a narrow concept. There is a trend of humanisation along with nationalism UNESCO has been established for encouraging and organizing educational cultural and scientific programmes at the international level. Internationalisation is one aspect of globalization. It is a broader concept.

Definition of globalization :
Globalization as internationalization :
Globalization describes the growth in international exchange and interdependence. With growing flows of trade and capital investment, there is the possibility of moving beyond an inter-national economy.

Globalization as liberalization :
Globalization refers to a process of removing Govt, imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create open borderless world economy.

Globalization as Universalization:
Global is used in the sense of being worldwide and globalization is the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all comers of the earth. A classic example of this would be the spread of computers, television etc.

Globalization as westernization or Modernization :
Here globalization is understood as a dynamic by the social structures of modernity capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism etc. are spread the world- over, normally destroying the pre-existent cultures and local self determinded in the process.

5. Globalization of Deterritorialization (or spread of super territoriality) :
It means the social spot of globalization is no longer mapped in terms of territorial places territorial distances and territorial borders. So globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations. To David Held, globalization is a process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations transactions.

Question 11.
What is Globalization? Give its characteristics and features?
Answer:
Globalization is commonly used as a short-hand way describing the spread and connectedness of production, communication technologies across the world. That spread has involved the interlacing of economic and cultural activity. IMF and world bank is to create a global free market for goods and services. Globalization involves the diffusion of ideas, practices and technologies. It is something internationalization universalization. It is not simply modernization or westernization.  Globalization is thus, has powerful economic political, cultural and social dimensions. It focuses on four things.

• De-localization and supraterritoriality
• The speed of technological innovation.
• The rise of multinational corporations
• The creation of global free markets lead to instability and division.

Globalization :
Delocalization and supra territoriality It means the significant de-localization in social and economic exchange activities and relationships has been uprooted from local origins and cultures. Businesses are organized around a network of production, management and distribution, sophisticated information systems are essential in such globalization.

Globalization and the decline in the power of national government :
The major casualty of the process has been a decline in the power of the national government to direct and influence their economies. the process of the shift in economic activity of Japan and the USA is felt in countries all over the globe. The internationalization of the financial market of technology and of some manufacturing and services brings with them a new set of limitations upon the freedom of action nation-states. It creates the conditions for effective international governance. In short, globalization adopts policies in shaping and reshaping social relations within all countries.

Risk, technological innovation and globalization :
A particular feature of globalization is the momentum and power of the change involved in the interaction of extraordinary technological innovation. Development in life science and in digital technology opened up new possibilities for production and exchange innovations of the internet have made it possible to access information end resources across to the world and to coordinate activities.

Globalization and the knowledge economy :
Because of globalization’s success knowledge economies have to take a democratic approach to the spread Of knowledge. We must breed an ambitious society. There is significant growth by large corporations to claim intellectual rights over new discoveries. For example, in genetic research.

Globalization and the impact of multinational local communities:
Multinational corporations establish production sales and services in countries and regions where they can exploit cheaper labour resources. Multinationals constantly seek out new or under-exploited markets. They look to increase sales by creating new needs among different target groups.

Example The activities of tobacco companies in southern countries. Multinational companies have significant influences on policy formation in many national governments. The World Bank has also profited from privatization and the opening up of services.

Globalization and multinationals :
In globalization, there is growth in the scale and scope of multinational corporations. Multinationals have played a very significant role in the growth of globalization. capitalism is essentially disruptive and ever-changing and takes very different forms across the world while produces wealth for significant numbers of people, many others have suffered.

There is a difference in income per head between the richest nation and the poorest non-industrial country. The development of markets, and the expression of economic activity is experienced by populations as a whole. Education, land reform and legal framework for activity deeply influenced by public policies.

Question 12.
Discuss the role of globalization in Education?
Answer:
The role of globalization in education is as follows.
The educational policy must be efficiently diversified must be so designed as not to become another contributory cause of social exclusion. The socialization of individuals must not conflict with personal development. It is therefore necessary to work towards a system that strives to combine the virtues of integration with respect of individual rights. Education can not solve the problems raised by social ties.

It can, however, be expected to help to foster the desire, to live, together, which is a basic component of social cohesion and national identity. Schools cannot succeed in the task unless they make their own contribution to the advancement, integration of minority groups mobilizing loosely concerned while snowing due regard for their personality. Democracy appears to be progressing, taking forms and passing through stages that fit the situation in each country.

Education for conscious and active citizenship must begin at school. Democratic participation, a matter of good citizenship, but it can be encouraged and stimulated by instruction and practices adopted to the media and information society. It is the role of education to provide children and adults with the cultural background that will enable them, as far as possible, to make sense of the changes taking place.

Role of international education commission (1993-96) :
UNESCO appointed an international commission in 1993 and the commission submitted its. the report in 1996 entitled. “Learning the treasure within”. It seeks to answer “How to plan for education for the 21st century. Jacques Delores was the chairman of this commission. The commission included 15 members. The commission report was four pillars, such as:

• Learning to learn or to know
• Learning to do or perform
• Learning to live together and
• Learning to be

The commission has used the term Teaming’ both as a process and product which in education and teaching is an activity and action and learning is its product.

A brief discussion of the pillars is given below:
Learning to know:
Combining sufficiently formatted general knowledge with the opportunity to work in-depth and a small number of subjects means learning to learn, so as to benefit from the opportunities education provides throughout life.

Learning to do:
In order to acquire notarially occupational skills but also, more broadly, the competence to local with many situations and work in teams means learning to do in the context of young people. Various social and work experiences may be informal as a result of the local or national context, and formal, involving courses, alternating study and, work.

Learning to live together:
Developing an understanding of other people and an appreciation of interdependence – carrying out joint projects and learning to manage conflicts – in a spirit of respect for the values of pluralism, mutual understanding and peace mean learning to live together.

Learning to ‘be’:
To develop one’s personality and be able to act with even greater autonomy, judgement and personal responsibility education must riot disregard any aspect of & a person’s potential memory, reasoning aesthetics & senses physical capacities and communication skills. The aims of education can be achieved by generating. the following situations for learning.

If means all-around development.

• There should be full freedom for working or learning
• There should be autonomy for taking decisions.
• There should be training for performing their role and responsibility.
• Some situations should be given for developing values and feelings of commitment.

The following abilities are to be developed.

• Communication competency
• Reasoning abilities
• Memory abilities
• Physical capacities
• Social and cultural efficiency and
• Moral and aesthetic values.

Question 13.
Discuss and explain the new trend in education in advanced countries?
Answer:
There is a rapid change in the education system of different countries due to nationalism and globalization. A brief description of new trends in education has been provided in following ways. USA – For many years the education service has been characterized by change. Much of the post-II war period was in independent nations and the post-independence period.

India has been marked by tremendous growth, a large increase in the number of pupils, the expansion of higher education and increased expenditure. Recent years have been increasing easement, consolidation and curricular changes. U.K. – In the UK, the Govts. Policies for raising standards in schools were set out in a white paper titled “Better schools published in March 1985. In 199:1, the Govt, published three white papers to transform education.

USSR – The public discussion on the integration of education science and production began in the USSR in 1984. Humanization and democratization education was emphasized. After the disintegration of the USSR, liberalism in education is the dominant factor in India – The National Education Policy 1986 and the programme of Action (POA) 1986 were emphasized.

Question 14.
Discuss the International education programme in globalization?
Answer:
After the second world war, every country wanted international peace, For this UNO was established in 1945 at the international level. It has formed other sub-organizations related to different areas. UNESCO was established in 1946 for educational, cultural and scientific programmes. The committees and council were established some of them are as follows.

• National Education Association
• Fulbright Scheme
• Exchange in International Education

National Education Association:
The association was formed by the teachers and education offers in 1920. The purpose of this committee was to establish international relations. This committee was undertaken by UNO in the form of UNESCO. It is the international body for educational, cultural and scientific programmes.

The 110 countries were members of UNESCO in 1994 and 2500 branches in the whole world 34,000 Indian students were studying in the USA, UK,- Canada, China and France. A world conference was organized in 1951 in Paris on the curriculum of teacher education programmes for developing international cooperation and understanding.

It was 12 years scheme 6 regional countries were established and 2 years training programme was developed. Textbooks and educational materials were also published. The programme UNESCO for teacher training was organized by the USA. These programmes were financed by the UK, USA had given full cooperation to UNESCO in achieving the objectives.

The teachers were invited from different countries of the world. After training, were assigned the responsibility of developing international cooperation feelings -among the students of their own countries. this way, UNESCO has been attempting5 to develop feelings international cooperation and understanding.

Fulbright Scheme (1946):
According to this scheme, some programmes were organized on international education. It was realized that American students should go to other countries to study and understand culture, civilization, knowledge and science. The students of other countries should understand the culture civilization, knowledge and science of America. The state departments should provide financial assistance to students other countries.

Exchanges in international education:
This type of programme is organized by UNESCO. Students and teachers from other countries should come to America for knowledge and training. The technician mechanics and scientists and Govt, employees should come.to America. They should be exchange programmes for the interaction among different fields. Their type of exchange programme will improve vocational and industrial efficiency for the economic growth of the countries.

There are 12800 foreign institutions for extending educational facilities. Scholarships are given to scholars. In USA two lac. Students are studying from other countries. Now the main emphasis is on international cooperation and understanding. Thirty thousand students from America and studying in other countries. A country can go and develops through interaction and interchange programmes with other progressive countries of the world.

Question 15.
How can integration be set up between Nationalism and globalization? Explain?
Answer:
Nowadays great educationists and great thinkers object to the use of education for fostering national sentiment because they have come across many bad effects of narrow nationalism in many countries of the world and have seen that education for nationalism has stood in the way of the growth of internationalism. The education for nationalism that was given in Italy and Germany, for example, was completely opposed to internationalism.

It is in connection with this one-sided education. Bertrand Russell pointed out that children are taught to exhibit complete devotion worship to the state in which they are citizens. The lesson taught to them is that the workshop of the state consists of as directed by the state. For this, they are taught distorted, versions of history, politics and economics so that they should not be critical of the blind national faith expected of them.

They are acquainted with the evil actions of other nations but not of their own, although the truth is that each nation has been unjust to other nations. It is unquestionably true that the facts of history are distorted in order to propagate the sentiment of nationalism alone. It is true of most human beings and that they impede the growth of any liberal latitude.

If for example, an individual has an intense love for his family this may come in the way of his loving his nation, but this does not imply that love for the nation can exist only at the cost of love for family. A proper and healthy love for family does not impede love for the nation, it helps it to grow. In the same way, healthy nationalism also does not preclude the possibility of internationalism.

As Louise, has said that it is essential to strengthening one’s love for one’s motherland, but it does not make it proper to violate the canons of humanity, for the external benefit of one’s own nation. It is obvious, therefore, that education must not only propagate nationalism but must also encourage internationalism. The plan for national education was prevented by such eminent educationists as Mahatma Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore etc.

have kept this in view nationalism and internationalism should grow harmoniously. That is the reason Rabindranath Tagore’s Shantiniketan turned into an ideal institution for education in internationalism. According to Tagore, education’s aim is to reach the level at which there is no distinction between nationalism and Internationalism. To develop the informational outlook of children he developed it with a new name Biswa Bharati University, which bears the culture of the 140 countries.

Students from different countries of the world read here and lecturers were engaged from different countries. It east-and-west relationship. In Biswa Bharati there is a union of nationalism and internationalism. Harmony is set up between the two in Shantiniketan and Biswabharati university. Tagore is considered an Internationalist.

Question .16
Explain Education for citizenship and socialization?
Answer:
India is a vast democratic republic in the world which needs ideal citizens. With the development of democracy, training for citizenship is being advocated in many quarters as the aim of education. Education should offer such experiences as would make one a good citizen of a democratic state. This view is mostly the outcome of the sociological approach to education. Education is to prepare the individual for the different roles he has to perform in life.

In a democratic society, the political role to be played is very complicated and at the same time important. A citizen and individual have certain rights from it. Education for citizenship should train him to discharge his duties and make him conscious of his rights. The practice, of education for citizenship results only in training to work out the political machinery of democracy such as election, responsible executive to carry on public business, legislation by discussions and debates etc.

It is because of this, that democratic machinery is introduced to regulate the group’s life in school. The pupils run their own union by electing office bearers for it, they are trained in debates. In progressive schools. The library, the school discipline, etc are also managed by the pupils through their elected self-governing councils.

But, if the aim of education for citizenship is only the training in running the political machinery of a democratic society, it is a very limited aim. It may be noted that the political role is not the only role which a citizen has to play in life his economic, social and religious roles are nonetheless important.

Besides, an individual is not only a member of society, but he is also an autonomous entity himself, no doubt he is a social being but he is an individual all the same. Hence, if education caters only to his social side neglecting his individual one, it is necessary to have a wider and more comprehensive aim for education.

Education for socialization :
Man is a social being. He fulfils the needs of or within society. Socialization is a virtue, Qualities of man to share the joins and Sooners with others. Socialization is training for ideal citizenship. In participating in social service programmes, Red-cross unit, SUPW activities community work and community participation the child is endowed with such Qualities.

In schools and colleges community service programmes, are arranged to inculcate such potentialities in children. A socialized individual is an ideal citizen. Ideal citizenship training is performed through social activities. Social awareness is evoked education for citizenship socialization, now become an essential part of education. Gender disparity & the role of education

Question 17.
Discuss Gender disparity in work, paid work, and work in the organized sector?
Answer:
Women run households, rear children, care for the aged and the sick, foil on farms and in the factories and in performing economic and non-economic activities. Now they are seen working in official, factories and farms. But most times, their working hands remain invisible. Their participation in the economy is undermined.

Most of the tasks within the home were done by the mother, grandmother, and sister and soon involved no payment. Workers for which payment is received include economic activity and national income. But these tasks for which no payment is made like kitchen gardening, post harvesting, processing, livestock maintenance unpaid labour in family farm etc.

non-economic activities are performed by women. Women’s work participation is lower in comparison to men’s. According to the 1991 census, 22.27% of women were in the workforce. Apart from this, there is the existence of a wide difference in the participation of women and men in the economy. In the 2001 census 30.9% of women in rural areas and about 11.55% of women in rural areas and 50% of men in urban areas.

Through the female work participation rate increased from 19.7% in 1981 to 25.7% in 2004, but still it is much lower than the male work participation rates in both urban and rural areas. The disparity in work participation across rural and urban areas is also large. Participation of adult women in the work force is much lower than men.

Type of work:
The women perform seven categories of work in rural and urban India. These are:

• Wage and salaried employment
• Self-employment outside the household for profit
• Self-employment in cultivation and household industries and household industries for profit.
• Self-employment in cultivation for own consumption,
• Other subsistence activities in allied. sectors such as dairying, fishing and cultivation of fruits etc.
• Activities are related to domestic work such as repair of dwelling, fetching, fuel, fodder, making cow dung cakes etc.
• Domestic work such as cooking, cleaning, care of children etc.

Paid work:
Women also work for wages in fields, forests, mines, factories, offices, and small-scale and household industries. The nature and extent of such work differ according to the location, of the family in the social hierarchy. In the rural sector, the subsistence work burden falls heavily on women while in higher castes and higher income groups on women while in higher castes and higher income groups non-work of women is given more value.

In the middle-class families:
In middle-class families, women work for improving or maintaining the standard of living of the family or to provide a cushion against rising, cost of living. Performing family responsibilities does not guarantee a better status for Women.

Women’s work in unorganized sectors :
In rural areas, women work in the sectors of agriculture, plantations, fisheries, and dairy. In urban areas, they work for manufacturing units of garments and food processing and household-related activities. Agriculture confines to be a major field for women’s employment.

Women work harder and for longer houses and contribute to the economy:
Working for long hours in the assembly line of small electronics manufacturing units or the beedi, tobacco, and cashew nut, factories women live in fear of retrenchment, exploitation and inadequate ways. In informal sectors, there is no redress for problems, no maternity or other leave benefits and little security of service.

Women’s work in the organized sector:
It includes Govt, services at the central, state and local levels, public sector undertakings such as agriculture, industry, credit financing, and public services the women cannot perform duty successfully. So, only a negligible number of women is employed in the organized sector. But the number of women workers in industries such as textiles and mining has reduced.

In modem industries also such as food, textiles, and pharmaceuticals employed a substantial number of women for three decades. Women are interested inflexible jobs like clerks, typists telephone and nursing but in harder skilled jobs like engineering defence, airline services etc the performance of the work by men is successful.

Question 18.
Discuss the factors and causes affecting women’s education?
Answer:
There are a number of factors that causes and affect the education of women includes:

• Socio-cultural factors
• Economic factors
• Other factors such as
• Distance of school
• Absence of female teachers
• Absence of girls schools
• Insufficient number of teachers
• Lack of basic amenities
• Inadequate childcare facilities
• Insufficient incentives
• Teaching method, school curriculum etc.

Socio-Cultural Factors:
The socio-cultural factors play an important role in inhibiting the participation of women in education. The low status of our women is the major cause of low female literacy. Parents are illiterate. They engage the girls in household work, They think that an educated girl would require an educated husband. An educated in-law would demand a higher dowry.

It is not easy to find a suitable match with an equal educational level. Secondly, many parents do not like to send their daughters to co-educational schools and schools without female teachers. Such age-old negative attitudes still prevail towards women’s education. Most parents consider that after marriage the daughter will leave their family and have to take the role of a mother and a housewife.

In certain parts, girls are expected to be given marriage in their early teens. The sociocultural practice of early marriage important reason for dropping out girls from educational institutions. Many parents also do not allow send their daughters for education after they attain puberty. Such attitude of the parents and the community restricts women’s education.

Economic Factors :
An important reason for the low participation of girls, in education, is that girls from a very early age begin to take care of their younger siblings to relieve their parents to go out for work. Again girls in rural areas or in the low-income groups of the urban areas often assist the family either by working in the field or in household work. The parents in such families may be reluctant to send their girls to school and not prepared to lose their working hands.

If the girl can directly earn for example, as a domestic servant, the family may not be prepared to use her by sending her to school. Although no school fee is charged, for girls’ education still certain items like books stationary and uniforms retail costs which poor families sometimes is not able to meet and prefer not to send their daughters to school.

Some parents consider their son’s education as an investment for better employment opportunities in future, where as daughters’ education does not receive such concern and so they do not give priority to their daughter’s education. The parents again think that the cost of education would be incurred in their marriage. If they educate their daughter then they have to look for an equally educated groom and have to spend more during her marriage.

So they educate their daughter till the level where they can find a suitable match. For their daughter. In some families the young girls are engaged in home-based productions of incense, papads beedi, rolling, gem polishing, making paper bags, stitching, making ready-made garments and assembling electrical and electronic goods etc. So the parents of these girls do not take interest in sending their daughters to schools for receiving an education.

Other factors:
Due to some other factors, women are not able to participate in education. Some of the factors are as follows
Distance of school:
Distance of school from home imposes restrictions on girls, particularly after a certain age because parents are unwilling to send their daughters to these schools. They are more concerned about the safety of the girls than their education.

Absence of female teachers :
Many parents want a female teacher too. teach their daughters. But due to the lack of female teachers in the schools, they do not send their daughters to school.

Absence of Girls’ schools :
Due to our cultural and social heritage, parents are often reluctant to send, their daughters to co-education schools, especially from middle level. The lack of an adequate number of girls’ schools or colleges hinders women’s education.

An insufficient number of teachers :
Many schools are run by single teachers and there are many schools where teachers remain absent frequently in such situations parents are reluctant to expose their daughters to a potentially unprotected environment.

Lack of basic Amenities :
In most schools, a minimum study environment is not available. There are schools without buildings and operated in a tent or in open spaces. There are schools where there are no drinking water facilities and no separate lavatory for girls students. Some parents do not want to enrol their girls in such schools.

Inadequate childcare facilities:
Studies have shown that the number of girls attending schools increases where childcare facilities are available in or near the schools. In view of such a situation, various schemes have been advocated. But unfortunately except Tamilnadu, no other state has the requisite provision of childcare services.

Insufficient incentives :
There are various incentives such as scholarships, mid-day meals, free books, free uniforms etc. Which operates to enhance the enrollment of more girls in schools. the studies show that the delivery system is delayed. The parents do not have the resources to support their children in the interim period.

Teaching method, school curriculum:
The school curriculum mostly shows urban with little to no relevance to rural or tribal life and environment. addition, dull teaching methods, and lack of educational support at home lead to low performance. Further, in schools where the Quality of education is low when minimum level of learning is not attained, parents withdraw their children from the school system. These are the barriers to the participation of girls in school. In disadvantaged classes, the girls face socio-economic surveys.

Question 19.
What are the measures for promoting women’s education?
Answer:
The measures in promoting the education of women are as follows.
Incentives like a free supply of books, stationery, uniform, mid-day meals, scholarships and stipends should be provided in time to all these girls’ students who hail from the poor sections of society. Girls’ schools should be established in the area where there is demand for them.
Some standard of courses should be made available to the students of girl schools.

More committed women teachers should be employed and special facilities should be provided to them. The school environment should be made attractive, adequate basic facilities like proper seats in the class separate toilets and suitable extracurricular activities and games should be made available in the schools, especially in co-educational institutions.

The common and relevant curriculum for boys and girls should be introduced to have equal educational opportunities. Childcare centres should be made available near the school. Schools should be opened within working distance from their homes and when this is not possible adequate arrangements for free or cheap based accommodation for girls should be provided.

Special campaigns should be launched to change pupils’ attitudes in favour of girls’ education. Educated women should be projected through the mass media as a leader, reformers, facilitators or as role method to influence their own group towards education. An educational curriculum should be made relevant to their daily lives and should enable them to run their homes better in later life. The education system should be oriented to generate greater employment opportunities or to help them to enhance their income.

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Short Type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
General and specific aims of teaching mother tongue?
Answer:
General Aims :

• To increase knowledge through reading.
• To create content in reading,
• To develop their expression.
• To enable the students to collect facts and information.
• To increase the vocabulary and language skills in the subjects.

Specific Aims:

• To help the students to understand the idea of the passage.
• To add the vocabulary of the students
• To enable the students to read quickly with good pronunciation.
• To enable them to collect facts and information,

Question 2.
Aims of teaching Crdia poetry?
Answer:
To help the pupils so enjoy poetry. To help them to discover more in each poem. To get them to go on reading poetry. To enable the pupil to catch something of what the poet feels and expresses. To help the pupils to understand and appreciate the poet’s love of nature. To create an atmosphere to understand intellectually. To afford a keen and sincere pleasure in a new experience and to enlarge powers of sympathetic imagination.

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Explain the aims and objectives of teaching the mother tongue. What principles will you follow in order to realize these aims?
Answer:
The teacher must have a clear and correct notion of the objectives he wants to achieve in this important subject mother- tongue. These objectives may be expressive as well as respective in nature. That is why the knowledge of the aims and objectives of teaching mother-tongue is essential for the teacher, Mother-tongue has fourfold aims such as listening, writing, reading, and speaking. It is the responsibility of the teacher to give his pupils accessary command over these four important aspects:

• how to hear a plain thing in a plain way
• how to say a plain thing in a plain way
• how to read a plain thing in a plain way
• how to write a plain thing in a plain way

The teacher must of course be able to do these things before he .can teach to do them. In order to realize these aims, the teacher needs to have knowledge of some important principles of language teaching. Sound method of teaching language recognizes these as stand and principles of language study. We would borrow Palmer’s descriptive terminology to state these principles.

Initial preparation:
The pupil’s natural or spontaneous capacities for assimilating spoken language should be developed by means of various, types of exercises for initial preparation.

Habit Forming:
Language learning is a habit-forming process. In teaching the mother tongue the teacher has to form some linguistic habits and utilize the previous one’s already formed.

Accuracy:
Any form of work that is not going to help in forming accurate habits of language use should be discouraged.

Gradation:
The work of different aspects of the language study should be properly graded. The easy should precede the difficult words. Hence exercises that require hearing or speaking should precede those which require, seeing the same line reception and repetition immediate memory, chorus work should precede reproduction reading prolonged memory, and individual work respectively.

Proportion:
Each branch of the language should be given balanced, attention, none should be emphasized at the cost of the other.

Concreteness:
The teacher ought to start with what is concrete for the child. Examples before teaching any percepts, explanations, associations, definitions also should be concrete.

Interests:
The pupil must be interested in what he is doing. In order to secure his interest in use of play way devices, a variety of. exercises sympathetic to attitude and the teacher are desirable and effective means.

Question 2.
What are the aims and objectives of teaching prose? What steps are to be followed in teaching a prose lesson?
Answer:
Aims of teaching prose:
prose thus has two types of aims. They are as follows:
General Aims:
To increase1 knowledge through reading. To create interest in reading. To develop, their expression To teach correct pronunciation To enable the students to collect facts and information. To increase the vocabulary and language skills of the students.

Specific Aims:
To help the students to understand the idea of the passage. To add the vocabulary of the student. To enable the pupils to need quick passage and correct pronunciation. To enable them to collect facts and information.

Steps in teaching prose (Introduction):
The introduction is .an important part of the teaching of any subject. Before going to teach a lesson on the topic of prose the teacher should give a good and suitable introduction to that topic. Through a good introduction, the teacher should arouse the curiosity of the pupils. It gives the motivation to the pupils for learning that new lesson. Teachers can introduce the lesson in many ways. He may introduce the topic by showing some pictures of it. Some part of the topic has already been taught the teacher may ask some recapitulatory questions to the students after introductory questions the teacher will announce the name of the topic purpose to be taught.

Model loud reading by the teacher:
After giving the introduction of a lesson the teacher will read aloud the passage with proper pronunciation, intonation, phrasing, and with normal speed. But in higher classes model reading by the teacher is not necessary.

Loud reading by the students:
After the loud reading, the teacher should ask the students to read their lesson loudly. At that time teacher watches and guides students for correct reading with correct pronunciations.

Exposition of difficult words:
At this stage, the teacher will expose the difficult words! For exposing the difficult words the teacher may take the help of a blackboard and also illustrative materials. The teacher should write the model sentences using difficult words on the blackboard. He may encourage the students to get model sentences. He must verify whether the students are actually writing the meaning of the difficult words or not.

Silent reading by the students:
After the exposition of difficult words by the teacher, it is easy for the students to grasp the ideas contained in the lesson. So after exposing the difficult words the teachers should ask the students to read. the lesson silently. At the time of silent reading, proper discipline must be maintained.

Comprehension Test:
In order to know whether students have understood the subject matter, meaning, and ideas contained in the lesson, the teacher should examine the students by putting some comprehension-type questions them. The question should be distributed properly and equally among the students. If any student gives a wrong answer, it should be corrected by another student. If all the students fail to answer the teacher should give a suitable answer to the questions. Precaution should be taken to use the blackboard properly.

Application test questions:
It is the last step of teaching prose. At this stage, the teacher should put a number of questions regarding the main points of the lesson. He may give some home tasks, and home assignments to the students for revising the main points and the questions should be short and objective based.

Question 3.
Write a note on the story-telling method?
Answer:
Children like to listen to stories. So storytelling method has become effective in teaching Odia. For the age group of 8 to 10 the story should be woven with attractive descriptions. This would arouse the interest of pupils and provides scope for imaginative understanding enjoyment.

Advantages of the storytelling method:
Creative interest:
The storytelling method can give life to the dead facts. It is the most effective way for bringing out all the aspects – cultural, social, and economic of the ancient society.

Develops Imagination :
Stories develop the imaginative power of students. They take the pupils far away from the material world and after ample Scope for the play of their imagination.

Training of creative faculties:
Stories of historical happenings and literary materials provide scope for die children to utilize their creative ability in various ways.

Inculcation of virtues:
The teacher through storytelling pan inculcates in the children like play. truthfulness, valor, charity, etc.

Selection of stories:
The story should be selected to suit the mental age of the children. The teacher may take the stories from any source he thinks suitable, local or world history, cave life, hunting life, biography, etc. The story should be full of actions and details.

Role of the teachers:
Storytelling is an art. The teacher should possess the ability, of being full sympathy for an important person’s age when he narrated stories. He should be equipped with rich imaginative powers.

Question 4.
Discuss the different, methods of teaching like phonetic, method, look and say method, and sentence methods of teaching in teaching Odia?
Answer:
There are different methods employed in teaching Odia like the direct method. The structural approach, lecture method, phonetic, look and say method, sentence methods, etc. for teaching Odia: In the primary classes the phonetic method, look and say method, and sentence method are followed by the teachers.

Phonetic method:
In the phonetic method, the emphasis is given to word building, spelling, etc. The students use word by word. Reading is emphasized. The pupils go through word by word clearly, in pronunciation, of their meanings. The words are clearly uttered with their grammatical uses. Emphasis is given to structures.

Sentence method:
In sentences, method emphasis is given to sentence formation. In this method firstly emphasis is given to the rules of grammar. The students are asked to utter a full sentence and write a sentence with stress, and intonation. The teacher emphasizes sentence structure. The teacher uses a blackboard and grammar is emphasized.

Look and say method :
Look and say the method is used for teaching in primary classes. This method firstly helps in developing skills in speaking and writing. The children visit places, museums and leam experience. They leam new things and new words. They follow the teacher. By observation, they acquire knowledge and skill in reading and writing. This method is helpful in speaking and writing. This method is helpful in speaking and writing. They are able to express themselves through this method. The spoken and power of observation is developed.

Question 5.
Discuss lecture methods in teaching Odia/mother tongue in schools. Give its merits – and limitations.
Answer:
The lecture method involves teaching by means of spoken word, It is the formal talk of the teacher. This method is used in all stages with all classes. It may be known as the lecture method with higher secondary and college. At higher and college stages the lecture method is used to teach effectively. Each lecture will stimulate the interest and mental activity of the students.

They will also be prompted to ask questions at the end of the lecture which is sure proof of the success of the lecture. Generally lecturing is based on the traditional authority and is a time-honored device for imparting knowledge. But as a method for secondary school pupils, it has fallen into very ill repute. The good teachers of today are very careful not to talk too much.

He assumes a major share of the responsibility for planning and guiding functional learning for the group of pupils in the class. A lecture is taken with a technique of description explanation and clarification. So the lecture method is effective and useful for young and college students.

Merits:
It develops the power of concentration in the students and also their power of expression thinking and reasoning. This method is very useful in introducing. a lesson. It also throws light on the practical aspect of education. Elucidation of complicated thoughts and ideas is possible in this method.

The lower expression is fully developed. This method is economical and time-saving. In this method of teaching both the teacher and taught are active. This method is possible to establish direct contact with the knowledge between the teacher and taught. Language learning becomes fluency.

Demerits of lecture method:
This method kills the liveliness of the class. It is the teacher who reigns and the students remain passive partners. The lecture method is not useful and beneficial for lower-class students. The knowledge that is gained and acquired through their method is neither complete nor perfect nor stable. This method is unpsychological and unscientific.

But a slow learner’s curiosity remains unsaturated. It is not possible on the part of the lecturer to make the teaching lively. It strikes a blow to the originality of the students. The curiosity remains unsatisfied and the thirst for knowledge continued.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions

Unit 1 Sociology & Its Relationship

• Sociology & Its Relationship Objective Questions
• Sociology & Its Relationship Short Answer Questions
• Sociology & Its Relationship Long Answer Questions

Unit 2 Basic Concepts

• Basic Concepts Objective Questions
• Basic Concepts Short Answer Questions
• Basic Concepts Long Answer Questions

Unit 3 Social Institutions

• Social Institutions Objective Questions
• Social Institutions Short Answer Questions
• Social Institutions Long Answer Questions

Unit 4 Process, Stratification and Change

• Process, Stratification and Change Objective Questions
• Process, Stratification and Change Short Answer Questions
• Process, Stratification and Change Long Answer Questions

Unit 5 Sociology, Methods and Techniques

• Sociology, Methods and Techniques Objective Questions
• Sociology, Methods and Techniques Short Answer Questions
• Sociology, Methods and Techniques Long Answer Questions

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Sociology Syllabus

SOCIOLOGY
Paper-I
Introducing Sociology

Unit I Sociology & Its Relationship
Emergence, Meaning, Nature and Scope, Relationship of Sociology with Social Sciences – History, Economics, Anthropology, Psychology, Political Science.

Unit II Basic Concepts
Society – Meaning and Characteristics Individual and Society
Community – Meaning and Characteristics
Association – Meaning & Characteristics,
Social Group – Meaning and Characteristics, Types – Primary, Secondary, In-Group, Out-Group
Culture – Meaning, Characteristics, Types – Material, Non-Material, Importance

Unit III Social Institutions
Family – Meaning, Characteristics, Types, Functions
Kinship – Meaning, Characteristics, Types
Education – Meaning, Importance
Economic – Property, Division of Labour

Unit IV Process, Stratification and Change
Social Processes: Associative – Co-operation, Accommodation Dissociative- Competition, Conflict
Social Stratification – Meaning, Characteristics Bases – Caste, Class, Gender
Social Change – Meaning, Characteristics, Factors – Technological Cultural

Unit V Sociology, Methods and Techniques
Auguste Comte: Law of Three Stages, Emile Durkheim: Suicide, G.S.Ghurey: Caste, M.N. Srinivas: Sanskritisation, Methods: Observation – Meaning and Types, Tools and Techniques: Questionnaire and Schedule – Meaning, Merits and Demerits.

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
1. Bureau’s Higher Secondary (+2) Sociology, Part-I Published by Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation & Production, Bhubaneswar.
2. Sociology, Part-I, NCERT.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Psychology Book Solutions

Unit 1 What is Psychology?

• What is Psychology? Objective Questions
• What is Psychology? Short Answer Questions
• What is Psychology? Long Answer Questions

Unit 2 Perceptual Process

• Perceptual Process Objective Questions
• Perceptual Process Short Answer Questions
• Perceptual Process Long Answer Questions Part-1
• Perceptual Process Long Answer Questions Part-2

Unit 3 Learning

• Learning Objective Questions
• Learning Short Answer Questions
• Learning Long Answer Questions Part-1
• Learning Long Answer Questions Part-2

Unit 4 Process of Thinking

• Process of Thinking Objective Questions
• Process of Thinking Short Answer Questions
• Process of Thinking Long Answer Questions Part-1
• Process of Thinking Long Answer Questions Part-2

Unit 5 Intelligence

• Intelligence Objective Questions
• Intelligence Questions And Answers

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Psychology Syllabus

FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
FIRST YEAR
Total Marks – 100
Theory – 70 marks
Practical – 30 marks

THEORY
UNIT-I
1. What is Psychology? [8 Periods]
This chapter seeks to help in understanding and appreciating psychology as a discipline, its application, and its relationship with other sciences.
a) Meaning and definition of Psychology
b) Psychology as a science
c) Brief idea about the different approaches to the study of Psychology:
i) Biological, ii) Behaviouristic, iii) Cognitive
d) Psychology and other disciplines (Sociology and Anthropology)

2. Methods used in Psychology [6 Periods]
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize with the methods of studying and understanding behaviour
a) Experimental method
b) Observational Method:
i) Naturalistic Observation, ii) Subjective observation or Introspection

UNIT -II
3. Physiological bases of behavior: [9 Periods]
This chapter focuses on the role of biological factors in the shaping of human behaviour and experience.
a) Structure and function of a neuron
b) Structure and function of the central Nervous system
i) Spinal cord ii) Brain,
c) Autonomic Nervous system
d) Endocrine system

4. Sensory and Perceptual Processes: [10 Periods]
This unit aims at understanding how various sensory stimuli are received, attended to and given meaning.
a) Attention: Determinant and types of attention
b) Perception: Meaning, operational definition, processes involved in perception (Receptive, Selective, Symbolic, and Affective Process)
c) Principles of perceptual organization
d) Role of need, past experience, and cultural factors in perception.
e) Errors in perception: Illusion and Hallucination

UNIT-III
5. Learning [10 Periods]
This chapter focuses on how human beings acquire new behaviuour and how changes in behaviour take place.
a) Meaning and operational definition of learning, Learning as distinguished from maturation and performance.
b) Processes of learning:
i) Trial and Error Learning, ii) Classical conditioning, iii) Operant conditioning, iv) Cognitive Learning: Insightful learning, v) Observational learning

6. Human memory [12 Periods]
This chapter deals with how information is received, stored, retrieved and lost It also explains how memory can be improved.
a) Memory Process:
i) Encoding ii) Storage iii) Retrieval
b) Systems (stages) of memory:
i) Sensory Memory ii) Short Term Memory iii) Long term Memory
c) Measurement of Memory
i) Recall ii) Recognition iii) Saving or Relearning
d) Nature and causes of forgetting
e) Improving Memory: Mnemonics, Methods of Loci, Number and Letter Peg system, Chunking

UNIT – IV
7. Motivation and Emotion [8 Periods]
This chapter deals with why human beings behave as they do. It also deals with how people experience positive and negative events and respond to them.
a) Meaning and Nature of Motivation
b) Types of motives; Biological, Social, and Psychological
c) Meaning and nature of emotion
d) Bodily changes during emotion.

8. Processes of Thinking [10 Periods]
This chapter deals with thinking related processes like reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and creative thinking.
i) Meaning and definition
ii) Stages of cognitive development by Piaget
iii) Problem solving and decision making
iv) Creative Thinking: Nature and stages of creative thinking

UNIT-V
9. Intelligence [7 Periods]
This chapter aims at studying how people differ with respect to intelligence.
a) Meaning and Nature of Intelligence
b) Approaches to understand intelligence (i) Gardner ii) Sternberg iii) J.P. Das
c) Factors influencing intelligence

PRACTICAL
Span of Attention
Optical Illusion (Muller – Lyer Illusion)
Sensory – Motor Learning
Memory for meaningful words and nonsense syllables

Books Recommended:
1. Psychology Part-I, NCERT
2. Bureau’s Higher secondary +2 Psychology Part-I, Published by Odisha State Bureau of Text Book Preparation and Production, Bhubaneswar.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Book Solutions

Unit 1 Fundamental of Education

• Fundamental of Education Objective Questions
• Fundamental of Education Short Answer Questions
• Fundamental of Education Long Answer Questions Part-1
• Fundamental of Education Long Answer Questions Part-2

Unit 2 Fundamentals of Educational Psychology

• Fundamentals of Educational Psychology Objective Questions
• Fundamentals of Educational Psychology Questions and Answers

Unit 3 Education and Society

• Education and Society Objective Questions
• Education and Society Short Answer Questions
• Education and Society Long Answer Questions

Unit 4 Method of Teaching

• Method of Teaching English Questions and Answers
• Method of Teaching Odia Questions and Answers
• Method of Teaching Maths Questions and Answers
• Method of Teaching General Science Questions and Answers
• Method of Teaching History Questions and Answers
• Method of Teaching Geography Questions and Answers
• Teaching Learning Materials Purpose and Uses

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Syllabus

EDUCATION ELECTIVE (First Year)
Theory – 70 marks & Practical – 30 marks.
Theory Paper – I
FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION – I

Unit I Fundamental of Education (20 periods)
Meaning of Education, Aims of Education – Individual, Social, Democratic and Vocational, Function of education, Agencies of education, Formal, Informal, Non-formal, Active & Passive, Role Family, School, Community & Mass media as agencies of education.

Unit II Fundamentals of Educational Psychology (20 periods)
Meaning, Nature & Scope of educational psychology, Importance of educational psychology for the teacher, Growth & Development – Meaning, General Principles & factors affecting, growth & development, Stages of growth and development – Physical, Intellectual, Social & Emotional growth & development during infancy, Childhood and Adolescence.

Unit III Education and Society (20 periods)
Relationship between education & society Education for social change & social Control Education for social mobility, Education for citizenship & socialization, Gender disparity and the role of education Globalization and its impact on education

Unit IV Method of Teaching (20 periods)
(Any one of the following method subjects English, Odia, Mathematics, History, Geography & General Science)
Aims and Objectives, Methods of teaching applicable for elementary level, Teaching learning materials (TLM) purpose & use, General principles and Maxims of teaching, Objective based objective type test items, meaning & principles of construction.

PRACTICAL (60 periods)
A – Preparation of five lesson plans in the selected method subject. (30 periods)
B – Preparation of fifteen objective type test items, 5 each pertaining to knowledge, comprehension & skill objectives on a particular topic of the selected method subject. (30 periods)

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Bureau Uchcha Madhyamik Siksha (in Odia)
2. Bureau’s Higher Secondary Education I.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 1 Fundamental of Education Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education 1 Fundamental of Education Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Which language word is ‘education’?
(a) Greek
(b) Latin
(c) Germany
(d) English
Answer:
(b) Latin

Question 2.
Education is the integration of mind, body and spirit – Who told this?
(a) Napoleon
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) Tagore
Answer:
(b) Mahatma Gandhi

Question 3.
Which Latin word means to “draw out”?
(a) Educere
(b) Educare
(c) Educatum
(d) Educo
Answer:
(a) Educere

Question 4.
To whom. ‘Education is the realization of the soul’?
(a) Upanishad
(b) Shankaracharya
(c) Kautilya
(d) Aurobindo
Answer:
(b) Shankaracharya

Question 5.
What is the meaning of ‘Vid’?
(a) To know
(b) To understand
(c) To realise
(d) To say
Answer:
(a) To know

Question 6.
Meaning of Education?
(a) Training work
(b) Learning
(c) To take care
(d) Nothing
Answer:
(a) Training

Question 7.
From which Greek word education is derived?
(a) Pedagogy
(b) Educare
(c) Educatum
(d) Pestalogy
Answer:
(a) Pedagogy

Question 8.
Meaning of Educare?
(a) To express
(b) To discipline
(c) To bring up
(d) To know
Answer:
(a) To bring up

Question 9.
Meaning of Educare?
(a) To bring up
(b) To lead out
(c) To express
(d) To teach
Answer:
(b) To lead out

Question 10.
Who told Education is a bi-polar process?
(a) John Herbert
(b) John Dewey
(c) John Adams
(d) John Becker
Answer:
(c) John Adams

Question 11.
Education is a bi-polar process. Who are the poles?
(a) Teacher-lady teacher
(b) Teaching-school
(c) Teacher-taught
(d) Learning-learning situation
Answer:
(c) Teacher-taught

Question 12.
“Education is the sound mind in the sound body”
(a) Rabindranath
(b) Aristotle
(c) Gandhi
(d) John Dewey
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 13.
By “Education I mean the all-round development of personality with the mind, body and spirit”- Whose definition of education is this?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Rabindranath
(d) Sri Aurobindo
Answer:
(a) Gandhi

Question 14.
What is Education to Vivekananda?
(a) Innate powers development
(b) Define perfection
(c) Mind, body and spirit development
(d) Manifestation of divine perfection
Answer:
(d) Manifestation of divine perfection.

Question 15.
One important work of education-
(a) Personality development
(b) Physical development
(c) Mental development of the child
(d) Relation between man and child
Answer:
(a) Personality development

Question 16.
Which is not the nature of education?
(a) Education is a lifelong process
(b) Education is a growth
(c) Education is a person
(d) Education is a product
Answer:
(c) Education is a person

Question 17.
Education is the preparation of the present and future-
(a) Shankaracharya
(b) N.P.E 1986
(c) Kothari Commission
(d) Revised N.F.I-1992
Answer:
(b)N.P.E 1986

Question 18.
‘Education is the process by which the child makes internal-external who told this?
(a) John Dewey
(b) John Ross
(c) Aristotle
(d) Froebel
Answer:
(d) Froebel

Question 19.
‘Education is the reconstruction of experiences’ who told this?
(a) Herbert
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) Socrates
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 20.
One of the pioneers of Naturalism in India?
(a) Sri Aurobindo
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Tagore
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(c) Tagore

Question 21.
The main aim of vocational education?
(a) To earn
(b) To make productive
(c) Technical training
(d) Mental development
Answer:
(d) Mental development

Question 22.
To make productive to earn one’s living is the main aim of education – who says this?
(a) Kothari Commission
(b) N.S.E.
(c) Radhakrishnan
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) National Society of Education

Question 23.
Who is not a supporter of the individual aim of education?
(a) Herbs
(b) Rousseau
(c) Aristotle
(d) Froebel
Answer:
(c) Aristotle

Question 24.
Who is one of the naturalists?
(a) Karlmarx
(b) Hitler
(c) Lenin
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(d) Rousseau

Question 25.
A matvis not a man without a society’ but a beast. Who told this?
(a) Rouseau
(b) Froebel
(c) Pestalozzi
(d) Aristotle
Answer:
(d) Aristotle

Question 26.
Which is not an informal agency?
(a) Correspondence
(b) Youth Association
(c) Family
(d) State
Answer:
(a) Correspondence

Question 27.
Which is an informal, passive agency?
(a) mass media
(b) school
(c) family
(d) state
Answer:
(a) mass media

Question 28.
Need of parent-teacher association?
(a) To solve problems of the society
(b) To raise teacher’s salary
(c) To pay respect to the headmaster
(d) To solve the problem of students
Answer:
(d)To solve the problem of students

Question 29.
Which is not the educational function of the community?
(a) Establish of schools
(b) Utilisation of community resources
(c) Govt, and school relationship
d) School-community relationship
Answer:
(c) Govt, and school relationship

Question 30.
What is the meaning of the Greek word ‘Skhole’?
(a) Leisure
(b) School
(c) Educational institution
(d) Primary education
Answer:
(a) Leisure

Question 31.
Which is an informal centre of learning?
(a) Adult education centre
(b) Open university
(c) Correspondence
(d) State
Answer:
(d) State

Question 32.
Which is the active agency of education?
(a) Family
(b) Religious centre
(c) Library
(d) School
Answer:
(d) School

Question 33.
Which is greater to socialism?
(a) State
(b) Individual
(c) Society
(d) Nobody
Answer:
(c) Society

Question 34.
Which is not the democratic aim of education?
(a) Respect to individual
(b) Tolerance
(c) Character building
(d) Tendency of National integration
Answer:
(c) Character building

Question 35.
Which is not the passive agency of education?
(a) Letters
(b) Radio
(c) Library
(d) School
Answer:
(d) School

Question 36.
Which is not the mass media?
(a) Computer
(b) Radio
(c) Television
(d) Newspaper
Answer:
(a) Computer

Question 37.
Give the types of agency of education.
(a) Three -types
(b) Two types
(c) Four types
(d) Six types
Answer:
(a) Three types

One word Answers type questions.

Question 1.
What do we call which has two poles in an educative process?
Answer:
Bipolar process.

Question 2.
The teaching in schools, colleges what we call it?
Answer:
Formal education.

Question 3.
Experience education from birth to death?
Answer:
Life-long education.

Question 4.
A first educational centre for the child.
Answer:
Family.

Question 5.
Powerful mass media
Answer:
Television.

Question 6.
Who is responsible for general discipline in the school?
Answer:
Headmaster.

Question 7.
One educational function of the community?
Answer:
Establishment of educational centres.

Question 8.
Centre of socialization?
Answer:
Family.

Question 9.
Which Sanskrit word means ‘to know’?
Answer:
Vid.

Question 10.
There is no active participation of teacher and taught?
Answer:
Passive agency.

Question 11.
Direct participation of teacher and taught?
Answer:
Active agency.

Question 12.
Agency of socialization?
Answer:
Family.

Question 13.
Parents with one or two children?
Answer:
Family.

Answer in single sentences.

Question 1.
What is the individual aim of education?
Answer:
Taking necessary assistance from society education aims at self¬attainment of individual and perfection in himself.

Question 2.
What is the social aim of education attained?
Answer:
If the Individual can be socialised and made a good citizen then the social aim is supposed to be attained!

Question 3.
What is child-centred education?
Answer:
In child-centred education, the child is considered the centre of the educative process.

Question 4.
State the aim of child-centred education.
Answer:
Child centre education, help with the personality development of the child.

Question 5.
What are the methods followed that centred education?
Answer:
The Kindergarten system Montessori method, Dalton plan and Project method are followed in child-centred education.

Question 6.
Who are the supporters of child-centred education?
Answer:
R.N. Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, Froebel, John Dewey, and Maria Montessori are supporters of child-centred education.

Question 7.
How the social aim. of, education be attained?
Answer:
If the individual, can be socialized and made as a good citizen then the social aim is supposed to be attained.

Question 8.
What is Rousseau’s view on the individual aim of education?
Answer:
According to Rousseau’s naturalistic view, “The central aim of education this autonomous development of the individual.

Question 9.
Define the knowledge aim of education.
Answer:
The knowledge aim of education emphasizes the acquisition of knowledge.

Question 10.
What is the cultural aim of education?
Answer:
The cultural aim of education enables individuals to maintain a better way in how to walk, how to dress, how to speak, and how to behave with others.

Question 11.
What are the types of education?
Answer:
Education is of three types viz. Formal informal and non-formal.

Question 12.
What is informal education?
Answer:
Informal education is a spontaneous process of education which is performed in the home and social environment.

Question 13.
What is formal education?
Answer:
Formal education is a planned system of education which is particularised by time, institution and curriculum.

Question 14.
What do you mean by nonformal education?
Answer:
Nonformal education is an open system of education making the features of formal education as rules and regulations and modes of instructions

Question 15.
Give some examples of mass media.
Answer:
Radio, television, and cinema are some examples of mass media.

Question 16.
Give one example of informal education.
Answer:
The school is one important formal agency of education.

Question 17.
Mention the names of certain formal agencies of education.
Answer:
The school, the church, the state, organised recreational centres, museums, library are called the formal agencies.

Question 18.
What does an active agency of education mean?
Answer:
In active agency the child becomes active and influences the working of the agency.

Question 19.
Give an example of an active agency of education.
Answer:
School is an active agency of education.

Question 20.
Give an example of passive agency of education.
Answer:
Radio is an example of a passive agency of education.

Question 21.
Define a small family.
Answer:
A small family consists of a mother, a father and one or two children.

Question 22.
Which is the first agency of socialization?
Answer:
Home or family is the first agency of socialization.

Question 23.
Give one definition of education.
Answer:
To R.N. Tagore, “Education helps in the solution of all our problems.

Question 24.
Give the narrow meanings of education.
Answer:
Schooling is the narrow meaning of education.

Question 25.
Give the wider meaning of education.
Answer:
The wider meaning of education is a lifelong process, of learning from the environment, not limited.

Question 26.
Give one derivative of education.
Answer:
Education is derived from the Latin word Educare which means ‘to bring up’.

Question 27.
‘It is the process by which the child makes internal external’ Who told so?
Answer:
Froebel gave the definition that “It is the process by which child makes internal- external.

Question 28.
Who told me education is a Bipolar process?
Answer:
John Adams told that education is a Bi¬polar process.

Question 29.
What is the Tripolar process of education?
Answer:
To John Dewey, education is a tripolar process in which teacher-learner and social environment are the tripolar processes.

Question 30.
Who told education a tripolar process?
Answer:
John Dewey called education a tripolar process.

Question 31.
What is education to Aristotle?
Answer:
To Aristotle, “Education is a sound mind in a sound body”.

Question 32.
What is education to new policy of education?
Answer:
According to NPE-1986, Education aimed at productivity and self-supporting,

Question 33.
Who told, “Education is the reconstruction of experience”?
Answer:
To John Dewey, “Education is the reconstruction of experience”.

Question 34.
What is the meaning of Educatum?
Answer:
Educatum means ‘to train’ or ‘to teach’.

Question 35.
Give one nature of education.
Answer:
Education is the reconstruction of experience.

Question 36.
Write one passive agency of education.
Answer:
Television is one of the passive agencies of education.

Question 37.
Give an example of an active agency of education.
Answer:
School is the active agency of education.

Question 38.
Give the role of the state in education.
Answer:
Opening new educational centres and quality education is the role of the state.

Question 39.
Which is the first learning centre for the child?
Answer:
Home or family is the first learning centre for the child.

Question 40.
What type of agency radio?
Answer:
Radio is the passive informal agency of education.

Question 41.
Give an example of mass media.
Answer:
Radio, newspaper, television, and video are examples of mass media.

Question 42.
Give the educational function of the state.
Answer:
Preparation of syllabus, curriculum control of examinations and maintaining discipline are the educational functions of the state.

Question 43.
Give the best agency of socialization.
Answer:
Home or family is the most socializing agency of education.

Question 44.
What type of agency home is?
Answer:
Home is the active informal agency of education.

Correct the errors in the sentences.

Question 1.
School word derived from Latin word skhole.
Answer:
School word derived from Greek word Skhole.

Question 2.
Education starts from 5 years.
Answer:
Education starts from birth.

Question 3.
Gopabandhu was a western philosopher
Answer:
Gopabandhu was an eastern philosopher.

Question 4.
The education provided at home is narrow.
Answer:
The education provided at home is wider.

Question 5.
The educational function of the school is to train.
Answer:
The educational function of the school is harmonious development.

Question 6.
Television and cinema are audio aids.
Answer:
Television and cinema are audio-visual aids.

Question 7.
Informal agencies are schools and colleges.
Answer:
Formal agencies are schools and colleges.

Question 8.
To Aurobindo education is the integration of mind, body and spirit.
Answer:
To Gandhi education is the integration of mind, body and spirit.

Question 9.
Aristotle was an eastern philosopher.
Answer:
Aristotle was an eastern philosopher.

Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
In the bipolar process, two poles are _____ and ______.
Answer:
In the bipolar process, the two poles are the teacher and the student.

Question 2.
Education ends in ______.
Answer:
Education ends in death.

Question 3.
Education is a ______ process.
Answer:
Education is a lifelong process.

Question 4.
Daskathia and Pala are ______ agencies.
Answer:
Daskathia and Pala are informal agencies.

Question 5.
In national integration _______education is important.
Answer:
In national integration formal education is important.

Question 6.
Chairman of Kothari Commission _______.
Answer:
Chairman of Kothari Commission Dr. D.S. Kothari.

Question 7.
Films are ______ agency of education.
Answer:
Films are a passive agency of education.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 3 Education and Society Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Foundations of Education Unit 3 Education and Society Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Measures to promote women’s education?
Answer:
To promote women’s education measures Incentives like a free supply of books, stationery, uniform mid-day meals, scholarships and stipends should be provided in time to all these girls who have come from poor sections of society. Girls’ schools should be established in the area where there is demand for these. The same standard of courses should be made available to the student of girls’ schools.

The common and relevant curriculum for boys and girls should be introduced to have equal educational opportunities. Childcare centres would be made available near the school. Schools should be opened within the walking distance from their homes and where this is not possible adequate arrangements for free or cheap hostel facilities for girls should be provided.

The educational curriculum should be made relevant to their daily lives and should enable them to run their daily lives and should enable them to run their homes better in later life. The campaign should be launched to change people’s attitudes in favour of girls’ education.

Question 2.
What are the factors that affect women’s education?
Answer:
The causes and factors affecting women’s education are as follows
Social-cultural factors :
The low status of women and women’s illiteracy is the main cause. The poor parents thought that educating girls would require an educated husband and they demand a heavy dowry. Such a problem helps with the growth of women’s illiteracy. Many parents also do not allow selling their daughters for education after their daughters attain puberty. Such an attitude of parents and the community restricts women’s education.

Economic factors :
Poor parents do not allow their girl’s children to go to education and allow them to work in the cornfields, cooking, and do household work. They give early marriage. In some families the girls are engaged in beedi rolling, papad making, making paper bags readymade garments etc.

Distance of school:
Schools are distanced from the villages. So parents are not willing to send their daughters to such distance schools.

Absence of female teachers:
Lack of female teachers in the schools they do not send their daughters to that school.

Absence of girls’ schools :
Due to our cultural and social heritage, parents are often reluctant to send their daughters to education, and schools. The lack of educated girls’ schools and women’s colleges hinders women’s education. An insufficient number of teachers and a single-teacher schedule bring irregularities in classes so the parents do not prefer to send their children to that cells.

Other factors that affect women’s education are:

• lack of basic amenities,
• Inadequate childcare facilities,
• Insufficient incentives.

Lack of proper teaching methods & curriculum.

Question 3.
Citizenship Aims of Education?
Answer:
With the development of democracy training for citizenship is being educated in many Question quarters as the aim of education. Education should offer such experiences to make them good citizens of the democratic state. Education is to prepare individuals for different roles to perform in life. As a citizen, every individual has certain rights and duties.

Education for citizenship should train them to discharge their duties. Democratic machinery is introduced to regulate group life in schools. In progressive schools the library, the school discipline etc. are also managed by the pupils through their elected self-governing council, so the citizenship aim of education now has become the more comprehensive aim of education.

Question 4.
Discuss the environment as a factor of social change?
Answer:
Environmental factors like population growth wars and voluntary acts of individuals affect social change.

Population:
Population change influences social and cultural life. The wild growth of the population is a threat to the social order. The exploitation of national wealth and industry, and the stamina of people control the economic standards of living of families the high growth of the population is a threat to the national economy. The uncontrolled growth of population pressure on existing infrastructure and development slows down.

War:
War is the huge single generator of social change. Social change is directly connected with large destruction such as refugee problem.

The voluntary act of individuals:
The man of genius influenced society, for example, Gandhi, and Lenin in Russia exercised a profound influence on the people and society changed to their interests.

Question 5.
Cultural factors of social change?
Answer:
Culture and technology are related. There is material and non-material culture. Material culture is things that are visible, seen or touched like goods, utensils, machines etc. but non-material, culture like family, religion, skill, education. When changes occur in material culture, stimulate changes in non-material culture and non-material culture changes in material are known as adoptive culture.

On account of dogmatic beliefs and ideologies, there is a change in social institutions. Cultural factors are about social changes in technological advance and cultural values Introduction of sociology brings social change to our culture our thought values, habits, and technological changes are seen. Both technology and cultural factors are sources of social change.

Question 6.
Definition of social change?
Answer:
Maclver and Page define social change as a process responsive to many types of changes like altitudes, beliefs etc. Morris opined, by social change in the structure, the size of the society, the composition and type of organization. To Fairchild, social change is the modification of social processes, patterns or forms. To Anderson social change involves alternatives in the structural social forms or processes. To M.D. Johnson, social change may be defined as a new fashion mode, either modifying or replacing the old.

Question 7.
Are factors responsible for modern trends in education?
Answer:
Modem trends in education are broadly classified into three categories-nationalization of education, globalization of education and solving problems of education.
The difference among the systems of education are:

• National integration
• Cultural Heritage
• Issues with majority and minority
• National language
• The national system of education
• International Understanding

These are the major factors which are responsible for nationalization and globalization the other factors are scientific technology, and distance education.

Question 8.
The themes of globalization?
Answer:
Globalisation focus on four themes:

• De-localization and supraterritoriality
• The speed and power of technological innovation
• The rise of multinational corporations
• The extent to which moves towards the creation of global free markets leads to instability and division.

Question 9.
Need of modern trends in education?
Answer:
The educational system of the countries of the world are influenced by several factors, the factors are the basic need of the society/country. Such as foundations of education e.g. philosophical, sociological, psychological and economic foundations etc. Education has become a major instrument of cultural change.

Education is both formal and informal. The countries of the world have evolved their own system of education for training human beings according to their own needs. Education is the process of development which prepares human beings for future life.

Question 10.
Main features of a national system of education?
Answer:
The constitution embodies the principle on which the national system of education is conceived The concept of the national system implies up to a level all students without barriers have access to education. Common educational structure 10+2+3 accepted in all parts of the country Re-National system of education will be based on a national curricular framework containing common care.

The common core includes the history of India’s freedom movement, the constitutional obligation, and national identity. To prove equality, equal educational access to all. In higher education inter-regional mobility by providing equal access to every Indian.

Question 11.
Role of globalization in Education?
Answer:
The role of globalization in education is as follows:
Education policy must be diversified. The socialization of individuals must be integrated with respect to individual rights. Education is expected to foster the desire to live together which is a basic component of social cohesion and national identity. Schools should contribute to the advancement of minority groups. Democratic participation to strengthen understanding and judgment.